OBJETIVO: descrever e analisar o ensino da Estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância, praticado na graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. MÉTODO: estudo transversal que integrou pesquisa internacional. Foram convidados a acessar o questionário eletrônico 571 cursos de graduação identificados no país. A coleta de dados foi realizada de maio a outubro de 2010. RESULTADOS: responderam ao questionário 142 cursos, sendo 3/4 (três quartos) privados, com algumas diferenças do ensino entre as instituições públicas e privadas. A estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância integrava o conteúdo teórico de 64% dos cursos e o conteúdo prático de 50%. Unidades básicas de saúde eram os locais mais usados para ensino prático. O módulo tratamento era o menos ensinado e poucos cursos possuíam os manuais da estratégia. Todos utilizavam provas para avaliação, mas a participação em aulas era mais considerada nas privadas. Houve diferença somente quanto à capacitação docente na estratégia, com maioria nas instituições públicas. CONCLUSÃO: apesar da relevância da estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância no cuidado à criança, seu conteúdo não é abordado em todos os cursos de graduação e constatam-se falta de capacitação docente e de material didático.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the teaching of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy on Brazilian undergraduate nursing programs. METHOD: Integrating an international multicentric study, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted between May and October 2010 with 571 undergraduate nursing programs in Brazil RESULTS: Responses were received from 142 programs, 75% private and 25% public. 64% of them included the IMCI strategy in the theoretical content, and 50% of the programs included IMCI as part of the students' practical experience. The locations most used for practical teaching were primary health care units. The 'treatment' module was taught by the fewest number of programs, and few programs had access to the IMCI instructional manuals. All programs used exams for evaluation, and private institutions were more likely to include class participation as part of the evaluation. Teaching staff in public institutions were more likely to have received training in teaching IMCI. CONCLUSION: In spite of the relevance of the IMCI strategy in care of the child, its content is not addressed in all undergraduate programs in Brazil, and many programs do not have access to the IMCI teaching manuals and have not provide training in IMCI to their teaching staff.

OBJETIVO: se describió y analizó la enseñanza de la estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia en la formación de licenciados en enfermería en Brasil. MÉTODO: estudio transversal que integró una investigación internacional multicéntrica. Fueron invitados a acceder al cuestionario electrónico, 571 cursos identificados en el país. La recolección de datos fue realizada de mayo a octubre de 2010. RESULTADOS: 142 cursos respondieron al cuestionario, siendo tres cuartos privados. La estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia integraba el contenido teórico de 64% y práctico de 50% de los cursos. La práctica ocurría principalmente en servicios de atención primaria. El módulo tratamiento era el menos enseñado y pocos cursos poseían los manuales de la estrategia. Todos evaluaban los estudiantes con pruebas; y en las privadas si valoraba además la participación en clase. Las instituciones públicas tenían más docentes capacitados en la estrategia. CONCLUSÍON: a pesar de su relevancia en el cuidado al niño, la estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia no está incorporada en todos los cursos de licenciatura en enfermería en Brasil y falta capacitación docente y material didáctico para hacerlo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the teaching of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy on Brazilian undergraduate nursing programs. METHOD: Integrating an international multicentric study, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted between May and October 2010 with 571 undergraduate nursing programs in Brazil RESULTS: Responses were received from 142 programs, 75% private and 25% public. 64% of them included the IMCI strategy in the theoretical content, and 50% of the programs included IMCI as part of the students' practical experience. The locations most used for practical teaching were primary health care units. The 'treatment' module was taught by the fewest number of programs, and few programs had access to the IMCI instructional manuals. All programs used exams for evaluation, and private institutions were more likely to include class participation as part of the evaluation. Teaching staff in public institutions were more likely to have received training in teaching IMCI. CONCLUSION: In spite of the relevance of the IMCI strategy in care of the child, its content is not addressed in all undergraduate programs in Brazil, and many programs do not have access to the IMCI teaching manuals and have not provide training in IMCI to their teaching staff.

