Abstract Plutella xylostella (L.) is responsible for considerable vegetable crop losses in the metropolitan region of Manaus, Brazil. In recent decades, essential oils have been investigated as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. The genusPiperis widely distributed in Amazonia and essential oils from these plants have insecticidal properties. This study describes the chemical composition of the essential oils fromPiper capiterianumandPiper krukoffiias well as the lethal and sublethal effects onP. xylostella. The phytotoxicity of the oils on the host plant was also evaluated. Globulol was the major constituent of theP. krukoffiioil ando-cymene was the major constituent of theP. capitarianumoil. The oil fromP. capiterianumexhibited greater toxicity to larvae and eggs. This oil also presented greater repellant action, feeding deterrence and mild phytotoxicity to the host plant (Brassicae oleraceae). The findings suggest that this oil can be used in the preparation of a formulated insecticide for the management ofP. xylostellain different development phases. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of this oil on crops under field conditions as well as non-target organisms and determine the cost-benefit ratio of a product formulated withP. capitarianumoil.

This research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the posts and perceptions of users, through their comments, about the drug ivermectin on Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. The pots and their comments were selected by manual search using the terms: "ivermectina" and "#ivermectina" in July 2020. The analysis of posts and their comments was made by conventional content analysis with an inductive process and supported by scientific bibliography. There were 17 posts made between May 18 and July 7, 2020, and were classified into 5 topics: rumors (58.8%), based on scientific evidence (11.8%), precaution (11.8%), production of the drug (11.8%) and confrontation (5.9%). Surprisingly, 70.0% of the rumors were offered by media pages. Regarding the comments, these were classified identifying the perceptions of users towards ivermectin into four topics: ivermectin as an “effective cure” (64.8%), request for information on ivermectin (25.3%), against the consumption of ivermectin (6.3%) and other treatments (3.6%). In conclusion, it was identified that more than half of the information about ivermectin that circulates through Facebook posts was classified as “rumors”, and most of them were originates from media pages; regarding the analysis of the comments, the perception of users who consider ivermectin as the “effective cure” against COVID-19 stands out over other perceptions.

Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de analizar las publicaciones y percepciones de los usuarios, a través de sus comentarios, sobre el fármaco ivermectina en Facebook durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en Perú. Las publicaciones y sus comentarios fueron seleccionados mediante búsqueda manual utilizando los términos: “ivermectina” y “#ivermectina” en julio del 2020. La interpretación de las publicaciones y sus comentarios se efectuó por análisis de contenido cualitativo convencional con proceso inductivo y apoyado por literatura científica. Se encontraron 17 publicaciones realizadas entre el 18 de mayo y 7 de julio del 2020, clasificándose en 5 temáticas: rumores (58,8%), basada en evidencia científica (11,8%), precaución (11,8%), producción del fármaco (11,8%) y confrontación (5,9%). Paradójicamente, el 70,0% de los rumores fueron ofrecidos por páginas de medios de comunicación. En cuanto a los comentarios, estos se clasificaron identificando las percepciones de los usuarios hacia la ivermectina en cuatro temas: ivermectina como “cura efectiva” (64,8%), solicitud de información sobre ivermectina (25,3%), en contra del consumo de ivermectina (6,3%) y otros tratamientos (3,6%). En conclusión, se identificó que más de la mitad de la información sobre ivermectina que circula mediante publicaciones en Facebook se clasifican como “rumores”, y en su mayoría son originadas por páginas de medios de comunicación; en cuanto al análisis de los comentarios se destaca la percepción de los usuarios que consideran a la ivermectina como la “cura efectiva” contra la COVID-19.

