ABSTRACT Background: We have developed a micropropagation technique methodology to clonal micro-garden formation of Bambusa vulgaris selected adult plant. Collection site (i.e., stock plant cultivated in different environments) and seasonality of shoot collection (i.e., months of the year) effects on in vitro culture were evaluated. Explants that showed normal development were ex vitro rooted in mini-incubator system, and three culture media (WPM, MS and deionized water + agar) supplemented with plant growth regulators (IBA, NAA and BAP) and antibiotic (streptomycin sulphate and culture medium free - control) were evaluated. Micropropagated plants were acclimatized in a shadow house and transferred to a semi-hydroponic system for establishment of a clonal micro-garden. The efficacy of the cloning protocol was determined with genetic fidelity analysis by ISSR molecular markers. Results: Considering all inoculations, 21.9% of nodal segments were in vitro established in nine shoot collections. The rooting percentage was 36.6%, and no interactions were observed between the use of culture medium and antibiotic. Culture medium free antibiotic resulted in 80.0% of survival and 50.0% of adventitious rooting. Micropropagated plants presented adequate growth and adaptation to ex vitro conditions in the clonal micro-garden. Molecular analyses by ISSR markers indicated the absence of genetic variations, and histological analyses revealed normal adventitious root formation originating from meristematic cells. Conclusion: The formation of a clonal micro-garden was demonstrated, proving the feasibility of the tested technique. Our results contribute to the development of a clonal propagation protocol for B. vulgaris selected adult plants.

Resumo Visando fornecer informações que sirvam de base para estudos de melhoramento genético de Eucalyptus foi realizada a análise da diversidade genética usando marcadores ISSR. As espécies estudadas foram Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus microcorys, ambas com potencial econômico florestal. Os indivíduos estudados pertencem a um teste de espécies e procedências instalado no ano de 1974 e permanecem isentos de tratos silviculturais. Para as análises foram utilizados nove primers ISSR universais. A partir dos resultados avaliou-se a existência de variação intra e interespecífica por meio da porcentagem de polimorfismo, conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) e distância Euclidiana entre indivíduos. A fim de analisar a distância Euclidiana entre os indivíduos foram feitas a análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) e análise permutacional de dispersão multivariada (PermDisp) seguida pelo teste de Tukey. Observou-se elevada porcentagem de polimorfismo (57,14% para Eucalyptus microcorys e 80,95% para Eucalyptus urophylla). Considerando todos os grupos avaliados, os valores de PIC foram superiores a 0,5 para quatro primers (UBC827, UBC835, UBC841). A variabilidade interna foi significativamente maior na população de Eucalyptus urophylla em relação à Eucalyptus microcorys, o que pode estar associado à maior capacidade do Eucalyptus urophylla em hibridizar naturalmente.

Abstract Here, we deployed a genetic diversity analysis using ISSR markers in two Eucalyptus species, as a fundamental step toward breeding strategies. The selected species were Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus microcorys, both with economic potential in forestry. The studied individuals belong to a species and the provenance test that was installed in 1974 and until now remains exempt from silvicultural treatments. Nine universal ISSR primers were used in the analyses. Intra and interspecific variation through the polymorphism percentage, polymorphism information content (PIC) and Euclidean distances among individuals were computed. The Euclidean distance among the individuals was used to perform a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), as well as the permutation analysis of multivariate dispersion (PermDisp), followed by the Tukey’s test. A high percentage of polymorphic bands were detected, with 57.14% for Eucalyptus microcorys and 80.95% for Eucalyptus urophylla. PIC values were higher than 0.5 for four primers (UBC827, UBC835, UBC841, and UBC842). The genetic variability was significantly higher within the Eucalyptus urophylla population than in Eucalyptus microcorys, which may be associated with the greater ability of Eucalyptus urophylla to naturally hybridize, therefore, enabling the introduction of new alleles to their populations.

