ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (guavira) is a native plant of the Cerrado and Pantanal, which has several medicinal activities and fruits with a unique flavor rich in vitamin C. The species does not have defined cultivation methods, requiring studies to increase biomass production. An alternative is the use of organic residues that can influence the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of soils and consequently increase plant production. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different organic residues and bokashi, on the biomass production of plants and on the levels of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of tea from the leaves of guavira. Five substrates were studied in pots and protected environment: soil; soil + rice husk chicken manure; soil + sawdust chicken manure; soil + castor bean cake; soil + Organosuper® with or without the use of Bokashi in a 5x2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block experimental design. It was observed that the rice husk chicken manure can be used to increase the initial growth and biomass production of guavira keeping the leaves antioxidant activity tea stable. The use of bokashi benefits the growth of guavira only when no other organic residue is added to soil.

ABSTRACT Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) is an unconventional plant or vegetable grown for ornamental, food and medicinal purposes. However, information on cultivation of the species involving organic residue is incipient. Therefore, aimed to evaluate plant growth, flower yield, and nutrient contents of leaves and flowers of Nasturtium cultivated with addition of chicken manure. Five doses of chicken manure were studied, applied in the soil incorporated (I) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) and cover (C) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) forms, using the experimental array Plan Puebla III, leading to nine combinations of doses and forms of adding the chicken manure, in randomized blocks with four replicates. The greatest plant height (35.75 cm) was achieved at 168 days after transplanting (DAT) under 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. The greatest yield terms of in number (15.4 million ha-1) and fresh (10.45 t ha-1) and dry weights (0.849 t ha-1) of flowers were found by using doses close to 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. To obtain the best development and yield of Nasturtium flowers, 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C of chicken manure should be used.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of different organic residues and bokashi in the substrate formulation in the initial growth of marmelo-do-cerrado. The experiment was carried out in pots under shading (50%). The following organic residues were tested: poultry manure (PM) with rice husk base, PM with wood shavings base, Organosuper®, and castor bean meal, in a control with only soil. All treatments were assessed with and without bokashi. The experimental arrangement was a 5 × 2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design with four replicates and four plants. The greatest plant height was observed when the plants were cultivated in PM with rice husk base with bokashi. The pigment contents, photochemical efficiency, biomasses and quality of seedlings were highest in Organosuper® with bokashi. We recommend the use of Organosuper® and PM with rice husk base, both with bokashi, in the growth of marmelo-do-cerrado.

Abstract Because of the lack of agronomic information regarding cultivation of the pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), this study aimed to verify the effect of gypsum and phosphorus on the initial growth and how they affect soil fertility. The treatments consisted of four levels of agricultural gypsum (0; 750; 1,500, and 2,250 mg kg-1) and P2O5 (0; 41.7; 83.4, and 125.1 mg kg-1), with a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design with four replications. Morphological variables and nutritional content taken at 165 days after transplant were shown to be adequate to assess the initial growth and to show their nutritional requirements, indicating that plants are responsive to phosphorus. The association of higher gypsum and P2O5 levels promoted higher plant vigor and their application to the soil increased the availability of calcium, phosphorus, and base saturation.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de K no desenvolvimento inicial e eficiência nutricional de mudas da aroeirinha. Para isso foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação um experimento em vasos com cinco doses de K2O (66,67, 133,33, 200, 266,67 e 333,33 mg kg-1), dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Aos 180 dias após transplante todas as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas quanto à altura, diâmetro, área foliar, massa seca de raiz e da parte aérea, conteúdo em raiz e parte aérea e eficiência de absorção, de uso e de translocação dos nutrientes. A adubação potássica incrementou o desenvolvimento da aroeirinha, as maiores alturas das plantas e o diâmetro do caule foram obtidos quando as plantas foram cultivadas com 210 mg kg-1 de K2O e as maiores massas secas da parte aérea, área foliar e conteúdo e eficiência de nutrientes quando as plantas foram cultivadas com a dose de 66,67 mg kg-1 de K2O.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of K doses on the initial development and nutritional efficiency of Brazilian pepper tree. For this purpose it was developed under greenhouse conditions in pot experiment with five level of K2O (66.67, 133.33, 200, 266.67 and 333.33 mg kg-1) a randomized complete block design with five replicates. At 180 days after transplant, all plants were harvested and evaluated for height, diameter, leaf area, root and shoot dry mass, root and shoot contents, and efficiency of uptake, use and translocation of nutrients. Potassium fertilization increased the development of Brazilian pepper tree, the highest plant height and stem diameter were obtained when the plants were grown with 210 mg kg-1 K2O and the highest dry shoot mass, leaf area and nutrient content cultivating with the dose of 66,67 mg kg-1 de K2O.

