ABSTRACT Some vegetables have the ability to accumulate cadmium (Cd)at levels that are toxic to most other plants. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the Cd accumulation and its toxic effects on edible vegetables. Three species were tested: watercress (Barbarea verna); chicory (Cichorium endivia); rocket (Eruca sativa) and four Cd doses (0; 1.5; 3.0; 6.0 mg kg-1), with three replications. We evaluated Cd concentration, fresh and dry mass and SPAD index. We calculated tolerance index (TI), translocation index (TR) and the transfer coefficient (TC). Rocket, chicory and watercress are susceptible to Cd contamination and chicory presented visual symptoms of toxicity (chlorosis and mass loss). The Cd contents above those allowed were 0.6; 0.56 and 1.03 mg kg-1 in rocket, watercress and chicory, respectively, these values were reached by applying doses from 1.5 mg kg-1 for rocket and 3 mg kg-1 for watercress and chicory.

Abstract Background: Long-term outcomes of patients with Fontan circulation are uncertain regarding the prevalence and role of risk factors (RFs) such as increased body mass index (BMI), arterial hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Objectives: To describe the prevalence of RFs in patients with univentricular heart, with variable follow-up times. Methods: This mixed cohort study was performed with 66 patients, who underwent blood count, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipid profile tests; systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) measurements; and anthropometric and sociodemographic data collection. Cardiovascular RFs among first-degree relatives and physical activity habits were also assessed. Prevalence was described using proportions, with a 95% confidence interval. Continuous variables (height, weight, age, SBP, DBP) were described as means and standard deviations (m±SD). Associations between RFs were assessed using chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests. Spearman’s correlation was used for analyzing CRP and the presence of 2 or more RFs. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check for data normality. Statistical significance considered p<0.05. Results: In our population, 19.7% were overweight, mean SBP was 89.44±37.4, and mean DBP was 60.0±26.08. The most prevalent diseases in the interviewees’ families were systemic arterial hypertension (30.3%), obesity (16.7%), and 2 or more cardiovascular RFs among first-degree relatives (13.8%). We observed a trend towards significance between the presence of 2 familial RFs and overweight, as well as a risk profile for cardiovascular disease. There was an association between the BMI percentile, the presence of 2 or more RFs (p<0.05), and CRP (p<0.01). Conclusions: Overweight is common in patients with univentricular heart, being related to more than 2 cardiovascular RFs among first-degree relatives; physical inactivity and changes in lipid profiles are also frequent.

Abstract Background Obesity and overweight in childhood can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease throughout live. Objectives This study provides an update of a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) published in 2014, to assess the effects of physical activity interventions on preventing cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. Methods This update combines data from the previous search with new data obtained from June 2013 to June 2020. Searches were performed on PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL. The RCTs enrolled used interventions with physical activity longer than six months in school children aged 6-12 years, and evaluated body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 28,603 articles were retrieved, and 17 RCTs (11,952 subjects) were included. Physical activity interventions were associated with reduction in SBP [−2.11mmHg (95%CI −3.67, −0.54), I243%], DBP [−2.08mmHg (95%CI −3.68, −0,49), I265%] and TG [-0.08mmol/L (95% CI -0.13, -0.03), I20%], and increase in TC [0.17mmol/L (95%CI 0.04, 0.30), I20%]. However, the interventions were not associated with reductions in BMI [−0.03 kg/m2 (95%CI −0.17, 0.10), I20%]. Conclusion This update confirms and reinforces the beneficial effects of physical activity intervention in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and TG levels.