Abstract Background: We developed simple sequence repeats (SSR) for Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish, an endangered tree species endemic to the Brazilian Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes, and tested their transferability to two closely related Eremanthus species. Results: Using a genomic library enriched with tandem repeat motifs, we identified 16 primer pairs, and characterized them in two populations. Nine primers amplified the expected size fragments and seven SSRs were polymorphic, providing a total of 38 alleles and an average of 4.22 alleles per marker. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.44 to 0.94 with an average of 0.65. The average observed heterozygosity across all loci varied from 0.61 to 1.00. The observed ( HO ) and expected ( HE ) heterozygosity within the two populations varied from 0.65 to 1.00 and from 0.31 to 1.00, respectively. Conclusions: These newly developed SSR markers are a powerful tool for population genetic analyses and may be useful in studies on species ecology, evolution, and taxonomy.

RESUMEN El Bosque Seco Tropical (bs-T) es uno de los ecosistemas más degradados de Colombia requiriendo acciones urgentes para la conservación de sus relictos remanentes y la restauración de áreas degradadas. La diversidad genética es una herramienta fundamental para identificar áreas prioritarias de conservación in situ, y evaluar la calidad de las poblaciones como fuentes de semilla para su uso en la restauración. Aquí se presentan los resultados de una caracterización genética realizada con marcadores moleculares ISSRs (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) en 251 individuos de cuatro especies clave del bs-T Colombiano: Bursera simaruba, Platymiscium pinnatum, Hura crepitans y Caesalpinia ebano. Las poblaciones más diversas para las cuatro especies se encontraron en la región del Caribe y en el enclave del Cañón del Chicamocha. Platymiscium pinnatum y B. simaruba también mostraron valores altos de diversidad en el valle del río Cauca y el desierto de La Tatacoa, respectivamente. Además, se evidenció estructura genética en las cuatro especies que podría estar asociada a las transformaciones históricas del bs-T en los periodos geológicos del Pleistoceno y el Holoceno. Finalmente, se identificaron fuentes de semilla en cada región para cada especie y entre ellos se destacan el norte Caribe y el área del enclave del Cañón del Chicamocha, por su riqueza y particularidad genética.