OBJETIVO: se describió y analizó la enseñanza de la estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia en la formación de licenciados en enfermería en Brasil. MÉTODO: estudio transversal que integró una investigación internacional multicéntrica. Fueron invitados a acceder al cuestionario electrónico, 571 cursos identificados en el país. La recolección de datos fue realizada de mayo a octubre de 2010. RESULTADOS: 142 cursos respondieron al cuestionario, siendo tres cuartos privados. La estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia integraba el contenido teórico de 64% y práctico de 50% de los cursos. La práctica ocurría principalmente en servicios de atención primaria. El módulo tratamiento era el menos enseñado y pocos cursos poseían los manuales de la estrategia. Todos evaluaban los estudiantes con pruebas; y en las privadas si valoraba además la participación en clase. Las instituciones públicas tenían más docentes capacitados en la estrategia. CONCLUSÍON: a pesar de su relevancia en el cuidado al niño, la estrategia Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia no está incorporada en todos los cursos de licenciatura en enfermería en Brasil y falta capacitación docente y material didáctico para hacerlo.

OBJETIVO: descrever e analisar o ensino da Estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância, praticado na graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. MÉTODO: estudo transversal que integrou pesquisa internacional. Foram convidados a acessar o questionário eletrônico 571 cursos de graduação identificados no país. A coleta de dados foi realizada de maio a outubro de 2010. RESULTADOS: responderam ao questionário 142 cursos, sendo 3/4 (três quartos) privados, com algumas diferenças do ensino entre as instituições públicas e privadas. A estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância integrava o conteúdo teórico de 64% dos cursos e o conteúdo prático de 50%. Unidades básicas de saúde eram os locais mais usados para ensino prático. O módulo tratamento era o menos ensinado e poucos cursos possuíam os manuais da estratégia. Todos utilizavam provas para avaliação, mas a participação em aulas era mais considerada nas privadas. Houve diferença somente quanto à capacitação docente na estratégia, com maioria nas instituições públicas. CONCLUSÃO: apesar da relevância da estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância no cuidado à criança, seu conteúdo não é abordado em todos os cursos de graduação e constatam-se falta de capacitação docente e de material didático.

It is a descriptive, cross-sectional and correlative study, in which the use of leisure time of the students from Santo Tomás Educational Institute in Talca, is analyzed. These are students from careers of the health área: Nursing, Kinesiology, Nurses Aid Technician and Laboratory Odontology Technician. The primary source of information was obtained through the appli catión of an inquiry, on June 6,2006. The number of compiled data was of 494. There was a descriptive and correlative analysis, contingency tables and ANOVA. Results show that the kind of activities students do, are sedentary. Watching TV and sleeping are the activities they do most in their free time. In general, men have more free time than women. Those students who drink more alcoholic drinks have even more free time than the rest. University students dedícate more time to their studies than those students of technologic careers, who dedícate more time to job to get a salary.

Estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal y correlacional en que se analizan los hábitos de utilización del tiempo libre de los estudiantes de la Institución de Educación Superior Santo Tomás en Talca, de las carreras del área de la salud: Enfermería, Kinesiología, Técnico en Enfermería de Nivel Superior (TENS) y Técnico Laboratorista Dental (TLD). La información de fuente primaria se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta en junio de 2006. El número de datos recolectados fue de 494. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo de la información, análisis correlacional, tablas de contingencia y ANOVA. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las actividades sedentarias como ver TV y dormir son las más frecuentemente realizadas por los estudiantes en su tiempo libre. En general los hombres disponen de más tiempo libre que las mujeres, los alumnos más bebedores tienen más tiempo libre que el resto. Los estudiantes de las carreras universitarias dedican más tiempo al estudio que los de las carreras técnicas, estos últimos dedican más tiempo al trabajo remunerado.

