ABSTRACT Introduction and Objective Radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer and the oncologic outcomes following it are directly related to disease pathology and surgical technique. Therefore, we sought to analyze these features in a cohort from a Brazilian tertiary oncologic center and try to identify those who could negatively impact on the disease control. Patients and Methods We identified 128 patients submitted to radical cystectomy, for bladder cancer treatment, from January 2009 to July 2012 in one oncology tertiary referral public center (Mario Penna Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). We retrospectively analyzed the findings obtained from their pathologic report and assessed the complications within 30 days of surgery. Results We showed similar pathologic and surgical findings compared to other large series from the literature, however our patients presented with a slightly higher rate of pT4 disease. Positive surgical margins were found in 2/128 patients (1.5%). The medium number of lymph nodes dissected were 15. Major complications (Clavien 3 to 5) within 30 days of cystectomy occurred in 33/128 (25.7%) patients. Conclusions In the management of invasive bladder cancer, efforts should focus on proper disease diagnosis and staging, and, thereafter, correct treatment based on pathologic findings. Furthermore, extended LND should be performed in all patients with RC indication. A critical analysis of our complications in a future study will help us to identify and modify some of the factors associated with surgical morbidity.

A fissura labiopalatina é o defeito facial mais facilmente encontrado e implica diversos problemas estéticos e funcionais. O uso de modelos de treinamento é uma opção recomendável no treinamento de jovens cirurgiões, principalmente em cirurgias da cavidade oral, em que o acesso cirúrgico e o manejo dos instrumentos são dificultados. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um modelo reprodutível de treinamento em fechamento de fendas palatinas, desenvolvendo segurança e habilidade técnica nos jovens cirurgiões para realização da palatoplastia. O modelo de treinamento é constituído de cinco etapas, incluindo aulas teóricas, vivência do ato operatório e confecção do modelo de treinamento. O modelo de treinamento proposto neste artigo permite que o cirurgião se familiarize com o trabalho em cavidade pequena e profunda, aprenda a utilizar lentes de aumento e/ou microscópio, e treine incisões, dissecção e sutura em profundidade, podendo ser confeccionado manualmente e com baixo custo. O simulador proposto permite treinamento realístico em palatoplastia, podendo ser usado para o ensino da técnica cirúrgica, sendo facilmente reprodutível.

Cleft lip and palate is the most common facial defect and causes several aesthetic and functional problems. The use of training models is recommended for training new surgeons, especially for surgeries in the oral cavity where surgical access and instrument handling are difficult. This paper describes a replicable training model of cleft palate closure that helps new surgeons acquire the technical skills required to carry out safe palatoplasty surgeries. The training model is composed of 5 steps, including theoretical classes, monitoring of real surgery procedures, and the preparation of the training model. The training model proposed here allows the surgeon to become familiar with surgery in the small and deep oral cavity; to learn how to use magnifying glasses and/or microscopes; and to perform incisions, dissection, and suturing at a depth. The model can be made manually and inexpensively, and is easy to replicate. The proposed simulator provides realistic training in palatoplasty and can be used to teach surgical techniques.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis é um dos mais bem sucedidos patógenos do homem. As cepas virulentas são mais facilmente transmitidas, induzindo respostas imunes variáveis. Avaliamos a resposta celular tipo Th1, através da produção de IFN-γ, como resposta a cepas com padrões diversos em voluntários sadios. Nossos resultados mostraram que indivíduos com teste tuberculínico (TT) negativo já tiveram contato com algumas das cepas testadas, ao passo que indivíduos com TT positivo não responderam a todas as cepas testadas. Cepas resistentes induziram uma média menor de produção de IFN-γ que aquelas sensíveis. Uma possível aplicação prática disto seria que a produção de IFN-γ, em relação a uma cepa isolada específica, poderia auxiliar na previsão da resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful human pathogens. Highly virulent strains, which are more easily transmitted than are less virulent strains, elicit variable immune responses. We evaluated the Th1 responses (IFN-γ production) in healthy volunteers after stimulation with various strains. Our results show that the individuals with negative tuberculin skin test (TST) results were not necessarily naive to all of the strains tested, whereas individuals with positive TST results did not respond to all of the strains tested. Drug-resistant strains induced a lower mean level of IFN-γ production than did drug-sensitive strains. One possible practical application of this finding would be for the prediction of responses to treatment, in which it might be advantageous to have knowledge of the estimated IFN-γ production elicited by a specific isolated strain.