ABSTRACT Mineral extraction areas are a significant environmental concern due to soil, water, and plant food resources contamination. Some medicinal plant species, such as those of the genus Baccharis, potentially bioaccumulate toxic elements. We evaluate the metal content from coal mining activity present in Baccharis sagittalis and in the soil; and whether this plant consumption represents a risk to human health. Cd and Pb presented levels that exceed those recommended by three global health agencies. Cd and Pb showed high levels in the projections of the daily intake recommended by international health agencies. After interviewing local residents close to mining areas, we found that 53.8 % of the interviewees mentioned the consumption of Baccharis sagittalis as infusion. These results indicate that the consumption of metal-contaminated Baccharis sagittalis can cause health problems as those metals accumulate in the human body. However, studies on Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn acceptable levels in plants consumed by humans are scarce. The contamination of plant species with associated traditional use close to mining areas can increase food security vulnerability of people who live near those areas and are constantly exposed to these agents, using plants gathered in the region.

VANADIUM, MOLYBDENUM AND ANTIMONY CONTENTS IN SOILS OF DIFFERENT LITHOLOGIES IN SANTA CATARINA. Trace element levels knowledge in soils is important for establishing quality standards. This study has objective to determine levels of vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo) and antimony (Sb) in soils from Santa Catarina, observing the different source materials and establishing relationships between these elements and soil properties. The extractions occurred according to USEPA 3051 A protocol, with nitric and hydrochloric acid addition for V and Mo and only with hydrochloric acid for Sb. The quantification of V and Mo occurred by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and of Sb by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results were submitted to variance analysis and Scott-Knott test and evaluated by Pearson’s correlation with soil attributes. V and Mo contents differed between soils of different source materials. Highest V levels were found in andesite and basalt soils and Mo in porphyry phonolite, granite, mica schist and sedimentary rocks. V and Sb showed a positive correlation with each other and with oxides of iron, silt, and organic carbon. Mo showed a negative correlation with cation exchange capacity (CEC), iron oxides and organic carbon.

Resumo O arsênio (As) é listado como um dos elementos químicos mais nocivos ao homem e ao meio ambiente, devido a sua alta toxidade e por ser amplamente distribuído na crosta terrestre, destaca-se a sua preocupação dos teores deste elemento em solos, sendo de suma importância conhecer os teores naturais de As no contexto regional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o teor de arsênio no horizonte A de 31 perfis de solos do estado de Santa Catarina Brasil, podendo este trabalho auxiliar nos valores de referência, monitoramento, remediação de áreas contaminadas, regulamentos e leis brasileiras. As amostras de solos foram preparadas segundo o método USEPA 3051A SW-846 e pré-reduzidos quimicamente do As(V) para As(III) através do método BCR. A determinação foi realizada em Espectrômetro de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente com Geração de Hidreto. Os resultados obtidos dentre o conjunto de solos, mostram que o material de origem basáltica, foram os que apresentaram os maiores teores de As e o material de origem de sedimentos com os menores. Os perfis de solo se enquadram na decrescente ordem no quesito dos teores de As na seguinte sequência: Latossolos > Nitossolo > Chernossolos = Cambissolo = Argissolo > Neossolos.

Abstract Arsenic (As) is one of the most harmful chemical elements known to man and to the environment, mainly due its high toxicity and wide distribution; the content of this element within the soils is a genuine concern, thus making it paramount to know its natural contents in a regional context. The present study aimed to determine the natural Arsenic content in the A horizon of 31 soil profiles from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, which is useful in determining reference values, monitoring, remediation of contaminated areas, legal regulation and Brazilian laws. Soil samples were prepared following the USPEA 3051A SW-846 method and were previously chemically reduced from As(V) to AS(III) by using the BCR method. The determination was performed in an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry - Hydride Generation (ICP-OES-HG at cold vapor). Results obtained from the soil groups reveal the materials of basaltic origins as the ones with more As content while those of sediment origins had lesser content. Evaluated soil profiles fit into the following descending order regarding their As content: Latossolos, according to EMBRAPA (Oxisols according to Soil Taxonomy) > Nitossolo (Ultisols, Oxisols (Kandic), Alfisols) > Chernossolos (---) = Cambissolo (Inceptisols) = Argissolo (Ultisols) > Neossolos (Entisols).