This is a descriptive correlational study whose overall purpose was to know biological and psychosocial characteristics of elementary school students from highly vulnerable areas. The relationship between these characteristics and school failure was also examined. The study group was formed by 148 grade two students from two high risk schools in San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, Chile. According to the National School Support and Scholarships Board (JUNAEB) vulnerability indices for these schools were 62% and 46.3% respectively. Data collection was done through a health assessment session and an interview based on a questionnaire developed for a FONDECYT-funded research grant No 1040622. Results showed that in the biological dimension, girls tended to be overweight, 43.7% of boys had dental cavities, and 26.8% did not have good sleep habits. These variables were significantly related to both students' performance in Mathematics and the student's grade point average. In the psychosocial dimension, 16.9% of students lived in single-parent families, 34.5% of them suffered from psychological abuse in their homes, and 17.6% did not receive any help at home to do their homework. Students reported enjoying both their school and their school teacher as a learning model. We conclude that the health status of both boys and girls was acceptable and that students enjoyed going to school. Among risk factors for school failure were lack of support to do school homework and family factors including domestic violence, alcohol consumption, and unemployment

Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal, cuyo propósito fue conocer las características de salud en las dimensiones biológicas y psicosociales de escolares de alta vulnerabilidad y relacionarlas con su rendimiento y fracaso escolar. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido por 148 escolares de segundo año básico, de dos escuelas de San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, Chile, cuyos índices de vulnerabilidad escolar correspondían a 62% y 46,3% respectivamente, según encuesta de la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB). Los datos recolectados a través de un examen de salud y entrevista se registraron en una ficha elaborada por el proyecto del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) N° 1040622. Los resultados señalaron que en la dimensión biológica, las niñas tuvieron más tendencia al sobrepeso: el 43,7% de los niños presentaron caries y el 26,8% no tenían hábitos de sueño, estas variables se relacionaron con el rendimiento escolar en Matemáticas y promedio general de notas. En la dimensión psicosocial, el 16,9% de los escolares vivían en familias monoparentales, el 34,5 % recibió castigo psicológico en su hogar y el 17,6% no recibió ayuda para hacer las tareas. Los escolares refirieron agrado por la escuela y les gustó su profesora como modelo para aprender. Se puede concluir que el estado de salud de los niños y niñas era aceptable, que les gustaba ir a la escuela. Los factores de fracaso escolar principalmente son: por la falta de apoyo en tareas y por factores de riesgo que existían en sus familias como: alcoholismo, violencia intrafamiliar, cesantía y consumo de drogas

The strengths and weaknesses of the research in network by the experience of the authors in research of terms for the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) is presented

Se presentan las fortalezas y debilidades del trabajo investigativo en red a la luz de la experiencia de los autores en la investigación de términos para la Clasificación Internacional de la Práctica de Enfermería (CIPE®).

A descriptive relational and cross section study whose aim is to analyze the perception of the family management of householder workers in rotating shift systems, his/her spouse and a teenager son/daughter. The universe consists of the amount of workers in a plant shift system. The sample was 142 families of workers which had the characteristics for the study, being 59 families considered as analysis unit. The instrument used for data collection was the survey "Cómo es tu familia, cómo es su familia", by Hernández A. The items with statistical significance that turned out determinant in the family management were: Father-Mother-Adolescence Communication, and its four dimensions. Facing of Global problems, Searching for Social Support, Self-effort, Power-Money and Sex, Global Satisfaction. Life Satisfaction and Academic/Labor Achievement. There were items without statistical significance, but might be determinant of risks due to their deficit condition. The management in the families who were studied is good but not optimal. It stands out as a socially privilege group when compared to the standard worker groups in the country, due to the economic, educational and cultural conditions, besides a great labor support. The findings show that there is a tendency to group the ranges of medium and low vulnerability or risk in the great majority of factors, which imply a low alteration in the family management.

