Abstract Continuous development, improvement and innovation of ballistic material systems with superior energy absorption performance has been the subject of numerous works nowadays. Some research has been carried out with the objective of replacing traditional metallic and ceramic materials and composites with high-performance polymeric composites. Due to their excellent properties, multi-scale polymer composites have been used in the most varied segments of the industry, being recently researched in applications such as ballistic materials. This work promotes the combination of high-strength three-dimensional woven aramid fiber fabrics with vinyl ester resin to produce a panel through the compression molding process. The resin was reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% wt). The impact, tensile and flexural strength were evaluated, along with dynamic-mechanical analysis by DMA and by Hopkinson split bar test, indicating a trend of better performance for the composite containing 0.1% of graphene nanoplatelets.

In this study, the effects of incorporating recycled photopolymer-plate residues from a packaging flexography process into polyester-glass fiber composites were examined. Ternary composites with an unsaturated polyester matrix with elastomer particles from recycled photopolymer-plate residues were evaluated using two types of glass fibers: in the forms of a fabric with bidirectional fibers and a blanket with multidirectional fibers. The composites were prepared by hand lay-up lamination using different rubber contents (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt% based on the polyester resin mass fraction), and were characterized for their void content, flexural and impact strengths, and dynamic mechanical properties. Primary results indicated that the incorporation of the rubber particles increased the difficulty of lamination, while promoting greater void formation with higher filler content. The rubber particles decreased the impact resistance properties but did not reduce the flexural strength or storage modulus, indicating that despite the elastomeric composition, this residue from the photopolymer plates showed a reinforcing rather than toughening character.

Abstract Coatings developed through sol-gel method is presented as an interesting replacement to chromium coating. Sol-gel method present advantages as high purity and excellent distribution of the components. The objective of this work is to synthesize and characterize a film obtained by sol-gel route. The film was prepared with 3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSPMA), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and cerium nitrate, using water and ethanol as solvents. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) plasticizer was added at four different concentrations. The sol was characterized by techniques of viscosity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that tetrafunctional alkoxides condensation was retarded by the plasticizer, forming a compact film. The film with 20 g.L-1 of PEG showed the best electrochemical behavior.

The tinplate, used in the packaging sector and formed from a metal substrate, comprises a steel base which has undergone a surface treatment to produce a thin layer of FeSn2, a tin layer and an oxide tin layer. Currently, packaging using surface treatment is based on the use of chromates because these metals provide an excellent corrosion resistance. Nontoxic alternatives to pre-treatments have been developed in recent years to replace the chromate process. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of a new hybrid organic-inorganic film obtained from sol-gel consisting of the alkoxide precursors 3-(Trimethoxysilylpropyl)methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with the addition of cerium nitrate with the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), and electrochemical and morphological characterizations. Moreover, the evolution of the corrosion of the substrate was evaluated to propose a mechanism of corrosion. The results showed a galvanic coupling between the Sn/SnO2 coat (cathode) and the defects exposed at the ferrous base (anode). The organic-inorganic hybrid film containing a cathodic corrosion inhibitor was able to retard the corrosion of the tinplate.

The fluoride use for anodizing electrolytes has been primarily responsible for the formation of nanoporous oxides at valve metals, except aluminum, since it causes a dissolution process. This study presents the formation of an oxide model according to the following anodizing parameters: 100 V, 12.73 mA/cm2, room temperature and the niobium samples anodized in niobium oxalate and oxalic acid electrolytes without and with the addition of HF for 5, 30 and 60 min. The anodized samples were analyzed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophobicity of the samples was assessed by the sessile drop method. The presence of fluor in the niobium oxalate electrolyte formed oxides with lower a dissolution and a low hydrophobicity compared to the one formed in oxalic acid was attributed to the incorporation of niobium and oxalate ions. Thereby, the model proposed in this paper showed that during anodization the migration of the fluoride ion into the oxide occurs at high speed, which results in the formation of microcones, leading to the formation of discrete layers of porous oxide.

Siloxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) organic-inorganic hybrid coatings were deposited on galvanized steel by the dip-coating sol-gel technique. Anticorrosion properties, as well as the morphological, surface and structural features were studied. Hybrid coatings were synthesized from tetraethoxy-silane (TEOS) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as inorganic and organic phases, respectively, linked by 3-metacriloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (TMSM) as a coupling agent. The MMA/TMSM ratio was kept constant, whereas the four TEOS/TMSM ratios were varied. The characterization of coatings was assessed using several techniques such as Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Contact Angle, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Open Circuit Polarization (OCP), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements (EIS). The EIS results, which were obtained for the hybrid coatings, were discussed based on an electrical equivalent circuit used to adjust the experimental data. The results showed that the increasing the TEOS content caused increase in coating thickness, increased in the surface roughness and increased in the surface hydrophobicity. The film with the highest TEOS content presented the best electrochemical performance, more effective in protecting against corrosion.

AbstractSeveral studies regarding superficial treatments of Nitinol (NiTi) shape-memory have been developed aiming to the improve corrosion resistance and to block the Ni release to adjacent tissues. The necessary heat treatment to achieve the shape memory effect normally occurs at temperatures between 500 and 600 °C. However, titanium oxide (TiO2) is formed on the NiTi surface during the shape memory process heat treatment. In this work the effects of the heat treatment time on the surface characteristics of the formed NiTi oxide, at temperatures that promote the shape-memory (530 and 570 °C), were evaluated. The TiO2 layers which were obtained were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wettability and roughness. The results show that by increasing the exposure time at the temperature of 570 °C the formation of a thicker oxide is promoted, with less superficial roughness and of a hydrophobic nature. According to the literature, these characteristics indicate that the obtained oxide layer has properties that accelerat the osseointegration process.

Ferritic stainless steels are used in specific applications where corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and a high mechanical resistance are required. Shot peening is a process applied to add residual compression stresses in metallic surfaces with the intent of improving the material when exposed to corrosion due to stress and fatigue. Some studies about the effect of the shot peening process on the fatigue resistance, bending fatigue behavior, and residual surface stress in the ferritic stainless steels have been performed. However, the effect of the shot peening process on the corrosion and oxidation resistance of the stainless steel is not well known. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the shot peening process on these superficial properties of ferritic AISI430 stainless steel. The obtained results showed that the ferritic AISI430 stainless steel samples treated with shot peening presented a significant modification on the surface morphology and an important decrease of oxidation and corrosion resistance, evidencing that the shot peening process compromises the chemical and physical properties of the surface.

La anodización de acero inoxidable ferrítico ha sido utilizada con fines decorativos, para obtener una capa de barrera. El electrólito más comúnmente utilizado para este proceso es el INCO (5M H2SO4 + 2,5M CrO3). Con adición de glicerina induce la formación de estructuras porosas ordenadas, pues la glicerina reduce la conductividad del electrólito. Se anodizaron muestras de acero inoxidable ferrítico, en electrólito de 2M H2SO4 con la adición de glicerina en diferentes concentraciones, sin adición de óxido de cromo. Se observa que la adición de glicerina en un 90 v/v % promovió la reducción de la conductividad del electrólito, lo que ocasionó un aumento del potencial de anodización. Los resultados muestran que la adición de glicerina al electrólito redujo la disolución del óxido en la solución electrolítica y promovió la formación de un óxido con una estructura porosa ordenada.

Anodizing of ferritic stainless steel has been used for decoration purposes to obtain a barrier effect. The most commonly used electrolyte for this process is INCO (5M H2SO4 + 2,5M CrO3). INCO electrolyte with glycerin addition induces the formation of ordered porous structures, because glycerin reduces the electrolyte conductivity. Ferritic stainless steel was anodized in electrolyte composed by 2M H2SO4 with glycerin addition in different concentrations, without chromium oxide addition. It was observed that the addition of 90 v/v% glycerin promoted a reduction in the electrolyte conductivity, which caused an increase in the anodizing potential. The glycerin addition to the electrolyte diminished the oxide dissolution in the electrolytic solution, promoting the formation of an oxide with an ordered porous structure.

Tinplate is used to food packaging and other types of packages. The corrosion resistance of the tinplate has been study due the necessity of an alternative to high environmental impact of chromatization process. Therefore protective coatings as hybrid films base elaborations with different acids are studied to improve the barrier effect against corrosion. The objective of this work is characterize hybrid films deposited on a tinplate from a sol made up of the alkoxide precursors 3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)methacrylate (TMSM), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) together with one of three acids (acetic, hydrochloric or nitric acid) and to verify their action against the corrosion of the substrate. The films were obtained by a dip-coating process and cured for 3 hours at 160 °C. The film hydrophobicity was determined by contact angle measurements, and the morphology was evaluated by SEM. FTIR measurements were performed to characterize the chemical structures of the films. The electrochemical behavior of the coatings was evaluated by techniques open circuit potential monitoring (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results demonstrate that the siloxane-PMMA films improve the protective properties of the tinplate, with the films obtained by acetic acid addition exhibiting the greatest improvement.

