ABSTRACT Species associations in a pasture are frequent and include the harmonious and balanced interrelation between two or more grasses and legumes. Legumes not only increase the nutritional value of the associated grass, but are also capable of increasing the dry matter production with a more uniform seasonal distribution and less inter-annual variability. That is why the objective is to evaluate the consociation Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosae) with Festuca arundinacea "Tall fescue" (Fam. Poaceae). Eight treatments were applied resulting from the combination of two proportions of legume vs. grass, the two pure cultures and two transplant arrangements. Throughout one year, the coverage percentage of both species, weeds and bare soil, morphological characters of A. bicolor, and carbohydrate mobilization dynamics in both species were estimated. When A. bicolor and F. arundinacea are associated, they are able to grow and remain stable during the second year since implantation. Both species together provide coverage to the soil, growing in a complementary way in space and time. Although a negative effect on the height, number of stolons and number of buds.m -2 of A. bicolor is detected when it grows associated with F. arundinacea, the sum of the contributions of each species could increase the total production of the mixture. The dynamics of carbohydrate mobilization in A. bicolor is slightly affected by the association with F. arundinacea, while that of the latter species is not affected. There are no significant differences between the two transplant ratios, as well as between the two transplant arrangements.

RESUMEN Las asociaciones de especies en una pastura son cada vez más frecuentes y comprenden la interrelación armónica y equilibrada entre dos o más gramíneas y leguminosas. Las leguminosas no sólo incrementan el valor nutritivo de la gramínea asociada, sino que además son capaces de aumentar la producción de materia seca en las praderas con una distribución estacional más uniforme y menor variabilidad interanual. Es por ello que se plantea como objetivo evaluar la consociación Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosas) con Festuca arundinacea "Festuca alta" (Fam. Poáceas). Se aplicaron ocho tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de dos proporciones de leguminosa vs. gramínea, los dos cultivos puros y dos arreglos de trasplantes. A lo largo de un año se estimó el porcentaje de cobertura de ambas especies, malezas y suelo desnudo; los caracteres morfológicos de A. bicolor y la dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en ambas especies. La consociación A. bicolor-F. arundinacea es capaz de desarrollarse y mantenerse estable durante el segundo año desde la implantación del ensayo. Ambas especies proporcionan cobertura al suelo, creciendo en forma complementaria tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. Se observa un efecto negativo sobre la altura, número de estolones y número de yemas.m-2 de A. bicolor cuando crece consociada con F. arundinacea, mientras que la morfología foliar no registra diferencias entre tratamientos. La dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en A. bicolor es ligeramente afectada por la consociación con F. arundinacea, mientras que la de esta última especie no presenta diferencias con respecto al cultivo puro. No se observan diferencias en la mayoría de las variables al comparar las dos proporciones de trasplante, como tampoco entre los dos arreglos de trasplante.

ABSTRACT In the arid-semi-arid central region of Argentina, biomass availability from natural grasslands in the period of low temperatures is scarce, and therefore achieving a higher production of winter-growing forage species is important. One of these species is Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC., a perennial herbaceous legume with an indefinite cycle and clonal growth, which favors its persistence under intensive grazing and high capacity to fix nitrogen (N). There is little information about the behavior of this crop under fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate biomass production, crude protein content and total carbohydrate mobilization of A. bicolor under phosphorus fertilization. The experiment was carried out in a plot with an already established A. bicolor crop. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. The treatments consisted of three doses of liquid phosphate fertilizer: Treatment I: 0 kg ha-1 (control); Treatment II: 50 kg ha-1, and Treatment III: 100 kg ha-1. Six samples were collected every 60 days, and aboveground/ belowground biomass, crude protein and total carbohydrate content were determined. The results showed that Treatment II (50 kg ha-1) recorded the highest level of biomass production of all the treatments, whereas the different fertilizer doses did not affect crude protein content of aboveground/ belowground biomass or carbohydrate mobilization patterns.

