Abstract The effects of a naturally occurring Patagonian strain of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus on Araucaria araucana wood lignans was evaluated. Lignans of colonized and non-colonized wood shavings and the activity of fungal ligninolytic enzymes were studied. Lignans were identified using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector. Only eudesmin lignan resisted biological degradation. The highest laccase activity was 0.111 ± 0.067 IU.g-1 dry matter substrate, which was reached after 60 days, whereas the highest manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 0.220 ± 0.109 IU.g-1 dry matter substrate, which was reached after 25 days, when the fungus was grown in a solid-state culture on wood shavings. The degradation properties of this fungal strain may be useful for not only treating resinous wastes from the regional forest industry to produce biofuels but also improving paper production. Moreover, the capacity of this white-rot fungus to grow on resinous A. araucana materials as substrate suggests the possibility of using the wood shavings or sawdust of this and other conifers as a food source to culture P. ostreatus, an edible mushroom.

Resumen Se evaluaron los efectos de una cepa patagónica de Pleurotus ostreatus sobre la composición de los lignanos de madera de Araucaria araucana. Se estudiaron los lignanos presentes en virutas de madera colonizada y no colonizada por el hongo y se evaluaron las actividades de las enzimas ligninolíticas. Los lignanos se identificaron mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrómetro de masas (GCMS). Solamente el lignano eudesmin resistió la degradación biológica. La mayor actividad de la enzima lacasa detectada fue de 0,111 ± 0,067 UI.g-1, que se alcanzó luego de 60 días, mientras que la mayor actividad de la enzima manganeso peroxidasa (MnP) fue de 0,220 ± 0,109 UI.g-1 a los 25 días de cultivo. Las propiedades degradativas de esta cepa fúngica pueden ser útiles, no solamente para tratar los desechos resinosos de la industria forestal regional sino también para producir biocombustibles a partir de estos, o aplicarlos en la producción de papel. Además, la capacidad de este hongo de podredumbre blanca para crecer en un sustrato resinoso como A. araucana sugiere la posibilidad de usar las virutas o aserrínes de coníferas como sustrato para cultivar un alimento de valor como P. ostreatus.

Abstract: Carignan is a minority variety within the Chilean wine industry, which has been rediscovered by viticulturist and winemakers offering high quality wines. Carignan production obtained from certain older grapevines cultivated in the rainfed conditions of the Maule Valley is sold at a price well above the national average. Maule Valley provides different edaphoclimatic conditions to the cultivation of Carignan. However, there is no available information about a viticultural behavior of this variety managed under rainfed conditions. The aim of this article is to characterize viticultural performance and bunch morphology of Carignan grapevines growing in ten different sites of the Maule Valley, Chile, during the 2015 season. Soils belonging to Sauzal (Sau), Melozal (Mel) and Curtiduría (Cur) sites presented low water holding capacity which resulted in grapes with high ºBrix, number of bunches and shoots per vine, and low values of yield and Ravaz index. Grapevines cultivated in Cur site showed low amount of most of the bunch parameters, mainly of number and weight of berries per bunch. Contrary to this, the soils belonging to Caliboro (Cal) site exhibited the highest water holding capacity, which resulted in grapevines with high values of yield, pruning weight, bunch weight and number and weight of berries, together with low values of number of bunches and shoots per vine. These results are important to Carignan winegrowers in relation to the viticultural management of Carignan, with respect edaphoclimatic conditions of the Maule Valley.