RESUMO: Ambientes urbanos são contaminados de muitas maneiras com poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos persistentes como resultado de atividades antrópicas, colocando em risco a saúde humana e os recursos naturais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a contaminação do solo por cobalto (Co), cromo (Cr), cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni), chumbo (Pb) e zinco (Zn) em 10 hortas de escolas urbanas situadas próximo ou sobre áreas de afloramento de arenito Botucatu do Aquífero Guarani, no município de Lages, Santa Catarina. Em cada horta, três amostras de solo foram coletadas (dentro e fora da horta) na profundidade de 0-20 cm. O método ISO 11466 foi usado para extrair os metais. Utilizou-se espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) para quantificar os elementos e materiais certificados (SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil - NIST). Para avaliar os dados foi feita a análise dos componentes principais e análise de agrupamento. Pela análise de agrupamento para os metais avaliados observou-se que as maiores concentrações de elementos foram encontradas em três hortas. Valores acima do valor de prevenção (PV) definido pela resolução no. 420/2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) foram encontrados para Co em uma horta e Cu em três hortas, classificando essas áreas como classe III. A análise de componentes principais explicou 74,7% dos dados e mostrou o enriquecimento de alguns elementos dentro das hortas.

ABSTRACT: Urban environments are contaminated in many ways with persistent organic and inorganic pollutants as a result of anthropogenic activities, endangering human health and natural resources. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the soil contamination by cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 vegetable gardens of urban schools located near or on Botucatu sandstone outcrops of Guarani Aquifer in the urban areas of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In each garden, three soil samples at each position (in the soil immediately outside and the soil in the garden) were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. The ISO 11466 method was used to extract the metals. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify the elements and certified materials to evaluate the quantities (SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil - NIST). To evaluate the data, principal component analyses and cluster analyses were performed. The cluster analysis for the evaluated metals showed that the highest contents of elements were reported in three gardens. Values above the prevention value defined by resolution no. 420/2005 of the National Council for the Environment -Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) - were reported for cobalt in one garden and copper in three gardens; thus, these areas were categorized as Class III areas. Principal component analysis explained 74.7% of the data and showed the enrichment of some elements within gardens.

Resumo Fundamento: As escolas tornaram-se essenciais para a promoção de saúde e de intervenções para obesidade, propiciando o desenvolvimento de consciência crítica para a construção e promoção de dieta saudável, atividade física e monitoramento do status nutricional na infância e adolescência. Objetivos: Descrever um protocolo de estudo para avaliar a eficiência de uma intervenção projetada para aprimorar o conhecimento sobre escolhas alimentares no ambiente escolar. Métodos: Estudo clínico randomizado em cluster, paralelo, de dois braços, conduzido em escolas públicas de ensino fundamental e médio no Brasil. Os participantes serão crianças e adolescentes entre 5 e 15 anos de idade, dos dois sexos. As intervenções se concentrarão em mudanças de estilo de vida, atividade física e educação nutricional. As atividades de intervenção ocorrerão mensalmente na sala de multimídia ou quadra de esportes das escolas. O grupo controle receberá as recomendações usuais através da escola. O desfecho primário será a mudança nas medidas antropométricas, como índice de massa corporal e os níveis de atividade física conforme o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Resultados: Esperamos que, após o estudo, as crianças aumentem o consumo de alimentos frescos, reduzam o consumo excessivo de alimentos açucarados e processados, e reduzam as horas gastas em atividades sedentárias. Conclusão: O propósito de iniciar a intervenção dietética nessa fase da vida é desenvolver o conhecimento que permitirá escolhas saudáveis, propiciando oportunidades para um melhor futuro para essa população.