Abstract The Amazonian forests of Peru are among the most diverse and disturbed by anthropic activities on the planet, today there are still gaps on the composition of the communities and their inter-specific relationships. A forest inventory was carried out in a terraced forest in the Madre de Dios region, 5 blocks were established with 2 rectangular plots of 20m x 500m each to identify and measure individuals with diameter greater than 10 cm. 4429 trees were evaluated and 254 species, 165 genera and 53 families were identified. The distribution of diameter classes and height presents typical patterns of intervened forests, in this case by the extraction of wood decades ago. The average of the biodiversity indices are: Shannon-Wienner 4.039 ± 0.16 and α-Fisher 39.90 ± 9.23, indicating that there is a high diversity of species. The species of greatest ecological importance were: Tetragastris altissima (Aubl.) Swart, Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav, Euterpe precatoria Mart., Which are fast growing and are present throughout the neo-tropics, Tachigali vasquezii Pipoly, abundant only in the forests of this region; These species took advantage of the opening of the canopy by felling and increased their abundance and dominance in the area. On the other hand, Ocotea bofo Kunth, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl, Eschweilera coriácea (DC.) S.A. Mori, dominate the forest, but of low abundance, due to changes in the floristic composition after wood harvesting.

Resumen Los bosques amazónicos del Perú están entre los más diversos y disturbados por actividades antrópicas del planeta, hoy en día sigue habiendo vacíos sobre la composición de las comunidades y sus relaciones interespecíficas. Se realizó un inventario forestal en un bosque de terrazas en la región Madre de Dios, se establecieron 5 bloques con 2 parcelas rectangulares de 20m x 500m cada uno para identificar y medir los individuos con diámetro mayor a 10 cm. Se evaluaron 4429 árboles e identificaron 254 especies, 165 géneros y 53 familias. La distribución de clases diamétricas y altura presenta patrones típicos de bosques intervenidos, en este caso por la extracción de madera décadas atrás. El promedio de los índices de biodiversidad son: Shannon- Wienner 4.039 ± 0.16 y α-Fisher 39.90 ± 9.23, indicando que existe una alta diversidad de especies. Las especies de mayor importancia ecológica fueron: Tetragastris altissima (Aubl.) Swart, Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav, Euterpe precatoria Mart., las cuales son de rápido crecimiento y están presentes en todo el neo trópico, Tachigali vasquezii Pipoly, abundante solo en los bosques de esta región; estas especies aprovecharon la apertura de dosel por talas e incrementaron su abundancia y dominancia en el área. Por otra parte, Ocotea bofo Kunth, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl, Eschweilera coriácea (DC.) S.A. Mori, dominan el bosque, pero de baja abundancia, debido a los cambios de la composición florística después del aprovechamiento de madera.

Abstract Weed control in sustainable agriculture requires new bioherbicidal molecules to replace synthetic herbicides that have damaged the environment and generated resistance in weeds. This study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and to explore its bioherbicidal potential on the germination and radicle growth inhibition. The phytotoxic effects of E. globulus essential oil (1, 10 and 20 μL mL-1) were tested in comparison to those of the synthetic herbicide Glyphosate (1, 10 and 20 μL mL-1) in bioassays of germination and radicle growth of Lactuca sativa and the resistant weeds Avena fatua and Amaranthus hybridus. Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis showed that major monoterpenes comprised 1,8-Cineole (86.94%), α-pinene (7.71%), d-limonene (2.65%), and p-cymene (1.48%). The seed germination and radicle length exhibited different degrees of inhibition in response to the concentration of E. globulus essential oil. At some concentrations, both the Glyphosate herbicide and the E. globulus essential oil demonstrated the same phytotoxicity against the resistant weeds A. fatua and A. hybridus. Essential oil bioactivity Lethal Concentration (LC50) in the majority of cases was lowest for A. hybridus, followed by A. fatua and L. sativa. Based on the results, it can be concluded that E. globulus essential oil possesses phytotoxic potential and could be explored as a bioherbicide for resistant weeds management programs.

