Resumo O monitoramento acústico passivo pode ajudar nos esforços para conservação e elucidar o comportamento e ecologia de espécies evasivas noturno-crepusculares, como o lobo-guará. Aqui nós caracterizamos os padrões sazonais, lunares e nictemerais nas vocalizações de longo alcance (aulidos) de lobos-guará de vida livre no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Brasil) através de oito meses de gravações ao longo de dois anos com uma rede de 12/13 gravadores autônomos. Nós descobrimos um aumento na atividade vocal coincidindo com a estação de acasalamento e o período em torno do parto. Esses picos indicam que os aulidos têm um papel na atração e guarda de parceiros e na comunicação intra grupo familiar. Houve atividade vocal durante todo o período amostral e mais em alguns locais do que em outros, sugerindo que aulidos também funcionam para anúncio e defesa territorial. Lobos-guará vocalizam mais na Lua crescente gibosa e depois do anoitecer até meia-noite. A luz da Lua provavelmente reduz o tempo de forrageio, resultando em mais tempo disponível para comunicação acústica, enquanto vocalizações logo no início da atividade sugerem uma função de anúncio territorial. Vocalizações de grupo nem sempre seguiram o padrão geral de atividade vocal, sugerindo que eventos sociais requerem: resposta imediata, como disputas territoriais; e/ou localização simultânea dos animais, como para guarda de parceiro e defesa territorial conjunta. Baseado nos padrões espaciais, nós estimamos que entre 6 e 11 animais contribuíram para as gravações.

Abstract Passive acoustic monitoring can aid conservation efforts and elucidate the behavior and ecology of nocturnal/crepuscular secretive species, like the maned wolf. Here we characterize the seasonal, lunar, and nightly patterns in the long-range vocalizations (roar-barks) of free ranging maned wolves at Serra da Canastra National Park (Brazil) throughout eight months of recordings over two years with a grid of 12/13 autonomous recorders. We found an increase in vocal activity coinciding with the mating and the circa-parturition period of the species. Those peaks indicate a role of roar-barks in partner attraction and mate guarding, and in intra-familiar-group communication. Vocal activity happened throughout all recorded periods and was much higher at some sites than at others, suggesting that roar-barks also function to announce territorial ownership and defense. Maned wolves vocalize more around the waxing gibbous lunar phase, and after dusk until mid-night. Moonlight likely reduces foraging time, resulting in more time available to communicate acoustically, while vocalizations early on the onset of activity suggest a territorial announcement function. Group vocalizations did not always follow the general vocal activity pattern, which suggests that social events may require: immediate response, as territorial contests; and/or simultaneous location of animals, as mate guarding, and joint territorial defense. Based on spatial patterns, we estimate between 6 and 11 individuals contributed to the recordings.

Resumo: A população das baleias-jubarte do estoque reprodutivo A está aumentando, e pouco se sabe sobre as rotas usadas pelas baleias que se movem a norte da maior área de reprodução do Brasil, o Banco dos Abrolhos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os movimentos das baleias-jubarte em uma área de reocupação (Serra Grande, estado da Bahia, Brasil) através do monitoramento por ponto fixo para testar se os padrões de movimento mudam ao longo da temporada e entre os anos, devido à composição de grupos, estado comportamental, e distância à costa. A média da velocidade da pernada dos grupos observados foi de 6,88 (±2,92) km/h, apresentando uma correlação positiva com a distância à costa. Houve um aumento da velocidade da pernada e da distância à costa com o aumento do número de escortes nos grupos com filhotes. A linearidade média das trajetórias dos grupos foi de 0,81 (±0,19) e a taxa média de reorientação foi de 25,72 (±19,09) º/min. Observamos uma predominância das rotas com rumo para sul ao longo do estudo. No início da temporada, os grupos apresentaram movimentos mais erráticos, e os grupos se deslocando para sul apresentaram trajetórias mais lineares que grupos se movendo para norte ou para outras direções, indicando o início da migração de volta ao seu sítio alimentar. Estratégias para economizar energia e o contexto social afetam o movimento das baleias-jubarte em Serra Grande, resultando nos padrões observados de reocupação de habitat disponível e adequado a norte de Abrolhos. Desse modo, uma atenção especial deve ser dada para a gestão de atividades com o potencial para perturbar ou deslocar as baleias que usam a região para se reproduzir.

Abstract: The population of humpback whales from breeding stock A is increasing, and little is known about the routes used by humpbacks that move north of the main calving area of Brazil, the Abrolhos Bank. The aim of this study was to describe the movements of humpback whales in a reoccupation wintering area (Serra Grande, Bahia state, Brazil) based on land-based surveys to test if movement patterns change during the season and between years, due to group composition, behavioral state, and distance to the coast. The mean leg speed of the groups sighted was 6.88 (±2.92) km/h, and leg speed was positively correlated with distance to the coast. There was an increase in leg speed and distance to the coast with increasing number of escorts in the groups with calves. The mean linearity value for group trajectory was 0.81 (±0.19) and the mean reorientation rate was 25.72 (±19.09) º/min. We observed a predominance of trajectories heading south throughout the study. Groups exhibiting more erratic movements early in the season, and groups moving south showed more linear trajectories than groups moving north, indicating the beginning of their migration back to the feeding grounds. Energy conserving strategies and social context affect the movements of humpback whales in Serra Grande, resulting in the observed patterns of the reoccupation of available and suitable habitat north of Abrolhos. Thereby, special attention should be given managing activities with the potential to disturb or displace whales using the region to calve and breed.

Assessing the composition of an area's bat fauna is typically accomplished by using captures or by monitoring echolocation calls with bat detectors. The two methods may not provide the same data regarding species composition. Mist nets and harp traps may be biased towards sampling low flying species, and bat detectors biased towards detecting high intensity echolocators. A comparison of the bat fauna of Fazenda Intervales, southeastern Brazil, as revealed by mist nets and harp trap captures, checking roosts and by monitoring echolocation calls of flying bats illustrates this point. A total of 17 species of bats was sampled. Fourteen bat species were captured and the echolocation calls of 12 species were recorded, three of them not revealed by mist nets or harp traps. The different sampling methods provided different pictures of the bat fauna. Phyllostomid bats dominated the catches in mist nets, but in the field their echolocation calls were never detected. No single sampling approach provided a complete assessment of the bat fauna in the study area. In general, bats producing low intensity echolocation calls, such as phyllostomids, are more easily assessed by netting, and bats producing high intensity echolocation calls are better surveyed by bat detectors. The results demonstrate that a combined and varied approach to sampling is required for a complete assessment of the bat fauna of an area.

In this study the incidence of moths and beetles was examined from feces samples of bats that use different foraging behaviors. Twenty sites around the Fazenda Intervales, a Field Research Station located in São Paulo State, in southeastern Brazil were sampled. Feces were collected from bats caught in mist nets, Turtle Traps or hand nets and, in one case, from beneath a roost. Feces samples were taken from six species of bats: Micronycteris megalotis (Gray, 1842), Mimon bennettii (Gray, 1838), Furipterus horrens (F. Cuvier, 1828), Myotis riparius Handley, 1960, Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy, 1806) and Histiotus velalus (I. Geoffroy, 1824). To record and describe the frequencies dominating bat echolocation calls, an Anabat II bat detector coupled with an Anabat ZCA interfaces and DOS laptop computers were used. The data show that Furipterus horrens feeds extensively on moths, as predicted from the features of its echolocation calls. Gleaning bats, whose echolocation calls are much less conspicuous to moths take a wide range of insect (and other) prey.