Campomanesia adamantium é uma frutífera nativa do Cerrado que apresenta propriedades medicinais e alimentícias. Porém, os tratos culturais para a espécie ainda não estão bem definidos, tal como a prática da calagem em diferentes composições de substrato. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das doses de calcário em diferentes texturas de substrato no crescimento inicial e no teor de nutrientes de plantas de C. adamantium. Foram estudadas cinco doses de calcário (0; 1; 2; 3 e 5 t ha-1) em substrato a base de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd) e LVd+areia (1:1, v/v), arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x2, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No substrato LVd, o maior desenvolvimento em altura (9,83 cm por planta); diâmetro do caule (2,13 mm por planta); índice SPAD (38,37) e teores de nutrientes N (23,57 g kg-1); K (11,81 g kg-1), na parte aérea e N (22,26 g kg-1); P (6,66 g kg-1); K (7,91 g kg-1); Ca (6,56 g kg-1); e Mg (1,82 g kg-1) na raiz, foram sob uso de 5 t ha-1 de calcário. No entanto, o maior desenvolvimento e teor de nutrientes utilizando o substrato LVd+areia ocorreu sob ausência de calcário. Esse comportamento evidencia que a planta responde a diferentes formas ao uso de calagem em diferentes substratos.

Campomanesia adamantium is a native fruit of Cerrado that presents medicinal and nutritional properties. However, cultural practices for the species are not defined, such as the use of liming and substrate compositions. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of liming levels on different substrate textures on the initial growth and nutrient content of C. adamantium plants. Five liming levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 t ha-1) were studied in a substrate based on dystrophoric Red Latosol (LVd) and LVd+sand (1:1, v/v), arranged in outline factorial 5x2, in the delineation of randomized blocks, with four repetitions. In LVd substrate, the highest development in height (9.83 cm per plant); the diameter of the stem (2.13 mm per plant); SPAD index (38.37) and nutrient levels N (23.57 g kg-1); K (11.81 g kg-1), in the aerial part and N (22.26 g kg-1); P (6.66 g kg-1); K (7.91 g kg-1); Ca (6.56 g kg-1); and Mg (1.82 g kg-1) at the root, were under use of 5 t ha-1 of liming. However, the greater development and nutrient content using the LVd+sand substrate occurred under the absence of liming. This behavior shows that the plant responds to different ways when using draft on different substrates.

RESUMO Devido à carência de estudos agronômicos com espécies nativas e da importância do adequado fornecimento de nutrientes às plantas, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de N e P sobre o teor e conteúdo de nutrientes, bem como na eficiência nutricional de mudas de barbatimão (Stryphnodendron polyphyllum), em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em vasos de 8 dm3 , mantidos em casa de vegetação. Foram estudadas quatro doses de N (0; 20,82; 41,64 e 62,46 mg kg-1 de N) e quatro doses de P (0; 41,72; 83,44 e 125,16 mg kg-1 de P2O5), em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Decorridos 210 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se massa seca da parte aérea e radicular e teor de macro e micronutrientes na planta; por meio desses dados foram calculados os índices de eficiência de absorção e utilização de nutrientes. Houve interação significativa entre as doses de N e P para os teores de P, K, Ca, Cu, Mn e Zn na parte aérea e N, P, K, Ca, Mg e Fe na raiz. Na parte aérea das mudas, os nutrientes N e Fe foram influenciados somente pelo efeito isolado das doses de N, e o teor de Mg pelo efeito isolado das doses de P. O conteúdo de todos os nutrientes, na parte aérea e na raiz, foi influenciado significativamente pela interação entre as doses de N e P. As máximas doses proporcionaram maior conteúdo de macronutrientes na parte aérea, exceto N e K. O conteúdo de micronutrientes na parte aérea aumentou em função das doses de N e P e reduziu na raiz, exceto Fe. As mudas de barbatimão mostraram-se mais eficientes em absorver N e Zn e utilizar P e Mg. Comparados ao conteúdo, o N e o Ca foram os nutrientes mais acumulados nos tecidos da planta, contudo, os que apresentaram menor valor (P e Mg) foram os nutrientes mais eficientemente utilizados.