ABSTRACT The Dry Tropical Forest (DTF) is one of the most degraded ecosystems in Colombia requiring urgent actions for the conservation of remaining populations and restoration of degraded sites. Genetic diversity is a fundamental tool that can be used to identify priority areas for in situ conservation and to evaluate the quality of populations as seed sources for use in restoration projects. Here we present the results of a genetic characterization of 251 individuals of four key species of Colombian DTF using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular markers: Bursera simaruba, Platymiscium pinnatum, Hura crepitans and Caesalpinia ebano. The most diverse populations of all four species were observed in the Caribbean region and in the Chicamocha Canyon. Moreover, B. simaruba and P. pinnatum showed high genetic diversity in populations from the Cauca river valley and the Tatacoa desert, respectively. Strong spatial genetic structure was found for all four species and we propose that the observed genetic divergence could be linked to historical transformations of the DTF during geological periods of the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Finally, we identified potential seed sources in each region for each species and stress the importance of the northern Caribbean region and the Chicamocha Canyon for harboring high and unique genetic diversity.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the trainer and the adopted daily work on the behavior and performance of horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed on a horse farm and in racetracks in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Twenty equines and nine trainers from four farms and three competition events of the breed were observed. The experiment was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the animals were observed together with their trainer on the farm, during the daily work, and the behavior reactions were recorded based on scores. The duration of training and the behavior told by the trainer of the animal were recorded in scores. The second stage happened in three competitions of the breed in agricultural fairs. The same observations were made on horse farms, including the behavior of the animal, before and after the trial, as well as the emotional state in the same period. For data analysis, multivariate statistics were used based on the principal components and factor analysis, using the statistical software R (version 3.3.2). From the data analyzed, it was verified that the variables embouchure, behavior and voice of the presenter, and reward and incentive in the competition influenced the reactivity of the animal. Variables of human behavior in training influenced the animal behavior variables in training. The behavior of the trainer and the form of the training, as well as the fact that the trainer is the presenter, interfered in the behavior of the horses on the horse farm and in the competitions, resulting in safer animals. However, the need for time adaptation and training management is necessary for the whole man × animal relation to get better rankings in the race competitions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate how the fertilizer composition, type and application method contribute to the initial growth of Pinus taeda applied at planting. Seedlings from an open-pollinated seed orchard of Pinus taeda were planted on a Humic Dystrudepts soil containing 15 treatments of fertilizer application at planting. Basal diameter (immediately above ground – about 5 cm) and total height were measured on all live plants after six, 12 and 42 months. The basal diameter at six and 12 months ranged from 0.49 to 0.63 cm and 1.64 to 2.15 cm, respectively. The height at six and 12 months ranged from 0.49 to 0.64 m and 0.77 to 1.01 m, respectively, indicating that fertilizing improved this characteristics in ~30%. Fertilizer composition, type and application method contributed to the first year of growth of Pinus taeda. Nevertheless, fertilization response disappeared after 42 months.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cinco diferentes grupos genéticos de vacas F1 Holândes x Zebu (HxZ), em lactação durante o verão. Os grupamentos avaliados foram: Holandês x Gir, Holandês x Nelogir, Holandês x Guzonel, Holandês x Nelore e Holandês x Indubrasil. O experimento ocorreu durante o verão na Fazenda da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, localizada na cidade de Felixlândia-MG. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 5 × 4, sendo cinco cruzamentos e quatro períodos de observação, com dez repetições. As medições das variáveis climáticas foram feitas com o uso de dataloggers e calculou-se o Índice de temperatura globo negro e umidade (ITGU). Observou-se à porcentagem de animais em pastejo, ruminação, ócio, micção, defecação, ingestão de água e consumo de sal no período diurno e noturno a cada 30 minutos. Os animais F1 utilizados não alteraram o comportamento de pastejo devido aos altos valores de ITGU. Houve maior frequência de ruminação e ócio no período da madrugada. A defecação foi maior no período diurno, coincidindo com o período de maior movimentação dos animais. O consumo de água foi maior no pós ordenha e o consumo de sal no período da tarde. Houve correlação estatística positiva entre ITGU e pastejo, e correlação negativa entre ITGU e ócio. Assim, o comportamento de pastejo dos animais F1 não foi alterado em virtude dos elevados valores de ITGU, explicitando a adaptabilidade e resistência dos cinco grupos genéticos a altas temperaturas, sendo uma opção viável para regiões de clima quente.

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of five different genetic groups of F1 Holstein x Zebu (HxZ) cows during lactation during the summer. The evaluated groups were: Holstein x Gir, Holstein x Nelogir, Holstein x Guzonel, Holstein x Nelore and x Indubrasil. The experiment it occurred place during the summer in the Farm of Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais, located in Felixlândia- MG. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 5 × 4, five crossings and four periods of observation, with ten repetitions was used. The measurements of climate variables were made using dataloggers and calculated the black globe temperature and humidity index. There was the percentage of animals grazing, rumination, urination, defecation, water intake and salt intake during the day and at night every 30 minutes. The F1 animals used did not affect the grazing behavior due to high BGT values. There was a higher frequency of rumination and idle period in the morning, showing a natural behavior of cattle. Defecation was higher during the day, coinciding with the period of greater movement of animals. Water consumption was greater in the post- milking and the salt consumption in the afternoon. There was a positive statistical correlation between BGT and grazing, and negative correlation between BGT and leisure. Thus, the F1 animals grazing behavior has not changed because of the high BGT values, explaining the adaptability and resilience of five genetic groups, being a viable option for warm climate regions.