Abstract Background: Schools have become a key figure for the promotion of health and obesity interventions, bringing the development of critical awareness to the construction and promotion of a healthy diet, physical activity, and the monitoring of the nutritional status in childhood and adolescence. Objectives: To describe a study protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve knowledge of food choices in the school environment. Methods: This is a cluster-randomized, parallel, two-arm study conducted in public elementary and middle schools in Brazil. Participants will be children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 15 years, from both genders. The interventions will be focusing on changes in lifestyle, physical activities and nutritional education. Intervention activities will occur monthly in the school’s multimedia room or sports court. The control group arm will receive usual recommendations by the school. The primary outcome variable will be anthropometric measures, such as body mass index percentiles and levels of physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: We expect that after the study children will increase the ingestion of fresh food, reduce excessive consumption of sugary and processed foods, and reduce the hours of sedentary activities. Conclusion: The purpose of starting the dietary intervention at this stage of life is to develop a knowledge that will enable for healthy choices, providing opportunities for a better future for this population.

RESUMO A mineração de carvão na Bacia Carbonífera Catarinense causa poluição dos recursos hídricos. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a água e o sedimento do Rio Palmeiras, na Bacia Hidrográfica do Tubarão, pela quantificação de metais na água em espectrômetro de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) e no sedimento em espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua (HR-CS AAS), e outras variáveis, relacionadas à mineração de carvão. Na água, ocorreu aumento das concentrações de Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, e Pb, e no sedimento, ocorreu a diminuição das concentrações de Al, Mn, Zn, Cu e Pb em função da mineração de carvão, propiciada pela solubilização devida ao baixo pH da água. Observaram-se correlações entre as concentrações dos metais na água, no sedimento e cruzadas entre os teores na água e no sedimento.

ABSTRACT The mining of coal in the Santa Catarina Carboniferous Basin cause pollution of water resources. The objective of this study was to characterize the water and sediment of the Palmeiras River, located in the Tubarão Watershed, through quantification of metals in the water in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and sediment in high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS AAS), and other variables related to coal mining. The water had an increase in Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and Pb concentrations, and the sediment had a reduction in Al, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations because the coal mining, through solubilization due to the low pH of the water. Correlations between concentrations of metals in the water and between concentrations of metals in the sediment were found, as well as cross correlations between metal levels in the water and sediment.

RESUMO Zeólitas naturais são materiais adsorventes eficientes e com baixo custo para remoção de metais pesados em relação aos métodos convencionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pH na capacidade máxima de remoção de cobre (Cu+2) por zeólita natural disponível na região do planalto catarinense (zeólita basalto - ZB) comparando sua eficiência com uma zeólita comercial importada de cuba (ZC). A capacidade de troca de cátions das zeólitas foi determinada pelo método de saturação por amônio. A densidade de partículas foi feita através do método do balão volumétrico. O efeito do pH na remoção foi avaliado a pH 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 (±0,2) e concentrações iniciais de 10 mg L−1 e 180 mg L−1. A capacidade máxima de remoção de Cu+2 foi avaliada em pH 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 e concentrações iniciais de 10, 30, 60, 90, 180 e 270 mg L−1. A quantificação do teor de Cu+2 foi realizada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com sistema de atomização por chama do tipo ar-acetileno. Para a construção das isotermas foi utilizado regressão polinomial e no teste de médias da porcentagem removida de Cu+2 em diferentes valores de pH foi utilizado Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. A ZC apresentou capacidade de troca de cátions 40% superior a ZB, porém isso não se refletiu na capacidade de remoção. Houve efeito do pH somente para ZC na menor concentração adicionada. A capacidade máxima de remoção foi de 2662 mg kg−1 para ZB e 2759 mg kg−1 para ZC em pH 5,0. A capacidade máxima de remoção de Cu+2 para ZB é semelhante ao da ZC. A ZB pode ser utilizada na remoção de metais em efluentes industriais e laboratoriais com baixo custo.