ABSTRACT Due to lack of agronomic studies with native species and the importance of an adequate supply of nutrients to plants, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of N and P on the concentration and nutrient content as well as the nutritional efficiency of barbatimão (Stryphnodendron polyphyllum) seedlings in Oxisol. The study was conducted in 8 dm3 pots and kept in a greenhouse. Were studied four doses of N (0, 20.82, 41.64 and 62.46 mg kg-1 N) and four doses of P (0, 41.72, 83.44 and 125.16 mg kg-1 P2O5) in 4x4 factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications. After 210 days after sowing was evaluated dry mass of shoots and roots and nutrient concentration in the plant, through these data were calculated the efficiency of absorption and utilization of nutrients. There was significant interaction between doses of N and P to the concentration of P, K, Ca, Cu, Mn and Zn in shoots and N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe in the root. In seedling nutrients N and Fe were influenced only by the isolated effect of N levels, and Mg content by isolated effect of P levels. The content of all nutrients in the shoot and root was significantly influenced by the interaction between doses of N and P. The maximum doses provided greater nutrient contents in shoots, except for N and K. The micronutrients content in the shoot increased as a function of both N and P and reduced the root, except Fe. The barbatimão seedlings were more efficient at absorbing N and Zn and using P and Mg. Comparing the content, N and Ca were the nutrients that most accumulated on the plant tissues, however, those who had lower (P and Mg) were the nutrients more efficiently used.

O barbatimão é uma importante espécie nativa do Cerrado, com potencial econômico e de restauração de áreas degradadas, no entanto, são escassos estudos agronômicos com a espécie, principalmente no que se refere à adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo em solos de Cerrado. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o crescimento inicial e índice SPAD em função de doses de N e P em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em vasos de 8 dm³ e mantidos em casa de vegetação. Foram estudadas quatro doses de N (0; 20,82; 41,64 e 62,46 mg.kg-1 de N) e quatro doses de P (0; 41,72; 83,44 e 125,16 mg.kg-1 de P2O5), em esquema fatorial 4x4, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Decorridos 210 dias após a semeadura mediu-se a altura, o diâmetro do caule, teor indireto de clorofila das folhas, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular e teor de N foliar. A adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada proporcionou maior incremento para todas as características avaliadas.

Barbatimão is an important native specie of Savannah, with economic potential and restoration of degraded areas, however, there are few agronomic studies with the specie, particularly regarding the fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus in Cerrado soils. Thus, the objective was to study the initial growth, the levels of chlorophyll, dry matter production in function of N and P levels. The study was developed in 8 dm³ pots and kept in a greenhouse. There were studied four N levels (0, 20.82, 41.64 and 62.46 mg N kg-1) and four P levels (0, 41.72, 83.44 and 125.16 mg.kg-1 P2O5) in 4x4 factorial design in randomized blocks experimental design with four replications. After 210 days after sowing height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, dry mass of shoot and root and leaf N content were measured. The nitrogen and phosphate application showed higher increment for all traits.

A canafístula é uma importante espécie florestal nativa, encontrada em áreas de Cerrado, que ainda carece de informações nutricionais e de obtenção de mudas de qualidade. Sendo assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da adição de N e P sobre o crescimento inicial e qualidade de mudas de canafístula em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O experimento foi desenvolvido em vasos de 4 dm³, com os tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro doses de N (0; 20,82; 41,64 e 62,46 mg kg-1 de N) e quatro doses de P (0; 41,72; 83,44 e 125,16 mg kg-1 de P2O5), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas características de crescimento (altura, diâmetro de caule e massa seca da parte aérea e radicular) e parâmetros de qualidade de mudas (relação altura/diâmetro - RAD; relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca de raiz - RPAR, e Índice de Dickson). Houve interação significativa entre as doses de N e P para todas as características de crescimento e parâmetros de qualidade avaliados. As maiores doses de N e P proporcionaram maior crescimento de mudas, no entanto, com relação à qualidade das mudas, o índice de Dickson indicou o fósforo como elemento mais importante.

