Abstract The release of industrial effluents into the environment causes widespread contamination of aquatic systems. Adsorption is seen as one of the most promising treatment processes, and lignocellulosic materials have gained prominence as adsorbents. This study investigates the potential of rice hulls, either in natura or treated with nitric acid, as adsorbents for removal of the dye. The adsorbents were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, solid state 13C-NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and pH at point of zero charge. The dye adsorption experiments were carried out in batch mode, using different experimental conditions. The kinetic adsorption data could be fitted using the model of Elovich. The Freundlich model provided the best fit to the isothermal data. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed the spontaneity of the adsorption process. These adsorbents offer an alternative for dye removal, with advantages including biomass availability and low cost.

Activated carbon was produced from the water hyacinth (CAA) by impregnation with ZnCl2 (1:2), followed by pyrolysis at 700 ºC, under N2. CAA was used for the adsorption of phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol from aqueous solutions, using batch adsorption. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature and concentration on sorption were investigated. Adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir model proved to be dependent on temperature, reaching values of 163.7, 130.2 and 142.3 mg g-1 for phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol, respectively, at 45 ºC. Thermodynamic data at the solid-liquid interface suggests an endothermic, spontaneous and environmentally-friendly process.

Os íons de metais pesados são conhecidos tanto pela sua importância fisiológica e industrial, bem como pelo risco ambiental e à saúde humana. Para elucidar o comportamento dessas espécies nos corpos hídricos, os quais recebem grande parte da descarga de metais, seja de origem antrópica ou por fontes naturais, é necessário entender as interações que elas apresentam com o meio, principalmente a especiação química. Um dos mais importantes processos pelos quais passam as espécies metálicas em corpos aquáticos naturais é a interação com a matéria orgânica dissolvida (MOD), que pode ser por adsorção, reações de troca iônica ou por complexação. Neste trabalho foram realizados vários experimentos com o objetivo de descrever o comportamento da complexação de três importantes cátions Cu(II), Cd(II) e Pb(II) com a matéria orgânica (ácido húmico comercial), sob condições diversas de força iônica em meio tamponado. Os resultados foram avaliados de acordo com o modelo de van den Berg e Kramer para a complexação de metais. O modelo foi aplicado na determinação da capacidade de complexação dos íons em amostras reais, oriundas de três rios maranhenses que integram a Amazônia legal: Itapecuru, Bacanga e Pericumã. Nas águas dos rios utilizou-se o parâmetro carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) para expressar a MOD. Os resultados confirmaram forte interação entre a MOD e íons de metais pesados e que o modelo de van den Berg e Kramer é satisfatório para se estimar a constante de complexação (K) e a concentração de sítios de complexação (Lt). Nas amostras simuladas em laboratório a ordem de complexação dos metais foi Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Pb(II) e a capacidade de complexação mostrou ser linear em função da concentração de ácido húmico comercial. Acredita-se que por ter menor raio iônico, o íon Cu(II) possui maior afinidade com os sítios de complexação. Nas amostras retiradas dos corpos aquáticos, observou-se que o rio com maior concentração de COD (rio Bacanga) apresentou maior capacidade de complexação; entretanto, a ordem foi Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) provavelmente devido à presença de íons Cu(II) em maior quantidade nas águas dos rios.

Metal ions are known by their physiological and industrial importance as well as by their environmental risk aspects. To elucidate the behavior of these elements in superficial water bodies, it is necessary to understand the various occurring interactions, mainly those related to the chemical speciation. One of the most important processes that metal species undergo in natural aquatic bodies is their interaction with dissolved organic matter (DOM), which can happen through adsorption, ionic exchange and complexation. In this work, laboratory experiments with Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions and commercial humic acid were made under various conditions (ionic strength and buffering) to test the van den Berg and Kramer complexation model. After the simulation, the model was used to determine the Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) complexation capacity of natural waters from three important rivers in the state of Maranhao, Brazil (Itapecuru, Bacanga and Pericuma rivers). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was used to express the DOM concentration. The results confirmed that there is a strong interaction between the DOM and metal ions, and that the van den Berg and Kramer model (with one coordination site) is suitable for estimating the complexation constant (K) and the ligand site concentration (Lt). The simulated water samples used in the laboratory showed the complexation order: Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Pb(II); and the complexation capacity was directly proportional to the humic acid concentration. We believe that the smaller Cu(II) ionic radius yields a stronger affinity with the DOM. In the experiments with natural waters, the river with more DOC (Bacanga river) showed better complexation capacity; however, the order was Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) probably because of the presence of appreciable concentrations of Cu(II) in natural waters.

Tiquira é o destilado alcoólico obtido a partir da sacarificação e fermentação da mandioca, e além de íons cianeto, contém na sua composição as demais espécies potencialmente tóxicas presentes nas aguardentes, tais como: carbamatos, metanol e alguns íons de metais. Neste trabalho, uma metodologia analítica para a determinação de cianeto em amostras de tiquira é proposta, empregando voltametria no modo pulso diferencial, após destilação da amostra em presença de ácido nítrico 0,1 mol.L-1. A metodologia desenvolvida foi comparada (teste t) com um método padrão para a determinação de cianeto. Os resultados indicam que os métodos são equivalentes do ponto de vista estatístico, confirmando a viabilidade da metodologia proposta. As condições estabelecidas (volume da solução absorvedora = 100 mL; pH = 10; faixa de potencial = -0,5 a -0,1 V e velocidade de varredura = 20 mV.s-1) mostraram resultados reprodutíveis e permitiram a construção de curvas analíticas com valores de R da ordem de 0,999. O valor médio de cianeto encontrado em tiquira foi 2,8 x 10-5 mol.L-1 ± 2,4 x 10-6 mol.L-1, para n = 5, cerca de 150 vezes maior que o valor permitido para águas potáveis.

Tiquira is an alcoholic beverage made of fermented and distilled manioc root (Manihot esculenta). The presence of toxic species such as carbamates, methanol, heavy metals and cyanide in this beverage is considered crucial to the quality of this important product of northern Brazil. This article proposes an analytical procedure involving the use of voltammetry in the differential mode after the sample is distilled in the presence of 0.1 mol.L-1 of nitric acid. The new methodology was compared (test T) with a standard method for determining cyanide, indicating that the methods are equivalent from thee standpoint of statistics and thus confirming the viability of the proposed methodology. The conditions established (volume of the adsorbent solution = 100.0 mL; pH = 10; potential range = -0.5 to -0.1 V; scan rate = 20 mV.s-1) showed high reproducibility and allowed for the construction of analytical curves with values close to 0.999. The "tiquira" showed an average cyanide content of 2.8 x 10-5 mol.L-1 ± 2.4 x 10-6 mol.L-1 for n = 5, i.e., about 150 times higher than the acceptable content in drinking water.

Tiquira is a traditional homemade alcoholic distillate produced in the Maranhão State (Brazil), gotten from cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz.). It can be normally found on street markets. Due to the addition of tangerine leaves, the original tiquira has a bluish color. Samples of this beverage were acquired in the local trade and analyzed from the spectroanalytical point of view. The results indicated that these drinks had been adulterated by the addition of crystal violet, a potencialy hazardous compound. The identification and quantification of crystal violet in 10 spiked samples was accomplished by UV-Vis spectrophotometry through the standard addition method. In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed method, experiments on the quantification and recovery were carried out and the results indicated a content of crystal violet in the 10-6 to 10-7 mol L-1 range.