ABSTRACT Natural zeolites are effective adsorbent materials and low cost for removal of heavy metals compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pH and the maximum capacity removal of copper (Cu+2) by natural zeolite available in the region of Southern Brazil (zeolite basalt - ZB) comparing its perfomance with a commercial zeolite imported from Cuba (ZC). The cation exchange capacity of the zeolites was determined by Ammonium saturation method. The particle density was taken by volumetric flask method. The effect of pH on removal was measured at pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 (± 0.2) and initial concentrations of 10 and 180 mg L−1. The maximum capacity removal of Cu+2 was assessed at pH 3.0, 4,0 and 5.0 and the initial concentrations of 10, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 270 mg L−1. Quantification of Cu+2 was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomization system type air-acetylene. For the construction of the isotherms was used polynomial regression and the averaged test percentage of Cu+2 removed at different pH values was used the Scott-Knott 5% significance level. The ZC presented capacity cation exchange 40% higher than ZB, but this was not reflected in the removal capacity. There was effect of pH only for ZC in less concentration added. The maximum removal capacity was 2662 kg−1 mg for ZB and 2759 mg kg for ZC in the pH 5.0. The maximum capacity removal Cu+2 ZB is similar to ZC. The ZB can be used to remove metals in laboratory and industrial effluents with low cost.

Resumo: O objetivo no trabalho foi avaliar a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de três cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha e a Brachiaria decumbens em presença dos elementos-traço Cd, Pb e Cu e quantificar os teores de Cd e Cu no tecido vegetal dessas espécies. A germinação das sementes ocorreu em papel germitest(r), contendo cádmio, chumbo, cobre além da testemunha. Foram calculadas a porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, índice de vigor e comprimento da plântula. Posteriormente, as sementes foram germinadas em vasos de solo contaminado com Cd e Cu, onde se avaliou o índice Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD), matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz e quantificado o teor de metais Cd e Cu no tecido vegetal. A B. decumbens apresentou sensibilidade aos elementos estudados, apresentando decréscimos de todos os parâmetros avaliados. O Cu foi o elemento que mais causou efeitos tóxicos à germinação e desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas das espécies estudadas. Em solo contaminado, as espécies estudadas não apresentaram diferenças na produção de massa seca de parte aérea, porém a exposição de Cd e Cu ocasionou reduções do índice SPAD em todas as espécies. Os maiores teores de Cd e Cu foram encontrados nas raízes.

Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the germination and initial development of three cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens in the presence of trace elements of Cd, Pb and Cu and quantify the Cd and Cu contents in plant tissue of these species. First, seed germination occurred in towel paper containing cadmium, lead, copper and the control. We calculated the percentage of germination, germination speed index, vigor index and seedling length. Later, the seeds were germinated in soil pots contaminated with Cd and Cu, where the Soil-Plant Analysis Development index (SPAD index) was evaluated, as well as dry matter of shoot and root, and the Cd and Cu metal content in plant tissue was quantified. B. decumbens showed sensitivity to the elements studied, with decreases in all parameters. Cu was the element that caused more toxic effects on germination and early seedling development of the species studied. In contaminated soil, the species studied showed no differences in dry matter production of shoots, but the exposure to Cd and Cu caused reductions in SPAD index in all species. The highest Cd and Cu contents were found in the roots.

Resumo A determinação do teor natural de elementos-traço é essencial para monitorar a entrada de tais elementos no sistema solo e contribuir na remediação de áreas contaminadas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o teor natural de Arsênio em solos provenientes de três regiões do estado de Santa Catarina: Planalto Sul, Metropolitana e Litoral Sul. O teor de Arsênio foi obtido após digestão em forno de micro-ondas, seguindo o protocolo da USEPA 3051 A e quantificação em espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. Os atributos do solo que melhor se correlacionaram com os teores de Arsênio foram argila, carbono orgânico, capacidade de troca de cátions e óxidos de alumínio e de ferro. Os teores de Arsênio estão relacionados ao material de origem e ao relevo dos solos das regiões.

Abstract The determination of trace elements is necessary in order to monitor their entry into the soil system and to remediate contaminated areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural content of arsenic (As) in soils of three regions of Santa Catarina State (SC): the Southern Plateau, the Metropolitan area and the Southern Coast. Arsenic content was obtained after digestion in a microwave oven, following the USEPA 3051 A protocol and quantification was made by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. The results were analyzed by the Scott-Knott test at a 5% significance level. Soil attributes that best correlated with arsenic content were clay, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and Al and Fe oxides. The arsenic levels are related to the source material and the slope of regional soils.