Canafístula is an important native forest species, found in Cerrado, which still lacks on nutritional information and obtaining quality seedlings. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus on initial growth and seedling quality of canafístula (Peltophorum dubium Spreng. Taub.) grown in Oxisol. The experiment was carried out in 4 dm³ pots with treatments arranged in 4x4 factorial scheme, with four N levels (0, 20.82, 41.64 and 62.46 mg kg-1 N) and four P levels (0, 41.72, 83.72 and 125.16 mg kg-1 of P2O5) in a randomized block design with three replications. Were evaluated the growth characteristics (height, stem diameter and dry mass of shoots and roots) and quality parameters of seedlings (ratio height/diameter RAD; ratio dry mass of shoot / root dry weight RPAR, and Dickson Index). There was significant interaction between N and P for all growth characters and quality parameters evaluated. The highest level of N and P showed higher growth of seedlings. However, regarding the quality of seedlings, the Dickson index indicated that the phosphorous is the most important element.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de doses combinadas de N e P no conteúdo de nutrientes, bem como na eficiência nutricional de mudas de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium Spreng. Taub.), em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O experimento foi desenvolvido em vasos de 4 dm³, com os tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro doses de N - fonte ureia (0; 20,82; 41,64; e 62,46 mg kg-1 de N) e quatro doses de P - fonte superfosfato triplo (0; 41,72; 83,72; e 125,16 mg kg-1 de P2O5), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As maiores doses de N e P proporcionaram maior acúmulo de macronutrientes tanto na parte aérea quanto na raiz, enquanto nos micronutrientes esse efeito foi ocasionado somente pelo P. A espécie apresentou alto requerimento nutricional quanto ao N, utilizou mais eficientemente o P, e o aporte de nutrientes é maior na parte aérea das mudas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined levels of N and P in nutrient content and nutritional efficiency in seedlings of canafístula (Peltophorum dubium Spreng. Taub.) on Oxisol. The experiment was carried out in pots of 4 dm³, with treatments arranged in 4x4 factorial scheme, four N levels (0, 20.82, 41.64 and 62.46 mg kg-1 N) and four P levels ( 0, 41.72, 83.72 and 125.16 mg kg-1 of P2O5 in a randomized block design with three replications. The highest levels of N and P showed higher accumulation of nutrients in both the shoot and root while for the micronutrients that effect was caused only by P. The species showed high nutritional requirement for N, P used more efficiently and supply of nutrients is greater for shoot seedling.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da cama-de-frango e do Organosuper® sob três modos de aplicação na produção de biomassa e nos teores de nutrientes nas folhas de plantas de rosela. Os tratamentos em cada ciclo de cultivo foram arranjados como fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, sendo constituídos pelas combinações de dois compostos orgânicos cama-de-frango (10 t ha-1) e Organosuper® (10 t ha-1) e três modos de aplicação (cobertura, incorporada e cobertura + incorporada) mais a testemunha, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As maiores produções de massas frescas e secas de cálices e o número de cálices foram obtidos para cama-de-frango em cobertura (10.776, 1.239 e 3.980.602 kg ha-1, respectivamente) e Organosuper® incorporado (11.372, 1.308 e 4.405.075 kg ha-1, respectivamente) no ano agrícola 2009/2010. As maiores produções de massas frescas e secas de cálices, folhas, caules e raízes, número de cálices, área foliar e fibras no ano agrícola 2008/2009 foram obtidas com a cama-de-frango. Os teores de nutrientes não foram influenciados pelos resíduos orgânicos nem pelo modo de aplicação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of poultry litter and Organosuper® with three modes of application on the biomass production and nutrient content of the leaves of roselle plants. The treatments in each crop cycle were in a factorial arrangement, 2 x 3 + 1, composed of a control and combinations of the two organic fertilizers (poultry litter (10 ton. ha-1) and Organosuper® (10 ton. ha-1) and the three application modes (surface, incorporated and surface + incorporated), in a randomized block design with four replicates. In the surface + incorporated mode, the organic fertilizers were applied as 5 ton. ha-1 surface and 5 ton. ha-1 incorporated. The highest productions of fresh and dry weight and number of calyxes were obtained for poultry litter in surface (10,776, 1,239 and 3,980,602 kg ha-1, respectively) and Organosuper® incorporated (11,372, 1,308 and 4,405,075 kg ha-1, respectively) in the agricultural year 2009/2010. The increases in the fresh and dry weights of the calyxes, leaves, stems and roots, number of calyxes, leaf area and fibers in the agricultural year 2008/2009 in the poultry litter treatments. Nutrients concentrations in the dry weight of the roselle leaves were not affected by the organic fertilizer type or by the mode of application.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de espaçamentos entre plantas dentro das fileiras e do uso ou não de cama-de-frango na cobertura do solo sobre o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de plantas de rosela. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (0,30; 0,35; 0,40; 0,45 e 0,50 m) e do uso ou não de cama-de-frango em cobertura do solo, na dose de 10 t ha-1, arranjados como fatorial 5x2, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A altura máxima da planta (282,92 cm) foi alcançada aos 200 dias após o transplante (DAT) sob 0,35 m entre plantas e sem o uso de cama-de-frango. A área foliar foi influenciada significativamente pela interação espaçamentos e cama-de-frango e cresceu linearmente com os espaçamentos entre plantas, sendo de 32.009 cm² planta-1 com cama. As maiores produções de massas frescas e secas de folhas foram de 31.571 e 3.339 kg ha-1, respectivamente, sob 0,30 m entre plantas. As maiores produções de massas frescas e secas de folhas, caules e frutos de plantas de rosela foram obtidas em solo com cama-de-frango.