Resumen: Carignan es una variedad minoritaria dentro de la industria vitivinícola chilena. Redescubierta durante la última década por viticultores y enólogos, ofrece vinos de alta calidad. Debido a este auge en el mercado chileno actual la uva Carignan, producida de ciertas cepas antiguas cultivadas bajo las condiciones de secano del Valle del Maule, se vende a un precio superior al promedio nacional. El Valle del Maule proporciona condiciones edafoclimáticas particulares para el cultivo de esta variedad. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existe información publicada acerca del comportamiento vitícola de esta variedad manejada en condiciones de secano. El objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar el rendimiento vitícola y la morfología del racimo de las uvas obtenidas a partir de vides Carignan cultivadas en diez sitios distintos a lo largo del Valle del Maule, Chile durante la añada 2015. Los suelos de los sitios Sauzal (Sau), Melozal (Mel) y Curtiduría (Cur) presentaron baja capacidad de retención de agua, resultando en uvas con altos niveles de acumulación de azúcares, presentando además un alto número de racimos y brotes por vid junto con bajos valores de productividad e índice de Ravaz. Las vides cultivadas en el sitio Cur mostraron una baja cantidad en gran parte de los parámetros vitícolas medidos en el racimo, principalmente en el número y en el peso de las bayas. Por el contrario, los suelos situados en Caliboro (Cal) mostraron la mayor capacidad de retención de agua, lo que resultó en vides con altos rendimientos, peso de poda, peso de racimo y número y peso de bayas, junto con un menor número de racimos y de brotes por vid. Tales resultados brindan valiosa información para los viticultores de la variedad Carignan en relación con la gestión de su viñedo bajo las condiciones de secano del Valle del Maule.

ABSTRACT In the microwave-radiofrequency spectrum, Wi-Fi is a short-range wireless broadband technology, which transmits at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. This type of technology has been positioned itself as one of the most widely used technological advances in recent years. It has been reported that direct exposition to radiofrequencies can induce physiological changes in different animals and plants species. One of the degenerative effects that Wi-Fi can cause is the production of reactive oxygen species, inducing tissue damage and DNA alterations. In fungi, the effect of exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the UV spectrum has been extensively studied, the physiological effect to radiofrequencies such as Wi-Fi is unknown. In that sense, the aim of this study was to detect the main changes in metabolism of some acid fatty and ergosterol of the fungus Serpula himantioides, using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and evaluate the antioxidant activity of metabolites obtained from in vitro cultures of S. himantioides exposed to Wi-Fi at 2.5 GHz. The results showed an increment in the content of some the fatty acids and ergosterol, in total extracts from the fungus mycelium. Antioxidant analysis revealed that the total extracts of S. himantioides culture medium showed antioxidant capacity associated with an increment in the content of phenolic compounds. Our results suggest that direct exposition to Wi-Fi radiation produces oxidative damage by modifying cellular components in the fungus S. himantioides.

ABSTRACT Araucaria araucana is a native conifer of Chile commonly called Araucaria. The knots of Araucaria are extremely hard wood and highly rot-resistant, they can be found in the forest decades after that the tree has dead and decomposed. Here we report the phytochemical characterization of different parts of the Araucaria as stemwood, branch and knots, founding a remarkable difference in the content of extractables in these parts, as well as the lignan composition, which is higher in knots than in branches or stemwood. Eudesmin was isolated and crystallized from organic extract of knots, its structure was determinate by NMR; moreover, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol and matairesinol were identified by GCMS and HPLC in contrast to standards, and quantified in stemwood, branch and knots. The results showed that secoisolariciresinol is the main lignan with 45.77 mg g−1, followed by eudesmin with 22.68 mg g−1, lariciresinol 4.57 mg g−1 and matairesinol with 1.19 mg g−1. The antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH assay showed that knotwood extract displays the higher activity, meanwhile that eudesmin did not displays activity in DPPH assay. The cytotoxic activity against SHSY5Y neuroblastoma and P3X myeloma cell lines, revelated a moderate activity of extracts, while eudesmin did not showed activity.

We report two cases with ureteral lesions. A 34 years male with a residual retroperitoneal mass caused by a testicular cancer, that persisted after chemotherapy. During the surgical excision of the mass, the involvement of the right ureter was discovered. A 43 years old female with a left ureteral lesion secondary to radiation therapy and with a non-functioning contralateral kidney. In both cases a ureteral replacement with the cecal appendix was performed, without surgical complications. After five years of follow up, the urinary tract of the male patient is normal. The female patient required an endoscopic incision of the connection between the appendix and the urinary bladder, eight years after the surgical procedure. Three years after the endoscopic procedure the repaired urinary tract is in good conditions.