Os métodos tradicionais para a quantificação de clorofilas implicam na destruição das folhas, além de serem demorados e dispendiosos. Uma alternativa aos métodos destrutivos é o uso de medidores portáteis, dentre eles o SPAD 502, que mede a intensidade da cor verde das folhas, resultando no índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development). No entanto, o índice SPAD deve ser ajustado para o teor de clorofilas, conforme a espécie de interesse. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi calibrar o índice SPAD para a quantificação de clorofilas em folhas de plantas de vime (Salix viminalis). Folhas desta espécie, com tonalidade variando de verde-amarelada (clorótica) a verde-escura, foram avaliadas individualmente com o SPAD-502, seguido de quantificações destrutivas dos teores de clorofilas a, b e totais, expressos em unidade de área e massa fresca foliar. Houve elevado coeficiente de determinação (R²) entre os valores de índice SPAD e os teores de clorofila a, b e totais nas folhas, expressos em µg cm-2 de área foliar (R² de 0,86; 0,88 e 0,93, respectivamente) e entre os valores de índice SPAD e os teores de clorofilas b e totais, expressos em µg g-1 de massa fresca (R² 0,79 e 0,81, respectivamente). Os resultados mostram que existe viabilidade no uso do clorofilômetro SPAD 502, como alternativa aos métodos destrutivos, para a quantificação de clorofilas (em unidade de área; µg cm-2) em folhas de vimeiro.

The traditional methods for chlorophylls quantification in leaves are destructive, time consuming and expensive. One alternative to the destructive methods involve the use portable devices, such as the chlorophyll meter SPAD-502, which measure the green color intensity of the leaves, by providing the SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) index. However, the Spad index must be adjusted to the chlorophylls content in the leaves of concerned specie. The objective of this work was to calibrate the SPAD index to quantify the chlorophylls content in leaves of osier (Salix viminalis). Leaves with colors ranging from yellow-green (chlorotic) to dark green were individually assessed with the SPAD-502 and, thereafter, destructively assessed for contents of chlorophylls a, b and total, expressed in terms of area and fresh mass of the leaves. There was a high determination coefficient (R2) between the SPAD index and the contents of chlorophylls a, b and total in the leaf, expressed in µg cm-2 of leaf area (R² of 0.86, 0.88 and 0.93, respectively) and of between the SPAD index and the contents of chlorophylls a and total, expressed in µg g-1 fresh weight (R² of 0.81 and 0.79, respectively). The results show the chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 is a suitable alternative to the destructive method to quantify chlorophylls (in area basis; µg cm-2) in leaves of osier.

RESUMO O descarte de grandes quantidades de resíduos de mineração de carvão modifica quimicamente o solo e isso pode alterar a estrutura e atividade da fauna edáfica. Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos ecotoxicológicos das deposições de resíduo piritoso (carvão mais a pirita) em dois solos, coletados em Santa Catarina, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo e Nitossolo Háplico, nas doses de 0; 2,5; 5; 10 e 20 % desse resíduo. Os testes realizados foram sobrevivência e reprodução de Enchytraeus crypticus e de germinação comAvena sativa e Lotus corniculatus. O valor de pH, independentemente do tipo do solo, diminuiu à medida que aumentou a dose de resíduo piritoso. O resíduo piritoso na menor dose resultou em efeitos negativos ao E. crypticus, como redução na taxa sobrevivência de adultos e nenhuma reprodução. Nos testes de sobrevivência e reprodução de enquitreídeos, o valor de LC50 (concentração estimada que pode causar efeitos negativos na sobrevivência e germinação em 50 % de um grupo de organismos) ficou abaixo 4 % e EC50 (efeitos negativos na reprodução) <2,5 % para os dois solos, respectivamente. A exposição de A. sativa aos dois solos não expressou efeito tóxico para L. corniculatus, no Nitossolo. Porém, no Argissolo, a contaminação causou efeitos na menor dose para L. corniculatus. No teste de germinação de sementes, somente L. corniculatus apresentou sensibilidade no Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LC50<4 %). A elevada sensibilidade dos organismos do solo avaliado à aplicação do resíduo piritoso influenciou-os negativamente, tanto em um curto período de tempo quanto em longo prazo.