Estudio descriptivo relacional de corte transversal, cuyo propósito fue analizar la percepción del funcionamiento familiar de los trabajadores jefes de hogar en sistemas de turnos rotativo, su pareja y un hijo adolescente. El universo estuvo constituido por el total de los trabajadores en sistemas de turno de la empresa. La muestra fue 142 familias de trabajadores que reunían las características para el estudio, 59 familias constituyeron la unidad de análisis. Para recolectar los datos se utilizó el instrumento "Cómo es tu familia, cómo es su familia", de Hernández A. Los ítemes con significación estadística que resultaron predictores del funcionamiento familiar fueron: Comunicación padre-madre-adolescente, y sus cuatro dimensiones, Afrontamiento de problemas global, Búsqueda de apoyo social, Esfuerzo personal, Poder-dinero y sexo, Satisfacción global, Satisfacción con la vida, y Rendimiento académico/laboral. Existieron ítemes sin significación estadística pero que pueden constituirse en predictores de riesgo por su condición de déficit. El funcionamiento familiar de las familias estudiadas es bueno aunque no óptimo. Se destaca como grupo socialmente privilegiado al compararlos con la población media de trabajadores del país, dado sus condiciones económicas, educacionales y culturales, además de un gran apoyo laboral. Los hallazgos indican que en la gran mayoría de los factores existe una tendencia a agruparse en rangos de media-baja vulnerabilidad o riesgo, que implican una baja alteración del funcionamiento familiar.

The pain therapist should act in favor of the patient, provide the best possible analgesia and look for the more efficient and less risky means to manage pain. Fulfilling this principle in the child is difficult since it is not possible to experience posology and dosages in children and they are deducted from the results of research in adults; therefore sometimes it is difficult that the indicated posology completely relieves a pain or it happens that the prescribe dosage is higher than the tolerance limit of the child and may lead to unwanted effects. The objective of this paper is to prove the theoretical-practical inconsistency in the field of care science regarding the position that the nursing staff should take in the face of pain and particularly, in the face of the child's suffering. A literature review was made on this topic from both the clinical and ethical viewpoints. Among the main results of this review were the difficulties to measure and assess pain by those who provide pediatric care and also the frequency of performance of medical and nursing maneuvers that cause pain without previously preparing the patient from a psychological point of view. It has been proved that when either pain is caused to a patient or it is not relieved at the right moment, then one is malefficient. Another bioethical principle is autonomy that is violated when a patient suffers from pain and his/her right to choose the time to receive the analgesic is ignored. Some of the interesting findings of this review were that only 2% of nursing texts deals with aspects of pain management in the child and that 45% of texts used by nursing students does not cover ethical issues.

El terapeuta del dolor debe actuar en beneficio del paciente, ofrecer la mejor analgesia posible y buscar los medios más eficaces y de menos riesgos para tratar el dolor. Cumplir este principio en el niño es difícil, dado que, al no poder experimentar en niños, la posología y dosificaciones, se deducen de lo que se ha investigado en adultos, por lo tanto a veces resulta difícil que lo indicado calme el dolor por completo, o que lo prescrito sea una dosis mayor que su nivel de tolerancia y desencadene efectos indeseados. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la inconsistencia teórico-práctica, en el campo de la ciencia de los cuidados, acerca de la posición que debe asumir el personal de enfermería frente al dolor, y muy especialmente, ante el sufrimiento del niño. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como bioético. Entre los principales resultados de la revisión se encontraron las dificultades para realizar la medición y la valoración del dolor por quienes proporcionan atención de salud pediátrica, porque es difícil cuantificar la intensidad de las experiencias dolorosas de los niños, así como la frecuencia con que se realizan maniobras médicas y de enfermería que producen dolor, sin advertir previamente al paciente para prepararlo psicológicamente. Ha quedado demostrado que cuando se produce dolor a un paciente o cuando no se le alivia en el momento preciso, se está siendo maleficiente. Otro de los principios bioéticos que se vulnera cuando un paciente sufre dolor y se le desconoce su derecho a elegir el momento de recibir el analgésico, es el principio de autonomía. Algunos de los hallazgos interesantes de la revisión están referidos a que sólo el 2 % de los textos de enfermería tratan los aspectos relacionados con el dolor en el niño y su tratamiento, y que el 45 % de los textos utilizados por estudiantes de enfermería carecen de aspectos éticos.