Resumen El control de las malezas en una agricultura sustentable requiere de nuevas moléculas bioherbicidas que sustituyan a los herbicidas sintéticos que han dañado al medio y generado resistencia en las malezas. El presente estudio, se realizó para determinar la composición química del aceite esencial de Eucalyptus globulus y explorar su potencial bioherbicida sobre la germinación y la inhibición del crecimiento radicular. Los efectos fitotóxicos del aceite esencial de E. globulus (1, 10 y 20 μL mL-1) se compararon con los ocasionados por el herbicida sintético Glifosato (1, 10 y 20 μL mL-1) mediante bioensayos de germinación y crecimiento de las raíces de Lactuca sativa y de las malezas resistentes a los herbicidas Avena fatua y Amaranthus hybridus. El análisis por Cromatografía de Gases con Detector de Ionización de Flama y Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas mostró que los monoterpenos principales fueron 1,8-cineol (86,94%), α-pineno (7,71%), d-limoneno (2,65%) y p-cimeno (1,48%). La germinación de la semilla y la longitud de la radícula de ambas malezas exhibieron diferentes grados de inhibición en respuesta a la concentración del aceite esencial de E. globulus. En algunas concentraciones, tanto el herbicida Glifosato como el aceite esencial de E. globulus mostraron la misma fitotoxicidad contra las malezas estudiadas A. fatua y A. hybridus. La bioactividad de la Concentración Letal (LC50, por sus siglas en inglés) del aceite esencial en la mayoría de los casos fue menor para A. hybridus, seguido de A. fatua y L. sativa. Con base en los resultados, se puede concluir que el aceite esencial de E. globulus posee potencial fitotóxico y podría ser explorado como un bioherbicida para programas de manejo de malezas resistentes.

Chemical analysis involving gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry of the essential oils of red and orange flowers from E. velutina revealed a predominance of phenylpropanoids in both samples. However, qualitative and quantitative differences were found in the compositions. (E)-Asarone (16.22 ± 0.23%) and (E)-caryophyllene (12.22 ± 0.11%) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil from the red flowers, whereas (E)-caryophyllene (41.72 ± 1.65%) and eugenol (20.99 ± 0.21%) were identified as the major constituents of the oil from the orange flowers. Seventeen fatty acids were characterized in the red and black seeds. The fatty acid composition in the two chromatic variations had a high degree of similarity. Oleic acid (41.56 ± 1.33% and 46.12 ± 1.90% in the red and black seeds, respectively), palmitic acid (15.39 ± 0.16% and 12.33 ± 0.41%) and behenic acid (9.95 ± 0.14% and 12.10 ± 0.42%) were identified as the main fatty acids. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) enabled identifying significant differences in the chemical profile of the essential oils from the red flower and orange flower varieties of E. velutina. In contrast, PCA and HCA analysis revealed no significant differences in the fatty acid profile of the red and black seeds.

Abstract The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (HMA) are a biological alternative to increase the absorption of phosphorus and reduce the excessive use of phosphate fertilizers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus fertilization on avocado plants with and without mycorrhiza. A factorial design was used with two factors: mycorrhizal inoculant (with three levels: Rizofermic-UV, Pacispora scintillans and uninoculated) and fertilization with phosphorus (with five levels: without fertilizer, 20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm; using H2PO4 as fertilizer source), each treatment with four replicates. 401 days after inoculation, height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, growth rate, fresh and dry weight and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization were evaluated. Variables were analyzed using a Fisher’s test, with a significance level of p< 0.05. being considered significant. The treatment with 160 ppm caused the death of the plants at 150 days, while inoculated seedlings plus 20 ppm showed an increase in significant growth variables (p< 0.05) with respect to the control. Both plants inoculated with Rizofermic-UV and P. scintillans showed a significant increase in growth variables with respect to the control (p< 0.05). The plants inoculated with P. scintillans and also with a treatment of 20 ppm of phosphorus, promote the greatest increase in growth variables. Mycorrhization had positive and significant effects on the development of the inoculated plants compared to the control plants.