A designação DOP (Denominação de Origem Protegida) pode representar uma valorização em termos comerciais, podendo ser uma forma de diferenciação do mel português em contexto nacional e internacional. Deste modo, é importante o conhecimento das suas características físico-químicas e polínicas. O trabalho apresentado faz parte de um projeto de caracterização físico-química e polínica (resultados não apresentados) de méis, como contributo para a certificação do mel da Beira Alta como produto DOP. Recolheram-se amostras de méis produzidos pelos associados da Associação dos Apicultores da Beira Alta (AABA), no ano de 2014, afetos a 10 concelhos. Foram estudadas 27 amostras de méis representativas da região de acordo com o número de unidades epidemiológicas dentro de cada concelho. Os resultados para cada parâmetro analisado foram obtidos em triplicado de acordo com as Normas Portuguesas ou com os métodos oficiais da AOAC. O pH variou entre 3,4 e 4,3; a condutividade entre 0,29 e 0,82 mS/cm; a acidez entre 15 e 67 meq/kg; a humidade entre 17,5 e 19,7% e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais entre 80,4 e 82,5 g/100g. Com estes primeiros resultados pretende-se contribuir para uma caracterização mais vasta da apicultura da Beira Alta e dos méis produzidos nesta região.

The Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) may represent commercially a product with added value, and a way to differentiate the Portuguese honey in national and international terms. Therefore it is important to know the physico-chemical and palynological characteristics, in order to prove this differentiation. This work is part of a physicochemical and palynological characterization project (results not shown) of honey, in order to contribute to a PDO certification of honey from Beira Alta. Honey samples produced in 2014 by the members of the Association of Beekeapers in Beira Alta (AABA) region, in 2014 were collected. Honey samples in a number of 27, which represent Beira Alta region according to the number of epidemiological units within each county, were studied. Each parameter were analyzed in triplicate, according to Portuguese standards or with the AOAC official methods. The results obtained for each parameter vary in the following range pH 3,4 - 4,3; conductivity 0,29 - 0,82 mS/cm; acidity 15 - 67 meq/kg; moisture 17,5 - 19,7% and total soluble solids content 80,4 - 82,5 g/100g. With these first results we expect to contribute to a broader characterization of beekeeping in Beira Alta region and of the honey produced in this region.

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o desempenho ponderal de dois genótipos de ovinos, Santa Inês e F1 Dorper x Santa Inês em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Massai. Foram utilizados oito fêmeas e oito machos, de cada genótipo, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (dois genótipos, dois sexos e duas idades de abate). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com aplicação do teste de Scot-Knott com probabilidade de 5%. Avaliaram-se peso ao nascimento, peso a desmama, peso final, ganho de peso médio diário e ganho de peso total. Houve efeito significativo do genótipo para peso ao nascimento e peso a desmama com os cordeiros Dorper x Santa Inês superiores. Para peso final não houve diferença significativa, pois o ganho de peso do desmame ao abate foi superior para o genótipo Santa Inês. Para ganho de peso total o efeito do genótipo foi importante visto que o F1 Dorper x Santa Inês foi superior ao Santa Inês, enquanto o ganho de peso médio final foi igual para os dois genótipos avaliados. O efeito de sexo não foi significativo para nenhuma das características avaliadas. Não houve diferença entre peso final, ganho de peso médio diário e ganho de peso total nas diferentes idades de abate. A utilização da raça Dorper não refletiu maior retorno quando se mantém seus produtos em sistemas exclusivamente a pasto. Há necessidade de estudos bioeconômicos para verificar a aplicabilidade desta prática na região Norte de Minas Gerais.