The purpose of this work was to analyze the effects of plant spacing within rows by means of applying or not applying chicken manure to the soil cover in the growth and yields of roselle biomass. The treatments consisted of five spacings between plants (0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 m) and the application or non application of chicken manure to the soil cover in a dose of 10 t ha-1, arranged in randomized blocks of 5x2 with four replicates. The maximum plant height (282.92 cm) was achieved at 200 days after the transplant (DAT), with 0.35 m between plants and without the application of chicken manure. The leaf area was significantly influenced by the interaction of the spacings between plants and the application of chicken manure, presenting a linear growth of 32.009 cm² plants-1. The biggest fresh and dry weight yields in leaves were 31.571 and 3.339 kg ha-1, respectively, with a 0.30 m spacing between the plants. The biggest yields of both fresh and dry weights of the stems and fruits of roselle plants were obtained in the soil with chicken manure.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do espaçamento entre plantas na linha e da aplicação ou não de cama-de-frango em cobertura no solo, na atividade antioxidante, teor total de fenóis e flavonóides em extrato etanólico e extrato aquoso quente de folhas de rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (0,30; 0,35; 0,40; 0,45 e 0,50m) e do uso ou não de cama-de-frango em cobertura do solo, na dose de 10t ha-1, arranjados como fatorial 5x2, no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os teores de flavonóides e fenóis totais aumentaram no extrato etanólico (18% e 11%, respectivamente) e no extrato aquoso quente (16% e 11%, respectivamente) entre a aplicação ou não de cama-de-frango em cobertura no solo. A atividade antioxidante foi influenciada significativamente pelo método de obtenção dos extratos, sendo no extrato etanólico 263% maior que o resultado obtido para o extrato aquoso quente.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effects of plant spacing within rows by means of applying or not applying chicken-manure to the soil cover in the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoids in ethanolic leaves extract and hot aqueous extract of roselle. The treatments consisted of five different spaces between plants (0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50m) and the use or non-use of chicken litter broadcasted on soil surface at 10 ton ha-1, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement in a randomized block design with four replications. The flavonoids levels and total phenolic increased on ethanolic leaves extract (18% and 11%, respectively) and hot aqueous extract (16% and 11%, respectively) between applying or not applying chicken-manure to the soil cover. Antioxidant activity was significantly influenced by the way of obtaining extracts, being the ethanolic extract 263% higher than the results obtained by the hot aqueous extract.