RESUMEN En la región árida-semiárida central de Argentina la disponibilidad de biomasa de los pastizales naturales en el periodo de bajas temperaturas es escasa, por lo que es importante lograr una mayor producción de especies forrajeras de crecimiento invernal. Entre estas especies se encuentra Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC, leguminosa perenne, de ciclo indefinido, herbácea, con crecimiento clonal, lo que favorece su persistencia bajo pastoreo intensivo, y una elevada capacidad para fijar nitrógeno (N). Existe escasa información respecto al comportamiento de este cultivo bajo fertilización. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la producción de biomasa, contenido de proteína bruta y movilización de carbohidratos totales de A. bicolor bajo fertilización con fósforo (P). El ensayo se llevó a cabo en una parcela con A. bicolor en cultivo ya establecido. El diseño empleado fue de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos aplicados fueron tres dosis de fertilizante fosfatado líquido: Tratamiento I: 0 kg ha-1 (control); Tratamiento II: 50 kg ha-1 y Tratamiento III: 100 kg ha-1. Se realizaron seis muestreos cada 60 días en los que se determinó: biomasa aérea y subterránea, porcentaje de proteína bruta y concentración de carbohidratos totales. Los resultados mostraron que la mayor producción de biomasa se obtuvo con la dosis de 50 kg ha-1, el contenido de proteína bruta en biomasa aérea y subterránea fue similar en todos los tratamientos y el patrón de movilización de carbohidratos no se vio favorecido significativamente por la aplicación de P.

ABSTRACT Native perennial legumes are an important component of rangelands in many parts of the world and may contribute to improve the nutritional value of natural and cultivated grazing systems. In the arid and semi-arid central region of Argentina, the domestication of species with forage potential, such as Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC, has begun. The objective of this work was to evaluate a crop of Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC and relate crop growth to biomass production, and carbohydrate mobilization dynamics during one year. To evaluate growth dynamics, seedlings and adult plants were selected, and vegetative and reproductive variables were recorded every 7 to 10 days. In addition, aerial and ground biomass samples were taken in an area of 0,0625 m2 every 60 days and processed to determine carbohydrate mobilization dynamics. The low stem:root ratio observed in the seedlings and the clonal growth of A. bicolor adults plants favor the establishment and development of the crop, reaching its maximum vegetative growth in winter/spring. This maximum growth is determined by high cotyledonary and prophyllar branching with increased internode length. The indefinite life cycle guarantees an important photosynthetic rate that allows for not only crop persistence, but also enough carbohydrate concentration in roots and stolons, which permits a rapid recovery during regrowth. These results indicate that A. bicolor is a species that has desirable attributes for forage production.

RESUMEN Las leguminosas perennes nativas son importantes en los pastizales de diversas partes del mundo y pueden contribuir a mejorar el valor nutritivo de los sistemas de pastoreo naturales y cultivados. En la región árida y semiárida central de Argentina se ha comenzado la domesticación de especies con potencial forrajero, como es el caso de Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar un cultivo de Adesmia bicolor (Poir.) DC y relacionar el ritmo de crecimiento de la especie con la producción de biomasa y la dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos durante un ciclo de cultivo. Para el estudio del ritmo de crecimiento se seleccionaron plántulas y plantas adultas, en las que se registraron variables vegetativas y reproductivas cada 7 a 10 días. Cada 60 días se registró la biomasa aérea y subterránea en un área de 0,0625 m2 y la concentración de carbohidratos en órganos subterráneos. La baja relación tallo/raíz de la plántula y el crecimiento clonal de la planta adulta de A. bicolor favorecen el establecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo con un máximo crecimiento vegetativo en invierno-primavera, el cual está determinado por la ramificación de los ejes cotiledonares y profilares y el aumento de la longitud de sus entrenudos. El ciclo de vida indefinido garantiza una tasa fotosintética importante que permite no sólo el mantenimiento del cultivo, sino también suficiente concentración de carbohidratos en raíces y estolones para permitir su rápida recuperación durante el rebrote. Estos resultados indican que A. bicolor es una especie que presenta atributos deseables para la producción forrajera.

ABSTRACT In semi-arid regions of Argentina, Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) is being evaluated as an indefinite cycle forage species, as it is a perennial herbaceous legume with a potentially productive stoloniferous habit and high capacity to fix nitrogen. Due to the lack of information regarding the capacity it has to fix atmospheric nitrogen in its natural ecosystem, the following objectives were proposed: I) To quantify aerial biomass and nitrogen content produced by A. bicolor during its life cycle, II) To quantify aerial biomass and nitrogen content produced by selected grasses to be used as reference species: Sorghum halepense, Paspalum notatum and Cynodon dactylon during their life cycle and III) To determine if these species are appropriate to be used in the quantification of nitrogen fixed biologically by A. bicolor with the method of natural abundance. In Villa Rumipal (province of Córdoba, Argentina) samples of A. bicolor were collected together with three grass species: P. notatum, S. halepense, and C. dactylon in the vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. The grasses selected as reference species show phenological characteristics and life cycles similar to the legume specie under study. Aerial biomass and nitrogen content were evaluated through Kjeldahl method. Although the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation in A. bicolor is not determined in this study, it can be predicted (based on aerial biomass data and nitrogen content) that it would be reduced after flowering stage. In the species used as a reference there is a notable increase in biomass throughout its life cycles. After the data collected was analyzed, it can be concludes that the most appropriate reference species to evaluate the nitrogen content is P. notatum, since it explores a volume of soil similar to A. bicolor. S. halepense and C. dactylon had a higher nitrogen content, this can be attributed to the fact that their underground systems are more vigorous and, therefore, are more able to extract nitrogen from the soil.