Resumen Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son una alternativa biológica para aumentar la absorción del fósforo y reducir el uso excesivo de fertilizantes fosfatados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de fertilización fosforada en plantas de aguacate con y sin micorriza. Para el experimento se utilizó un diseño factorial con dos factores: inoculante micorrízico (con tres niveles: Rizofermic-UV, Pacispora scintillans y sin inocular) y fertilización con fósforo (con cinco niveles: sin fertilizante, 20, 40, 80 y 160 ppm; utilizando H2PO4 como fuente de fertilizante), cada tratamiento con cuatro repeticiones. A 401 días después de la inoculación se evaluó altura, diámetro, numero de hojas, área foliar, tasa de crecimiento, peso fresco y seco y porcentaje de colonización micorrízica. Las variables se analizaron con una prueba de Fisher, considerando significativo un valor de p< 0.05. El tratamiento con 160 ppm causó la muerte de las plantas a los 150 días, mientras que plántulas inoculadas más 20 ppm mostraron un incremento en variables de crecimiento significativo (p< 0.05) con respecto al testigo. Tanto plantas inoculadas con Rizofermic-UV como con P. scintillans mostraron un incremento significativo en variables de crecimiento con respecto al testigo (p< 0.05). Las plantas inoculadas con P. scintillans y además con un tratamiento de 20 ppm de fósforo, promueven el mayor incremento en las variables de crecimiento. La micorrización tuvo efectos positivos y significativos sobre el desarrollo de las plantas inoculadas respecto de las plantas control.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to test the effects of fertilization with organic compost from industrial production of pulp on the litterfall and nutrient input of monospecific plantations in a loan area. The treatments consisted of three doses of the organic compost D10, D15 and D20 (10, 15 and 20 Mg ha-1, respectively), mineral conventional fertilization (DAM) and no fertilization (D0) in land plots (N = 4/treatment/species; 15 x 12 m). Litterfall was monthly collected by two traps (0.72 m2/plot) and sorted out into leaves, twigs, seeds, flowers, fruits and others. We determined the input of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. There were no differences among the treatments and between species in terms of total annual litterfall. The higher nutrient input was obtained by DAM, followed by D10, in both plantations. The annual nutrient input was higher for the litterfall on the E. urograndis plantation.

The leaf essential oils of Eugenia lutescens Cambess andEugenia langsdorffii O. Berg, collected in the rainy (RS) and dry seasons (DS), were extracted by hydrodistillation and then characterized by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The potential acaricidal activity and oviposition deterrence of these oils were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae . The oil yields were higher in the RS for E. lutescens, while those forE. langsdorffii were higher in the DS. α-Pinene and β-pinene were determined to be the major constituents of the oils fromE. lutescens, while bicyclogermacrene, spathulenol, and β-caryophyllene predominated in E. langsdorffii . Seasonal variations in the oils were primarily related to chemical diversity, and E. lutescens was more affected than was E. langsdorffii . The E. langsdorffii oil collected in the DS was most toxic to the spider mite, while the oils of E. lutescens and E. langsdorffii collected in the RS drastically reduced its egg quantities. This study successfully determined the periods of greater oil production and acaricidal activity.

Neste trabalho foram avaliados dez genótipos diplóides de bananeira (Musa spp) quanto a tolerância à salinidade, estresse abiótico que limita a produtividade da cultura. As plantas foram cultivadas durante 21 dias, em solução acrescida ou não de 100 mol m-3 de NaCl e analisadas variáveis de crescimento que incluem área foliar, biomassa fresca e seca, alocação de biomassa e taxa de crescimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 10 x 2 e três repetições. Na maioria dos genótipos estudados a salinidade provocou reduções em quase todas as variáveis analisadas. O genótipo Lidi destacou-se por apresentar melhor adaptação ao estresse salino, em todas as variáveis biométricas e capacidade de manutenção, sob estresse, da biomassa seca e fresca (limbo, caule, pseudocaule + raiz), área foliar, além de taxa de crescimento absoluto, entre outros. A produção relativa da biomassa seca da parte aérea foi superior a 70%, caracterizando este genótipo como tolerante e promissor para ser integrado a programas de melhoramento. Os genótipos Ouro e Tungia, por sua vez, sofreram grande redução da taxa de crescimento absoluto e a produção relativa da biomassa seca foi inferior a 50% caracterizando este genótipo como sensivel à salinidade.