This work was carried out in order to evaluate the daily weight gain of two sheep genotypes, Santa Inês and F1 Dorper x Santa Inês. Eight females and eight males from each genotype, were used, in a entirely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 2 (two genotypes, two sexes and two slaughter ages). Data were submitted to analysis of variance with application of the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The birth weight, wean weight, final weight, average daily weight gain and total weight gain were evaluated. There was significant effect of genotype for birth weight and wean weight with superior Dorper x Santa Inês lambs. There was no significant difference for final weight, since weight gain from wean to slaughter was superior for Santa Inês genotype. For total weight gain, the effect of the genotype was important because F1 Dorper x Santa Inês was superior to, while daily weight gain was equal for the two evaluated genotypes. Sex effect was not significant for any evaluated characteristic. There was no difference between final weight, average daily weight gain and total weight gain for different slaughter ages. The use of Dorper breed did not reflect greater return when is intended to keep its products in systems exclusively for pasture. Bioeconomic studies are necessary for verifying applicability of that practice in the North of Minas Gerais.

Em ecossistemas fragmentados, comuns no sul de Minas Gerais, os corredores de vegetação são elementos de grande importância ecológica para o fluxo gênico. Os corredores de vegetação na região de Lavras, MG, são estreitos (entre 3 e 6m), de vegetação secundária formada pela colonização de valas e interligam fragmentos remanescentes de vegetação primária. Nestes dois ambientes, é comum a ocorrência da espécie Myrcia splendens, que produz frutos de dispersão zoocórica. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, a avaliação da estrutura genética espacial em microescala de M. splendens nos ambientes de fragmentos e nas suas conexões. Dez primers ISSR foram utilizados em 168 árvores distribuídas nos cinco fragmentos e em 104 árvores nos quatro corredores de vegetação, gerando um total de 70 locos polimórficos. A AMOVA mostrou que a maior parte da diversidade genética ocorre dentro das populações (96,49% nos fragmentos e 91,15% nos corredores). Nas formações primárias (F1 a F5) e nos corredores C1 e C2 os genótipos estão distribuídos de maneira aleatória. Nos corredores C3 e C4 observou-se estruturação genética espacial, com valores de coancestria positiva e significativa na primeira classe de distância, sendo os valores de Sp de 0,012 (P = 0,009) e 0,014 (P = 0,029), respectivamente.

In fragmented ecosystems, very common in southern Minas Gerais, vegetation corridors are ecologically important elements for gene flow. Vegetation corridors in Lavras, MG, are narrow (from 3 to 6m), with secondary vegetation formed by trench colonization and they connect primary vegetation fragments. In both environments, it is common the occurrence of Myrcia splendens, which produces fruit with zoocoric dispersion. The objective of this work was to evaluate spatial genetic structure in fine-scale of Myrcia splendens (SW.) in environments with fragments and in their connections. Ten ISSR primers were used to access the genetic patterns in 168 trees distributed in five fragments and in 104 trees distributed in four vegetation corridors, totalizing 70 polymorphic loci. AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic diversities occurs within the the populations (96.49% in the fragments and 91.15% in the corridors). In the primary formations (F1 to F5) and in the corridors C1 and C2, the genotypes are randomly distributed. It was noted in C3 and C4 corridors, spatial genetic structure with positive and significant coancestry in the first distance class with Sp = 0.012 (P = 0.009) and 0.014 (P = 0.029), respectively.

Geonoma schottiana é uma palmeira de sub-bosque com alta densidade em florestas tropicais. A espécie se destaca pela assincronia na produção de frutos durante todas as estações, sendo uma importante fonte de alimento para animais frugívoros. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar a diversidade e a estrutura genética espacial de duas populações naturais, MC I e MC II, em que foram amostrados 60 indivíduos, na Reserva Biológica do Poço Bonito, em Lavras, Minas Gerais. Os resultados dos 10 locos isoenzimáticos polimórficos indicaram alta diversidade genética para a espécie (Ĥe = 0,428 e Ĥo = 0,570), com número médio de alelos por loco igual a 2,0. As estimativas dos coeficientes de coancestralidade de Cockerham indicaram ausência de endogamia dentro (<img border=0 width=26 height=25 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car02.jpg" > ou = -0,343) e também para o conjunto das populações (<img border=0 width=25 height=24 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car01.jpg" > ou = -0,161), sugerindo que, em média, as populações não são endogâmicas. Foi encontrada uma alta divergência genética entre populações (<img border=0 width=26 height=24 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car03.jpg"> = 13,5%), quando comparada com p a maioria das espécies tropicais (<5%). Consequentemente, o fluxo gênico histórico estimado foi baixo (<img border=0 width=27 height=25 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car04.jpg">m = 0,40). A análise da distribuição espacial dos genótipos de G. schottiana na MCI revelou que a distribuição dos genótipos é aleatória. Os altos índices de diversidade genética detectados sugerem que as populações estudadas são favoráveis à conservação genética in situ e, consequentemente, dos ambientes ciliares.