In the interest of identifying the motivations that support the desire of some people to remain non-smokers, a cross-sectional descriptive study of adult non-smokers was designed. This research allowed identification of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to maintain this healthy behavior. The sample consisted of 692 non-smoker students, faculty and employees of the University of Concepcion. The instrument used for data collection was "Reasons for Quitting Scale" (Susan Curry), consisting of twenty (20) items. The researchers modified the items for non-smokers. The reliability was verified through Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. The result of factor analysis with orthogonal rotation of the 20 items of the scale suggested an optimal solution with 4 factors, considering items that had a load higher than 0.47. These 4 factors explained motivations to keep a non-smoking behavior of 63.11% of faculty and employees, and 62.57% of the students. The factors of greater load in the answers of faculty and employees were items related to the categories of immediate reinforcement and concern for health, corresponding to extrinsic and intrinsic motivations respectively. In contrast, factors of greater load in the student group were items that included the categories desire for self-control and social pressure corresponding to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations respectively

Con el objetivo de conocer las motivaciones que apoyan el deseo de algunas personas por mantenerse sin fumar, se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra de 692 adultos no fumadores pertenecientes a la Universidad de Concepción. Esta investigación permitió identificar las motivaciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas manifestadas por ellos como razones para conservar esta conducta saludable. En la recolección de los datos se utilizó la escala "Reasons for Quitting Scale" de 20 ítemes, modificada por los autores para no fumadores, y cuya confiabilidad se comprobó a través del coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. El resultado del análisis factorial con rotación ortogonal de los 20 ítemes de la escala sugirió una solución óptima con 4 factores, considerando los ítemes que tuvieron una carga superior a 0,47. Estos cuatro factores explicaron las motivaciones por no fumar hasta un 63,11% en los funcionarios y hasta un 62,57% en los estudiantes. Los factores de mayor carga en las respuestas de los funcionarios fueron los ítemes relacionados con las categorías de refuerzo inmediato y salud, correspondientes a las motivaciones extrínsecas e intrínsecas, respectivamente. En cambio, en los estudiantes se observó mayor carga en los ítems que incluían las categorías autocontrol y presión social de las motivaciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas, respectivamente

Background: In Chile, 10% of deaths in adults are directly attributed to smoking. Aim: To identify intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to quit smoking among a group of subjects that quitted without external help. Material and methods: The motivations to quit smoking were measured using the 20 items Reasons for Quitting Scale (RFQ), in 145 ex smokers (80 students and 65 workers at The University of Concepcion). The scale identifies intrinsic motivations in the categories health and self control and extrinsic motivations in the categories immediate reinforcement and social pressure. Results: Factorial analysis with orthogonal rotation of the 20 items of the scale, suggested an optimal solution with five factors, that had a maximal impact of 0.43 and explained the motivations in up to a 66% of workers and 65% of students. The factors with the greater impact were the items of immediate reinforcement, social pressure and self control. The category health had only a 6% influence in the modification of smoking habits. Conclusions: The most important motivations to quit smoking in this sample were an immediate reinforcement, social pressure and self control. The analysis of motivations will help to orient smoking cessation programs. (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 540-6)

Background: Effective smoking cessation campaigns require as baseline, precise estimations of smoking habits in different populations. Aim: To assess the prevalence of smoking in academic, non-academics workers and student of the University of Concepción. Material and methods: In a random and stratified sample of 272 workers (including academics) and 1146 students, a previously validated, self administered questionnaire about smoking was applied. Daily smoking was defined as smoking seven or more cigarettes per week and occasional smoking as smoking less than seven cigarettes per week. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 23% among academics, 34% among non-academic workers and 44% among students. Nineteen percent of men and 16% of women were occasional smokers; 23% of men and 25% of women were daily smokers. Students started smoking at 15 ± 2 years old and workers did so at 18 ± 3 years old. The grater influence about smoking came from parents. Workers from the administrative services and from the natural sciences faculty had the higher prevalence of the habit. The total annual cost of smoking was $33,000,000 (US$62,000). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking at the University of Concepción is higher among students than workers. Quitting programs are urgently needed (Rev Méd Chile 2000; 128: 977-84).