RESUMEN En regiones semiáridas de Argentina se está evaluando Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) como especie forrajera de ciclo indefinido, ya que es una leguminosa herbácea perenne de hábito rastrero y con elevada capacidad para fijar nitrógeno. Debido a la falta de información respecto a la capacidad que posee para fijar nitrógeno atmosférico en su ecosistema natural, se propuso como objetivos de trabajo: I) Cuantificar la biomasa aérea y el contenido de nitrógeno producidos por A. bicolor durante su ciclo de vida, II) Cuantificar la biomasa aérea y el contenido de nitrógeno producidos por las gramíneas seleccionadas para utilizar como especies de referencia: Sorghum halepense, Paspalum notatum y Cynodon dactylon durante su ciclo de vida y III) Determinar si estas especies son apropiadas para ser utilizadas en la cuantificación del nitrógeno fijado biológicamente por A. bicolor con el método de la abundancia natural. En Villa Rumipal (provincia de Córdoba, Argentina) se recolectaron muestras de A. bicolor junto con tres especies gramíneas: P. notatum, S. halepense y C. dactylon en las etapas vegetativa, floración y fructificación. Las gramíneas seleccionadas como referencia presentan características fenológicas y ciclos de vida similares a la especie leguminosa en estudio. Se evaluó biomasa aérea y contenido de nitrógeno a través del método de Kjeldahl. Si bien en este estudio no se determina la eficiencia de la fijación biológica de nitrógeno en A. bicolor, se puede predecir (a partir de los datos de biomasa aérea y contenido de nitrógeno) que esta se vería disminuida después de la floración. En las especies utilizadas como referencia se observa un notable incremento de biomasa a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Luego de analizar los datos obtenidos, se puede concluir que la especie de referencia más apropiada para evaluar el contenido de nitrógeno es P. notatum, ya que explora un volumen de suelo similar a A. bicolor. S, halepense y C. dactylon presentaron un contenido de nitrógeno mayor que la leguminosa estudiada, lo que puede atribuirse a que sus sistemas subterráneos son más vigorosos y, por lo tanto, presentan mayor capacidad para extraer nitrógeno del suelo.

RESUMO Introdução: O aumento da incidência de microrganismos multirresistentes é considerado um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Uma das rotinas incluídas na prática hospitalar é a busca de pacientes colonizados e/ou infectados. Objetivo: Avaliar a variabilidade genética e as relações clonais de K. pneumoniae produtoras de betalactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) em culturas de vigilância de unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Materiais e métodos: Setenta isolados obtidos a partir de swab retal, (março/2013 a março/2014). O perfil de suscetibilidade a antibióticos foi avaliado pelo sistema VITEK 2. Foram pesquisados os genes de resistência: blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M-15, blaVIM, blaIMP e blaNDM pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A diversidade genética foi avaliada por Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). Resultados: Foram detectados altos percentuais de resistência a cefepime (94%), ceftazidima (96%), ertapenem (61%), imipenem (54%) meropenem (43%) e ciprofloxacino (69%). Os genes prevalentes foram: blaSHV (69%), blaTEM (63%), blaOXA-1 (60%), blaKPC (57%), blaCTX-M-15 (47%), blaOXA-48 (16%). Os genes blaVIM, blaIMP e blaNDM não foram detectados. Foram observados 29 perfis em relação aos genes de resistência, com 23% apresentando pelo menos cinco genes. Uma grande diversidade genética (68 perfis) foi observada entre as cepas. Conclusão: Embora não tenha sido observada relação clonal entre os isolados, este estudo revelou dados alarmantes quanto à resistência microbiana em monitoramento preventivo, abordagem ainda pouco adotada no Brasil. Nossos dados permitem concluir que a inclusão de culturas de vigilância nas unidades de saúde é uma estratégia recomendada, visando principalmente à prevenção da disseminação dos genes de resistência no ambiente hospitalar e, consequentemente, redução da morbimortalidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increasing incidence of multi-resistant microorganisms has been considered a public health problem. One of the routines included in hospital practice is the screening of colonized and/or infected patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and clonal relationships of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae, from surveillance cultures, at an intensive care unit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Material and methods: Seventy K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from rectal swabs (March 2013 to March 2014). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by VITEK 2 System. Resistant genes blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M-15, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaNDM were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); genetic diversity, by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). Results: Strains showed high resistance rates to cefepime (94%), ceftazidime (96%), ertapenem (61%), imipenem (54%) meropenem (43%) and ciprofloxacin (69%). The most prevalent genes were blaSHV (69%), blaTEM (63%), blaOXA-1 (60%), blaKPC (57%), blaCTX-M-15 (47%), blaOXA-48 (16%). Genes blaVIM, blaIMP and blaNDM were not detected. Twenty nine profiles of resistance genes were observed, with 23% carrying at least five genes. A great genetic diversity (68 ERIC profiles) was also observed among the strains. Conclusion: Although no clonal relationship was observed within the isolates, this study revealed alarming data on the antimicrobial resistance deficiently monitored for preventive purposes in Brazil. Our data allow us to conclude that the inclusion of surveillance cultures in health facilities is a recommended strategy aiming particularly at preventing the spread of resistance genes in the hospital environment and, consequently, reducing morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical aspects of H1N1 among HIV coinfected patients seen at a reference center for AIDS treatment in São Paulo, Brazil. Design: Observational and prospective cohort study. METHODS: Descriptive study of clinical and laboratory investigation of HIV-infected patients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) in 2009. We analyzed patients monitored in CRT/DST/AIDS, a specialized service for people living with HIV, located in São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: 108 individuals presented with symptoms of H1N1 infection at the CRT DST/AIDS in 2009. Eighteen patients (16.7%) had confirmation of the diagnosis of influenza A. Among the confirmed cases, ten (55.6%) were hospitalized and eight (44.4%) were outpatients. Dyspnea was present in nine patients (50%), hemoptysis in three (16%). Six patients (60%) required therapy with supplemental oxygen. All patients had good clinical outcomes and none died. CONCLUSIONS: In our hospital, the symptoms that led patients to seek medical care were similar to the common flu. Hospital admission and the early introduction of antibiotics associated with oseltamivir may have been the cause of the favorable outcome of our cases.