Objetivo: Presentar dos casos de reemplazo ureteral con apéndice cecal y revisar la literatura relacionada al tema. Material y Método: Presentamos dos casos de lesión ureteral. Un paciente de 34 años con masa retroperitoneal residual post quimioterapia englobando el uréter derecho, secundaria a un tumor testicular, y una paciente de 43 años monorrena funcional con lesión ureteral izquierda actínica. Resultados: En ambos casos se realizó un reemplazo ureteral, derecho e izquierdo, sin complicaciones intraoperatorias. El seguimiento alejado a 5 y 11 años muestra indemnidad de la vía urinaria. Conclusión: Estos 2 casos, con seguimiento prolongado, apoyan la factibilidad del uso del apéndice cecal como variante para el reemplazo ureteral en lesiones extensas.

Berberidopsis corallina is an endangered vine endemic to Chile, which is difficult to conserve due to its small number of remaining populations and its recalcitrance to reproduce by seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting ability of cuttings collected at different times and treated with varying concentrations of the auxin indole-3-butyric acid. Semi-ligneous cuttings were collected from plant material found in Trongol Low (Curanilahue 37° 28'S, 73° 20'W, Arauco province) during the summer, autumn and winter of 2006. Cuttings of 8-10 cm in length were rapidly immersed in solutions with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (0, 500, 1,500, 3,000, 5,000 ppm). The effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and collection time of the cuttings on their adventitious rooting potential were evaluated five months after rapid immersion. Significant differences existed with regard to the time of collection, with a higher percentage of rooting observed in cuttings collected in winter (93%); however, between the treatments there were no significant differences. The highest number of roots was obtained when autumn cuttings were treated with 500 ppm IBA, yielding an average of 8.1 roots per cutting. The authors conclude that B. corallina can be vegetatively reproduced via cuttings without exogenous hormone addition if the cuttings are selected during winter and autumn from plants in Trongol Low, which allows for the efficient propagation of this endangered species.

Berberidopsis corallina es una planta trepadora endémica de Chile catalogada "en peligro de extinción" y que hoy se encuentra en problemas de conservación, debido al escaso número de poblaciones y a su difícil reproducción por semillas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar su capacidad de enraizamiento de estacas recolectadas en distintas épocas del año y utilizando diferentes concentraciones de la auxina ácido 3-indolbutírico. Las muestras se obtuvieron de plantas madres que crecen en Trongol Bajo (Curanilahue 37°28' S; 73°20' O, provincia de Arauco) en época de verano, otoño e invierno de 2006. Estacas de 8-10 cm de longitud fueron tratadas bajo inmersión rápida a diferentes concentraciones de ácido 3-indolbutírico (0, 500, 1.500, 3.000, 5.000 ppm). Después de cinco meses de realizado el ensayo se evaluó el efecto del ácido 3-indolbutírico (AIB) y época de muestreo sobre el potencial de enraizamiento adventicio en las estacas. El estudio reveló que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la época de recolecta, alcanzándose un mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento en estacas recolectadas en invierno (93%); sin embargo, entre los tratamientos no existen diferencias significativas. El mayor número de raíces se obtuvo en el tratamiento 500 ppm con un valor promedio de 8,1 raíces por estaca en época de otoño. Se concluye que B. corallina puede ser reproducido vegetativamente sin la necesidad de aplicar auxina a la estaca en época de invierno y otoño, en plantas procedentes de Trongol Bajo, permitiendo propagar la especie con la mínima intervención.

The correct location of harvesting machinery is an important problem for the timber industry, as these are expensive pieces of equipment. Also, access roads need to be constructed within a season of harvesting. In this paper, we present the modelling of this problem as a mixed integer linear model which, without any special technique, is very difficult to solve. Strengthening of the original linear programming formulation, and a Lagrangian Relaxation algorithm are developed to improve the solution process. We show test results in a real industry problem.