Ten diploid banana genotypes (Musa spp.) were evaluated with regard to salt tolerance, abiotic stress which limits the productivity of the crop. The plants were grown during 21 days, in a nutrient solution with and without the addition of NaCl (0 and 100 mol m-3). Growth variables including leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, biomass allocation and growth rate were analysed. The experiment was implemented in a completely randomized design in factorial (10 x 2) arrangement and three replicates per treatment. Salinity caused in most genotypes reductions in almost all variables. Genotype Lidi stood out by having better adaptation to saline stress in all measured biometric variables with the ability to maintain, under stress, the fresh and dry biomass (leaf blade, stem, pseudostem + root), leaf area, and absolute growth rate among others. The relative production of dry biomass of shoots was more than 70%, characterizing this as a tolerant genotype and promising to be integrated into breeding programs. Genotypes Ouro and Tungia, in turn, showed reduction of absolute growth rate and relative dry biomass production (less than 50%) were characterized as sensitive to salinity.

Óleos essenciais das folhas e frutos de Eugenia langsdorffii foram analisados por CG-FID (cromatografia gasosa com detecção através de ionização por chama) e CG-EM (cromatografia gasosa com detecção por espectrometria de massas) e exibiram alta percentagem de sesquiterpenos. epi-Longipinanol (13,6 ± 0,1%) e γ-eudesmol (12,3 ± 0,2%) foram os componentes principais do óleo das folhas, enquanto que 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (35,7 ± 0,3%) e 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (15,6 ± 0,3%) foram majoritários no óleo dos frutos. Estudo comparativo da toxicidade por fumigação e contato residual desses óleos foi conduzido. O óleo das folhas (dose letal média, LC50 = 1,7 µL L-1 de ar) foi 1,7 vezes mais tóxico do que o óleo dos frutos por fumigação, e 1,8 vezes menos tóxico por contato residual. O controle positivo (eugenol) foi muito mais tóxico no bioensaio de fumigação do que os óleos de Eugenia. Entretanto, o efeito de contato residual do óleo dos frutos (LC50 = 12,25 µL mL-1) foi apenas 6,7 vezes menor do que o do eugenol. A função exercida por terpenóides na propriedade acaricida dos óleos de E. langsdorffii também foi discutida.

Leaf and fruit essential oils of Eugenia langsdorffii were analyzed by GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame ionization detection) and GC-MS (gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection), featuring a high percentage of sesquiterpenes. epi-Longipinanol (13.6 ± 0.1%) and γ-eudesmol (12.3 ± 0.2%) were the principal components of the leaf oil, whereas 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (35.7 ± 0.3%) and 1,10-di-epi-cubennol (15.6 ± 0.3%) were the major constituents of the fruit oil. A comparative study to assess fumigant and residual contact toxicities of the oils was conducted. The leaf oil (lethal concentration average, LC50 = 1.7 µL L-1 of air) was 1.7 times more toxic than the fruit oil and 1.8 times less toxic by residual contact. The positive control (eugenol) was much more toxic in the fumigation bioassay than Eugenia langsdorffii oils. Nevertheless, the residual contact effect of the fruit oil (LC50 = 12.25 µL mL-1) was just 6.7 times smaller than that of eugenol. The role of terpenoids in the acaricidal property of the E. langsdorffii essential oils was also discussed.

O desempenho operacional de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas é de fundamental importância para o conhecimento do comportamento desses em condições de trabalho. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional de um protótipo "Aerossolo", tracionado por um trator Valtra BM100 4x2 TDA, com potência no motor de 73,6 kW (100 cv). O equipamento é de arrasto, constituído por comando hidráulico, cabeçalho com luva telescópica para regulagem longitudinal, duas seções dispostas lateralmente, contando com 28 lâminas em cada uma delas, lastros de concreto, rodas de transporte e rolo destorroador. O trabalho foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP -Jaboticabal, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com quatro repetições. A combinação dos nove tratamentos deu-se por três condições de lastragens (0; 960 e 1.307 kg) e três ângulos das seções (0º; 7º e 14º). Os resultados evidenciaram aumento de 32,4% no consumo operacional (L há-1) relacionado à maior lastragem, bem como em 26,8% com o maior ângulo das seções, ambos comparados à condição sem lastro e com menor ângulo, respectivamente. A profundidade de trabalho, a força de tração e a potência na barra aumentaram com o aumento do ângulo das seções e com a adição de lastros.

