Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, identificar os níveis ótimos de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada que propiciem a máxima produtividade física e econômica da cultivar de mamoeiro Golden. Na identificação dos níveis ótimos, utilizou-se a função de produção. O estudo experimental foi conduzido na fazenda Caliman Agrícola S.A., no município de Linhares-ES. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico experimental em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 5x4, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo cinco lâminas de irrigação (0,5; 0,7; 0,9; 1,1 e 1,3 da evapotranspiração de referência), com turno de rega diário, e quatro doses de sulfato de amônio (90; 188; 288 e 377 kg ha-1mês-1). A estimativa da produtividade (t ha-1), em função da lâmina total de água aplicada, obteve ajuste estatístico significativo (p < 0,05) ao modelo de segunda ordem. A máxima produtividade econômica foi igual a 94,83 t ha-1, com lâmina máxima de 1.546,5 mm. A receita líquida operacional dos mercados interno e externo foi de 313,19 e 929,57 R$ ha-1 mês-1, respectivamente.

This paper aimed in identifying great levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization that provide the greatest physical and economical productivity of papaya tree Golden cultivar. In the identification of the great levels it was used production function. The experimental study was conducted at Caliman S.A. farm, in the city of Linhares, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5x4 factorial scheme in split-plot. Five irrigation water depths (0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1.1 e 1.3 of the evapotranspiration of reference) were used with daily irrigation frequency and four rates of ammonium sulphate (90, 188, 288 e 377 kg ha-1 month-1). The productivity estimation (t ha-1) as a function of the applied total water depth obtained a significant statistical adjustment (p < 0.05) from the model of second order. The great economical productivity was 94.83 t ha-1, with the maximum depth of 1546.50 mm. Operational net incomes for domestic and international markets were R$ 313.19 e R$ 929.57 ha-1 month-1, respectively.

Este artículo describe el proceso de distribución de los productos de la cervecería Bavaria S.A. Identifica los diferentes agentes que participan en el proceso de mercadeo de las bebidas y la forma como se reparte entre ellos el valor de los diferentes componentes de la producción, a saber: a) la parte que se destina como rentas de capital a los prestamistas de dinero (bancos, tenedores de bonos y accionistas), b) la porción que pasa al Estado como impuesto al consumo, c) la fracción del plusvalor generado y realizado con el precio de fábrica que queda en manos del industrial, d) la parte que va a parar a los trabajadores indirectos como renta de trabajo, e) la porción que va a los agentes contratistas en forma de renta servicios, f) la fracción cedida a los comerciantes minoristas como componente de su ganancia comercial, g) la parte del producto que en forma de valor de uso va a manos del consumidor final a cambio de un precio de venta al público. El propósito de este análisis es conocer las relaciones entre el grupo empresarial Bavaria y sus agentes (internos y externos), así como su influencia en la economía nacional.

This article describes the process of distributing Bavaria SA brewery’s products. It identifies the different agents participating in the process of marketing drinks and how the value of different production components is distributed between them. Current distribution is as follows: a) the part destined as return on capital to entities lending money (banks, bond-holders and shareholders); b) the portion rendered to the State as consumption tax; c) the fraction of addedvalue generated by factory price remaining in the hands of the industry; d) the part ending up in indirect workers’ hands as income for work done; e) the portion going to contracting agents in the from of income for services provided; f) the fraction going to retailers as a component of their commercial gain; and g) the part of the product in the form of value of use going into end-consumer’s hands instead of retail sale price to the public. The purpose of this analysis is aimed at discovering the relationship between the Bavaria business group and its agents (internal and external), as well as its influence on the Colombian economy.

Cet article décrit le processus de distribution des produits de la Brasserie Bavaria S.A. et identifie les différents agents qui font partie du processus du marché de boissons et la distribution entre ceux-ci de la valeur des différentes parties qui composent la production, c’est à dire : a) la partie destinée à la rente de capital pour les prêteurs d’argent (banques, possesseurs de bons et d’actions), b) la partie qui passe à l’État comme impôt sur la consommation, c) la partie de plus-value, produit du prix de fabrication, qui est destinée à l’industriel, d) la partie remise aux travailleurs indirects comme rente de travail, e) la partie donnée aux agents contractants sous forme de rente de services, f) la partie cédée aux commerçants détaillants, comme part de gain commercial, g) la partie du produit qui sous forme de valeur d’usage arrive aux mains du consommateur final en échange d’un prix de vente au public. L’objectif de cette analyse est de connaître les rapports entre le groupe de l’entreprise Bavaria et ses agents (internes et externes), ainsi que son influence dans l’économie nationale.

The main characteristic of the nursing Interactive Observation Scale for Psychiatric Inpatients (IOSPI) is the necessity of interaction between raters and patients during assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale in the "real" world of daily ward practice and to determine whether the IOSPI can increase the interaction time between raters and patients and influence the raters' opinion about mental illness. All inpatients of a general university hospital psychiatric ward were assessed daily over a period of two months by 9 nursing aides during the morning and afternoon shifts, with 273 pairs of daily observations. Once a week the patients were interviewed by a psychiatrist who filled in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The IOSPI total score was found to show significant test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.83) and significant correlation with the BPRS total score (r = 0.69), meeting the criteria of concurrent validity. The instrument can also discriminate between patients in need of further inpatient treatment from those about to be discharged (negative predictive value for discharge = 0.91). Using this scale, the interaction time between nursing aides and patients increased significantly (t = 2.93, P<0.05) and their opinion about the mental illness changed. The "social restrictiveness" factor of the opinion scale about mental illness showed a significant reduction (t = 4.27, P<0.01) and the "interpersonal etiology" factor tended to increase (t = 1.98, P = 0.08). The IOSPI was confirmed as a reliable and valid scale and as an efficient tool to stimulate the therapeutic attitudes of the nursing staff.