ABSTRACT The disposal of large amounts of coal mining waste chemically modifies the soil, and this may change the structure and activity of soil fauna. The objective of this investigation was to study the ecotoxicological effects of depositions of pyritic waste (coal plus pyrite) in two soils collected in Santa Catarina, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Ultisol) e Nitossolo Háplico (Hapludox), at the application rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 % of that residue. Survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus and germination of Avena sativa and Lotus corniculatus were tested. The pH value, regardless of the type of soil, decreased as the rate of pyritic waste increased. Pyritic waste at the lowest rate resulted in negative effects on E. crypticus, as shown by reduction in the adult survival rate and no reproduction. In survival and reproduction testing of enchytraeids, the value of LC50 (estimated concentration that can cause negative effects on the survival and germination of 50 % of a group of organisms) was below 4 %, and EC50 (negative effects on reproduction) was less than 2.5 % for both soils. Exposure of A. sativa to the two soils did not have a toxic effect, nor did exposure of L. corniculatus to Hapludox. However, in the Ultisol, contamination caused effects at the lowest rate for L. corniculatus. In the seed germination test, only L. corniculatus showed sensitivity in the Ultisol (LC50<4 %). High sensitivity to the application of pyritic residue adversely affects soil organisms, both in the short term and long term.

RESUMO O uso do solo influencia a erosão hídrica, sendo que, em geral, em estradas dentro de áreas reflorestais são altas as perdas de solo, água e elementos químicos. O trabalho objetivou quantificar as perdas de solo, água e elementos químicos causadas pela erosão hídrica durante 17 meses, sob chuva natural, em uma estrada dentro de uma área de reflorestamento de pinus. O estudo foi realizado no município de Campo Belo do Sul - SC, na Florestal Gateados Ltda., em um solo Nitossolo Háplico típico. Para a coleta da água e do solo, foi utilizada a Roda Coshocton. As perdas de solo foram de 19,65 t ha-1, enquanto as perdas de água equivaleram a 37% do volume de chuva precipitado no período experimental. Houve correlação linear e positiva entre altura de chuva e perdas de água por escoamento superficial, entre altura de chuva e perdas de solo por erosão, e entre perdas de solo e perdas de água por erosão hídrica. Os teores dos elementos químicos estudados em geral foram altos nos sedimentos da erosão hídrica, superiores aos teores encontrados na camada superficial do solo na qual a erosão se originou e muito superiores aos encontrados na água da enxurrada. Portanto, para sistemas de exploração do solo em que as perdas de sedimentos são altas, como é o caso de estradas florestais, as perdas de nutrientes causadas pela erosão hídrica estão mais relacionadas às perdas de sedimentos do que às perdas de água.

ABSTRACT The land use influences erosion, and in general, on roads in reforested areas, soil, water and chemical element losses are high. This study had as objective to quantify soil, water and nutrient losses proceeded by erosion during 17 months, on natural rain, on a road in an area of pine reforestation. The study was performed in Campo Belo do Sul,/SC state, Florestal Gateados Ltda, in a typical 'Nitossolo Háplico'. Water and soil samples were obtained with the use of a Coshocton wheel. Soil loss reached 19.65 t ha-1while water loss was equivalent to 37% of the rainfall during the experiment. There was a linear and positive correlation between rainfall height and water loss by run-off, between rainfall height and soil loss by erosion, and between soil loss and water loss by water erosion. The contents of the chemical elements studied were high, in general, in sediments of water erosion, superior to the content found on the topsoil from where erosion had origin, and much superior to those ones found on runoff. So, for systems of land use where the sediment loss is high, as for forestry roads, losses of nutrients caused by water erosion are more related to sediment loss than water loss.