This study proposes a new pretreatment method that uses alkoxide precursors with a plasticizing agent; the purpose of this study is to improve the electrochemical and mechanical properties of a galvanized steel surface. Galvanized steel was covered with a hybrid film obtained from a sol that consisted of two alkoxide precursors, 3 - (trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), with nitrate cerium in a concentration of 0.01 M and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) plasticizer. The hybrid coatings were obtained by dip-coating method with various concentrations of plasticizer (0, 20, 40 and 60 g.L-1). The hybrid films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), profilometry, contact angle measurements, a tribometer with the type-setting ball on the plate and electrochemical tests. The addition of the plasticizer into the hybrid films improves the corrosion resistance behavior compared to the sample without the plasticizer. The addition of 20 g.L-1 of plasticizer showed the best performance in the electrochemical tests. The mechanical behavior results indicated that higher PEG concentrations resulted in films with enhanced durability.

The aim of this work was to study the corrosion behavior of three commercial nanoceramic coatings in comparison to zinc phosphate coatings applied on mild steel (SAE 1010). The coatings were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), profilometry and hydrophobicity. The electrochemical behavior was evaluated by dynamic polarization. The results showed that the samples coated with nanoceramics presented contact angles greater than 100º, achieving hydrophobic behavior. Evaluating the electrochemical behavior under dynamic polarization revealed that the nanoceramic coating containing chromium (CHT) exhibited a higher corrosion potential and lower current than the other nanoceramic coatings tested, although its performance in a dilute sodium chloride solution was below that of the zinc phosphate-based coating. Although the nanoceramic coatings exhibited poor electrochemical behavior compared to the zinc-based coatings, they had a higher corrosion resistance when associated with an organic coating.

Hybrid films obtained by a sol-gel process are based on two important reactions: hydrolysis and condensation. The condensation reaction is influenced by the curing temperature, since it induces the development of the intrinsic properties of the gel. The aim of this work is to coat tinplate, a substrate widely used in the packaging industry, with monolayered and bilayered hybrid films modified with polyethylene glycol and obtained through dip-coating. The results showed that the bilayered hybrid film obtained at 60ºC had a higher layer thickness, and the best performance in the electrochemical assays, as well as the most hydrophobic character, in relation to the other samples. For the monolayered systems, the 90ºC-cured system showed a lower layer thickness; however, this system showed a more compact, uniform and less porous layer, and presented better electrochemical impedance results, in comparison with the 60ºC-cured samples.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência do tratamento alcalino das fibras de curauá, nas concentrações de 1, 5 e 10%(m/v) de NaOH, nas propriedades dos compósitos com matriz de PHBV e 20% m/m de fibras de curauá. Os compósitos foram moldados por extrusão e injeção e avaliadas suas as propriedades morfológicas, térmicas e mecânicas. Os resultados de FTIR mostraram que o tratamento alcalino promoveu modificações na estrutura das fibras de curauá, comprovadas pela remoção da hemicelulose e da lignina, evidenciadas pela ausência das bandas típicas destes compostos. Nos compósitos com fibras de curauá tratadas com solução de NaOH na concentração de 5% apresentaram um aumento de 30% na resistência à flexão e 12% na resistência ao impacto, quando comparados aos compósitos com fibras sem tratamento. Estes resultados indicam que o tratamento alcalino promoveu uma melhoria na adesão das fibras na matriz, o que melhorou significativamente as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos.

This study investigate the influence of alkaline treatment applied to Curauá fibers, at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% (w/v) NaOH, on the properties of the composite of PHBV matrix with 20 wt % Curauá fiber. The composites were molded by extrusion and injection and their morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. The results showed that alkali treatment caused modifications in the structure of the Curauá fibers by the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, as evidenced by the absence of the typical bands of these compounds in FTIR analysis. It was found an increase of 30% in flexural strength and 12% in impact resistance for the composites with fibers treated in 5% NaOH solution, in relation to composites with fibers without treatment. These results indicate that the alkaline treatment promoted an improvement in the adhesion of the fibers to the matrix, which significantly improved the mechanical properties of the composites. However, concentrations of NaOH solution different from 5% may have a deleterious effect on the mechanical properties of the fibers and composites.