It is been a great deal of interest the studying of the operational performance of tractors and its machinery especially in work conditions. The present study had as objective to evaluate the operational performance of an "Aerossolo" prototype tracked with a Valtra BM100 4x2 TDA, with the engine power of 73.6 kW (100 cv). The prototype equipment is a drag type, hydraulically commanded, with telescopic heading for longitudinal adjustment, two lateral sections with 28 knifes in each one of them, concrete ballasts, wheels of transport and aggregate breaker coil. The work was conducted in the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, in a randomized blocks design, factorial 3 x 3, with four repetitions. The nine studied treatments were a combination for three ballast conditions (0; 960 and 1,307 kg) and three angles of the sections (0º; 7º and 14º). The results indicate an increase in operational consumption (liters per hectare) of 32.4% in relation to the concrete ballast addition, and a 26.8% in relation to the angle variation between sections. The working depth, traction force and power demands were higher with the increases in the concrete ballast and the angle variation between sections.

A demanda de recursos energéticos pelos sistemas de produção, aliada à escassez dos combustíveis fósseis, tem motivado a produção do Biodiesel, que é um combustível obtido de fontes renováveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar dois ensaios: o primeiro dinâmico, para avaliar o desempenho operacional utilizando como parâmetro o consumo de combustível, e o segundo, estático, para mensurar a opacidade da fumaça (material particulado) do motor de um trator agrícola, operando com diesel metropolitano e interior misturados ao Biodiesel de mamona, em sete proporções. O trabalho foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de diesel influenciou no consumo de combustível e na opacidade da fumaça, sendo o diesel metropolitano de melhor qualidade; observou-se, também, que à medida que a proporção de Biodiesel aumentou, o mesmo ocorreu para o consumo de combustível; entretanto, a opacidade da fumaça reduziu com o acréscimo de Biodiesel até B75.

The demand for energy resources by production systems allied to scarcity of fossil fuels has driven the production of Biodiesel, a fuel produced from renewable sources. The purpose of this study was realize two tests, the first dynamics to assess the operational performance as a parameter of consumption of fuel, the second static to measure the smoke opacity (particulate material) from an engine of a farm tractor, operating with interior and metropolitan diesel mixed with castor beans Biodiesel in seven proportions. The tests were conducted in the Rural Engineering Department of UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP. The results showed that the kind of diesel influenced the consumption of fuel and smoke opacity, and the metropolitan diesel showed better quality, it was observed as well that as biodiesel proportion increased, consumption of fuel increased too, however, the opacity of smoke decreased with an increase of Biodiesel by B75.

Propôs-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho dinâmico de um trator agrícola funcionando com biodiesel destilado (50% etílico + 50% metílico) em função das proporções de biodiesel e diesel de petróleo (0 e 100%, 5 e 95%, 15 e 85%, 25 e 75%, 50 e 50%, 75 e 25% e 100 e 0%) respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado na área do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, localizado na latitude 21º 14' 28" S e longitude 48º 17'12" W. Utilizou-se um trator 4 x 2 TDA com potência de 73,6 kW (100 cv) no motor e um trator de lastro. O biodiesel utilizado foi produzido à base de óleo residual de fritura de alimentos, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com 7 tratamentos e 5 repetições, totalizando 35 observações, e os resultados evidenciaram que a mistura biodiesel e diesel de petróleo influenciou significativamente as variáveis consumo horário volumétrico, consumo horário mássico, consumo de combustível por área trabalhada e consumo específico. Quando o trator operou com 100% de biodiesel (B100) o consumo específico aumentou em média 18% em relação ao diesel (B0).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamic performance of an agricultural tractor utilizing distilled biodiesel (50% ethylic + 50% methylic) as a function of the proportion of biodiesel and diesel of petroleum (0 and 100%, 5 and 95%, 15 and 85%, 25 and 75%, 50 and 50%, 75 and 25% and 100 and 0%), respectively. This research was done in the area of the Department of Rural Engineering of the Paulista State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal Campus, SP, located in the latitude 21º 14' 28" S and longitude 48º 17'12" W. A tractor 4 x 2 FWA was used, with a 73.6 kW (100 HP) motor and a ballast tractor. The biodiesel used was produced from spent oil from food frying. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions, totaling 35 observations. The results showed that the biodiesel and diesel blend significantly influenced the hourly volumetric consumption, hourly mass consumption, fuel consumption per worked area and specific fuel consumption variables. When the tractor operated with 100% of biodiesel (B100) the specific fuel consumption increased 18% on average in relation to diesel (B0).

