RESUMO Reconhecendo que o papel e o papelão são os materiais mais identificados na gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD), o objetivo deste artigo foi aplicar a metodologia da Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) aos procedimentos de coleta seletiva desses materiais em um núcleo de João Pessoa (PB). A ACV quantifica as cargas ambientais ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma atividade e está normatizada pela International Organization for Standardization (ISO) e pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). Essa avaliação considerou todas as fases do sistema de gestão dos RSD: coletas regular e seletiva, reciclagem, disposição final e transportes intermediários. Utilizou-se o software SimaPro, com a base de dados Ecoinvent, e o método de avaliação de impacto ambiental CML-IA baseline, versão 3.00/World 2000. Verificou-se que, em 2014, a coleta seletiva incluiu 11% dos RSD gerados nos distritos servidos pela unidade de triagem. O restante (89%) foi, em sua maioria, transportado e destinado ao Aterro Sanitário Metropolitano de João Pessoa. Interpretando os resultados da ACV para as diferentes categorias de impacto, verificou-se que a reciclagem traz grandes benefícios ambientais quando consideradas as emissões atmosféricas associadas à eutrofização, ao aquecimento global e à oxidação fotoquímica. Nesses casos, obteve-se um resultado geral negativo nas emissões, por causa da reciclagem, em comparação às outras etapas consideradas (coletas seletiva e regular, consumos de energia nos galpões, Central de Triagem - CT - , transportes e aterro sanitário). Para as emissões atmosféricas associadas à destruição da camada de ozônio e à acidificação, as emissões negativas relacionadas à reciclagem não foram suficientes para obter um balanço geral negativo.

ABSTRACT Recognizing that paper and cardboard are the most common materials in Solid Household Waste (SHW) management, the objective of the study presented herein was to apply the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to the procedures associated with the selective collection of paper and cardboard in a nucleus in João Pessoa, Paraíba. LCA quantifies the environmental loads throughout the life cycle of an activity and is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT). LCA considered all the phases of SHW management: regular collection, selective collection, recycling, final disposal and intermediate transportation. The SimaPro software was used, with the Ecoinvent database and CML-IA baseline environmental assessment method, version 3.00/World 2000. In 2004, it was verified that selective collection included 11% of the SHW generated in the districts served by the sorting unit. The remainder (89%) was, in its majority, transported and destined for the Metropolitan Sanitary Landfill of João Pessoa. Interpretation of the LCA results for the different impact categories revealed that recycling brings positive environmental benefits when the atmospheric emissions associated with eutrophication, global warming and photochemical oxidation were considered. An overall negative value was obtained for these categories, due to recycling, in comparison with the other analyzed phases (selective collection, regular collection, consumption of energy in the sheds, sorting unit, transportation and landfilling). For atmospheric emissions associated with depletion of the ozone layer and acidification, negative emissions associated with recycling were not sufficient to produce an overall negative balance.

ABSTRACT The mobile phone market has experienced continuous growth over the last decade. Increasingly, mobile phones are replaced by new models with more modern designs or expansion of functions. This lifestyle is causing increasing amount of electronic waste that do not always receive treatment. This article presents the results of the application of the methodology for life-cycle assessment (LCA) to calculate quantitatively the environmental benefit due to the extension of lifespan mobile phones during different periods of time. Taking as a functional unit the life cycle of an average mobile phone during 30 months and considering the stages of raw materials/production, distribution, use and end of life, three scenarios were modeled. The SimaPro (2013) software was used, the Ecoinvent database has been applied to configure the life cycle inventory, and the emissions were allocated into six categories according to the impact CML2000 method. It was observed that to extend the mobile phone useful life and to provide treatment when it becomes a waste, represents an environmental gain not only because the provision and consumption of a new one is avoided, but because limited resources and energy required for extraction are saved through recovery of materials. However, before recycling it is important to consider reuse (extending lifespan) because a substantial amount of the mobile phones are discarded for fashion or cosmetic reasons while they are still functional.

RESUMEN El mercado de telefonía móvil ha experimentado un continuo crecimiento en la última década. Cada vez más, los teléfonos móviles son reemplazados por nuevos modelos con diseños más modernos y ampliación de funciones. Este estilo de vida está provocando incremento en la cantidad de residuos de aparatos electrónicos que no siempre reciben tratamiento. Por lo que, en este artículo, se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) para calcular cuantitativamente el beneficio ambiental debido a la extensión de vida útil del teléfono móvil durante diferentes períodos. Tomando como unidad funcional el ciclo de vida promedio de 30 meses, se modelaron tres escenarios considerando cuatro etapas: adquisición de materias primas/producción, distribución, uso y fin de vida útil. Se utilizó el paquete SimaPro (2013), la base de datos Ecoinvent para configurar el inventario y las emisiones consideradas se asignaron en seis categorías de impacto según el método CML2000 del Centro para Estudios Medioambientales (CML). Se observó que al prolongar la vida útil del teléfono móvil y dar tratamiento cuando se convierte en residuo representa una ganancia ambiental no sólo porque se evita su disposición y consumo de uno nuevo, sino porque se ahorran recursos limitados y la energía necesaria para su extracción a través de la recuperación de materiales. Sin embargo, antes de reciclar es importante considerar su reutilización (extensión de su vida útil) ya que una cantidad sustancial de los móviles son dispuestos por razones de moda o estética mientras aún son funcionales.

This paper analyses the generation of household waste in Spanish towns and cities with more than 5000 inhabitants. Data were obtained from questionnaires sent out to 216 town councils that were selected at random and from a previous study. The total composition of the household waste and the values of the annual generation rate of the total amounts of urban waste (AGRuw) were calculated using 53 % of the towns and cities in the sample. Additionally, variables concerning the size of the towns and cities, the climatic zones and the tourist areas were also defined in order to determine whether there were any significant differences as regards the generation of waste according to those variables. Results of comparisons revealed that the size of the town or city was the only variable that did not have an effect on the AGRuw. Linear regression models were also calculated in order to model the generation of urban wastes according to the socioeconomic variables (foreigners, unemployment and people/car) by zones. Findings showed that the model with the best fit was the one related to the touristic area.

En este estudio se analiza la generación de los residuos domiciliarios en las ciudades españolas mayores de 5000 habitantes. Los datos se han obtenido mediante cuestionarios enviados a 216 ayuntamientos seleccionados aleatoriamente y mediante un estudio anterior. Con el 53 % de las ciudades de la muestra se ha calculado la tasa de generación anual del total de los residuos urbanos (TGAru). Además se han definido variables relativas al tamaño de los municipios, las zonas climáticas y las zonas turísticas para determinar si existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la generación de los residuos según dichas variables. Con los contrastes realizados se ha obtenido que el tamaño del municipio es la única variable que no influye en la TGA ru. También se han calculado modelos de regresión lineal para modelizar la generación de residuos urbanos en función de variables socioeconómicas (extranjeros, desempleados y hab/ coche) en cada una de las zonas consideradas. Con ello se ha obtenido que el modelo que da mejor ajuste es el relativo a la zona turística.