OBJECTIVE: To investigates how the use of HIV-1 resistance tests influences physician decision-making. METHODS: Ten experienced reference physicians from the Brazilian Network for Drug Resistance each received ten patients' case histories. The selected patients had experienced at least two virological failures. First, reference physicians were asked to empirically select a new regimen for each patient. Second, after genotype report (ViroSeq 2.6) was provided, and physicians were again asked to select a new regimen considering this additional information. Finally, they were asked to select a regimen after receiving a virtual phenotype result (vircoTYPE 3.9.00). RESULTS: In 79% of the cases, physicians changed their empirical choice of regimen after receiving the genotype report, resulting in an increase in the mean number of active drugs from 1.8 to 2.2 (p = 0.0003), while the average number of drugs/regimen remained at 4.0. After receipt of the virtual phenotype report, additional changes were made in 75% of the patient cases, resulting in an increase in the number of active drugs to 2.8 (p < 0.0001), while the average number of drugs/regimen remained at 4.0. After receipt of the genotype report, 48% of the changes were in NRTIs, 29% were in NNRTIs and 60% were in PIs; after consideration of the virtual phenotype, 61%, 10% and 49% of the changes, respectively, were in these categories of drugs. Fourteen percent of the physicians rated the genotype report as "extremely useful", whereas 34% rated the subsequent virtual phenotype report as "extremely useful" (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance testing has a significant impact on physicians' choices of antiretroviral salvage therapies, and it promotes the selection of more active drugs

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is endemic in parts of the sub-Saharan, and KS has increased concomitantly with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In Mozambique (MZ), no data concerning HHV-8 infection was available, thus the main of this work was to investigate, for the first time, the presence of HHV-8 infection in Maputo, MZ. Latent and lytic HHV-8-specific antibodies were assessed in blood samples from 189 individuals from the Central Hospital of Maputo, MZ, using "in-house" immunofluorescence assays conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. The results obtained were analyzed according to socio-demographic and clinical variables using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. An HHV-8 seropositivity of 1.8% and 9.7% was detected among 57 medical students and 31 individuals from the staff, respectively, in contrast to 16.4% detected among 67 out-patients. Concerning 34 hospitalized patients from the Dermatology Unit, 47.1% were HHV-8-seropositive overall, while the rate was 85.7% among KS patients. The present survey, conducted in Maputo, MZ, demonstrates great variation in HHV-8 infection frequencies depending on the group analyzed and epidemiological variables. An association between HHV-8 seropositivity and male gender (OR 5.72), the central origin of patients (OR 5.33), blood transfusions (OR 3.25), and KS (OR 24.0) was detected among hospitalized patients, and primary school (OR 7.18) and HIV-1 infection (OR 8.76) among out-patients.