OBJECTIVE: We aim at determining the prognostic value of squamous differentiation in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder that were treated with radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1993 to January 2005, we retrospectively selected 113 patients. Correlations among squamous differentiation with other clinical and pathological features were assessed by both chi-square and Fisher tests. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate survival curves and statistical significance was determined by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed through a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: Squamous differentiation was observed in 25 (22.1%) of the 113 patients. This finding was significantly related only to the pathological stage. Mean follow-up after cystectomy was 31.7 ± 28.5 months. Disease recurrence occurred in 16 (64%) and 30 (34%) patients with and without squamous differentiation (log-rank test, p = 0.001), and mortality occurred in 10 (40%) and 14 (16%) of the patients with and without squamous differentiation respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that pathological stage, squamous differentiation, tumor size and lymph node involvement were significant predictors of cancer-specific survival. However, only squamous differentiation and tumor size were independent prognostic variables on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Squamous differentiation was an independent prognostic factor for cancer specific survival in patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Further studies with a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm these results.

Diante da problemática da resistência microbiana as pesquisas apontam para o uso de novos antibióticos que sejam eficazes ante os patógenos emergentes. Este trabalho objetiva testar frente a bactérias gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus), bactérias gram-negativas (Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa) e fungos leveduriformes (Candida albicans), a atividade antimicrobiana e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de fitoconstituintes de Ocotea duckei Vattimo, do lapachol, seus derivados semi-sintéticos, alfa-lapachona, beta-nor-lapachona, beta-lapachona, alfa-nor-lapachona, beta-3-iodo-lapachona e alfa-3-iodo-lapachona, assim como 07 derivados nitrogenados obtidos a partir do lapachol por semi-síntese e de imidas cíclicas similares ao alcalóide filantimida. Os resultados obtidos estimulam o aprofundamento dos estudos para algumas dessas substâncias a exemplo do lapachol e seus análogos que demonstraram atividade antimicrobiana, de modo que os produtos que se apresentaram ativos para S. aureus, foram lapachol e o extrato etanólico de Ocotea duckei, para E. coli foi a iangambina e para a Candida albicans foram as imidas. As demais substâncias não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para as cepas testadas.

Regarding the problem of microbial resistance, the researches point to the use of new antibiotic which can be active against the emergent pathogens. This work aims to test the activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and leveduriform fungi (Candida albicans), and also the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the constituent of Ocotea duckei Vattimo, lapachol and its synthetic derivatives alpha-lapachone, beta-nor-lapachone, beta-lapachone, alpha-nor-lapachone, beta-3-iodin-lapachone and alpha-3-iodin-lapachone, as well as seven nitrogenated derivatives of lapachol obtained through semi synthesis. The achieved results stimulate the deepening of the studies for some of theses substances such as lapachol and its analogous which demonstrated antimicrobial activity. The substances which were active against S. aureus, were lapachol and the ethanolic extract of Ocotea duckei Vattimo, against Escherichia coli iangambin and against C. albicans the imides. The other substances did not show any activity against the tested bacteria.