OBJETIVO: Analisar estudos publicados sobre Nefropatia induzida por contraste, sua prevenção e o papel do enfermeiro nesta ação, bem como, propor intervenções de enfermagem. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão de literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, publicados de 1977 a 2007. RESULTADOS: Em âmbito nacional não encontramos estudos quando associamos aos descritores nefroproteção e meio de contraste iodado a palavra enfermagem. Identificamos que na prática clínica o procedimento de hidratação antes do uso de meio de contraste é o mais utilizado. CONCLUSÃO: Sabendo-se que os meios de contraste podem gerar diferentes tipos de reações adversas nos pacientes, torna-se importante o enfermeiro estar habilitado cientificamente, para reconhecer estas injúrias e, assim, implementar intervenções pertinentes, eficazes e que minimizem as complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze studies published on CIN, its prevention and the nurse's role in this action, as well as to consider nursing interventions. METHODS: This review was performed using books, serials, and the databases MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, published the 1997 a 2007. RESULTS: Since they are directly involved in the CIN administration procedure, the nursing staff plays a relevant role in patients' nephroprotection by trying to identify risk factors and implementing protocols to prevent complications related to the use of iodinated contrast media. CONCLUSION: Knowing itself that the ways of contrast can generate different types of adverse reactions in the patients, the nurse becomes important to be qualified scientific, to recognize these injury and thus to implement pertinent, efficient interventions and that they minimize the complications.

OBJETIVO: Analizar estudios publicados sobre Nefropatía inducida por contraste, su prevención y el papel del enfermero en esta acción, así como, proponer intervenciones de enfermería. MÉTODOS: Se realizó la revisión de literatura en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, publicados de 1997 a 2007. RESULTADOS: En el ámbito nacional no se encontró estudios cuando se asoció a los descriptores nefroprotección y medio de contraste yodado la palabra enfermería. Identificamos que en la práctica clínica el procedimiento de hidratación antes del uso de medio de contraste es el más utilizado. CONCLUSIÓN: Sabiéndose que los medios de contraste pueden generar diferentes tipos de reacciones adversas en los pacientes, se torna importante que el enfermero esté habilitado científicamente, para reconocer estas agresiones y, así, implementar intervenciones pertinentes, eficaces y que minimicen las complicaciones.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze studies published on CIN, its prevention and the nurse's role in this action, as well as to consider nursing interventions. METHODS: This review was performed using books, serials, and the databases MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, published the 1997 a 2007. RESULTS: Since they are directly involved in the CIN administration procedure, the nursing staff plays a relevant role in patients' nephroprotection by trying to identify risk factors and implementing protocols to prevent complications related to the use of iodinated contrast media. CONCLUSION: Knowing itself that the ways of contrast can generate different types of adverse reactions in the patients, the nurse becomes important to be qualified scientific, to recognize these injury and thus to implement pertinent, efficient interventions and that they minimize the complications.

OBJETIVO: Analizar estudios publicados sobre Nefropatía inducida por contraste, su prevención y el papel del enfermero en esta acción, así como, proponer intervenciones de enfermería. MÉTODOS: Se realizó la revisión de literatura en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, publicados de 1997 a 2007. RESULTADOS: En el ámbito nacional no se encontró estudios cuando se asoció a los descriptores nefroprotección y medio de contraste yodado la palabra enfermería. Identificamos que en la práctica clínica el procedimiento de hidratación antes del uso de medio de contraste es el más utilizado. CONCLUSIÓN: Sabiéndose que los medios de contraste pueden generar diferentes tipos de reacciones adversas en los pacientes, se torna importante que el enfermero esté habilitado científicamente, para reconocer estas agresiones y, así, implementar intervenciones pertinentes, eficaces y que minimicen las complicaciones.

OBJETIVO: Analisar estudos publicados sobre Nefropatia induzida por contraste, sua prevenção e o papel do enfermeiro nesta ação, bem como, propor intervenções de enfermagem. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão de literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, publicados de 1977 a 2007. RESULTADOS: Em âmbito nacional não encontramos estudos quando associamos aos descritores nefroproteção e meio de contraste iodado a palavra enfermagem. Identificamos que na prática clínica o procedimento de hidratação antes do uso de meio de contraste é o mais utilizado. CONCLUSÃO: Sabendo-se que os meios de contraste podem gerar diferentes tipos de reações adversas nos pacientes, torna-se importante o enfermeiro estar habilitado cientificamente, para reconhecer estas injúrias e, assim, implementar intervenções pertinentes, eficazes e que minimizem as complicações.