Geonoma schottiana is an underbrush palm which is found in high densities in tropical forests. This species is known for having an asynchronous fruit producing pattern, over all seasons of the year, thus being an important food source for frugivores. This work aims to determine the diversity and spatial genetic structure of two natural populations, referred to as MC I and MC II, of which 60 individuals were sampled, in Poço Bonito Biological Reserve, Lavras, Minas Gerais state. Results of 10 polymorphic isozyme loci indicated a high genetic diversity for the species (Ĥe= 0.428 and Ĥo = 0.570), with an mean number of alleles per locus of 2.0. Estimates of Cockerham's coancestry coefficients indicated an absence of intrapopulation (<img border=0 width=28 height=24 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car02.jpg" > or = -0.343) and interpopulation inbreeding (<img border=0 width=26 height=26 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car01.jpg" > or = -0.161), suggesting that on average populations are not endogamous. A high genetic divergence was found between populations (<img border=0 width=26 height=27 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car03.jpg"> = 13.5%), in comparison to most tropical species (<5%). Consequently, the estimated historical gene flow was low (<img border=0 width=26 height=27 src="../../../../../../img/revistas/cerne/v17n2/a06car04.jpg">m = 0.40). The analysis of spatial distribution of G. schottiana genotypes in MCI revealed a random distribution of genotypes. The high genetic diversity indices found suggest that the populations in question favor in situ genetic conservation, consequently favoring the conservation of riparian environments.

A fenologia e a biologia reprodutiva de Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl. foram avaliadas mediante observações quinzenais pelo período de um ano, em corredores de vegetação secundária em Lavras, sul de Minas Gerais. As análises da biologia floral compreenderam a viabilidade polínica, produção de néctar, receptividade estigmática, crescimento do tubo polínico, visitantes florais e taxas de visitas. As flores são pequenas (0,3-0,4 cm de diâmetro), de cor amarela clara, funcionalmente unissexuais e dispostas em densas inflorescências (média de 45 flores). P. spruceanum apresentou floração anual e massiva entre setembro e novembro. As flores estaminadas produzem alta porcentagem de pólen viável (90,6%) e quantidade de néctar (x = 4,5 μL). Flores pistiladas oferecem apenas néctar para os visitantes (x = 4,0 μL). Os polinizadores efetivos são Apis mellifera e Trigona sp. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Os tubos polínicos de flores de polinização cruzada foram observados na base do estilete e no ovário após 48 h da polinização. A frutificação ocorre entre outubro e março, com pico em novembro, coincidindo com o período de maior precipitação. São discutidas as implicações ecológicas dos resultados e os argumentos para explicar a alta diversidade genética da espécie na paisagem local.

We investigated the reproductive biology of Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engler in vegetation corridors of secondary Atlantic forest in Lavras, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The reproductive phenology was investigated fortnightly over a one year period. Floral biology studies involved pollen viability analysis, nectar production, stigmatic receptivity, pollen tube growth, visiting insect species and visit rates. The small, pale yellowish flowers (0.3-0.4 cm diameter) are functionally unisexual and organized in dense inflorescences (ca. 45 flowers). P. spruceanum presented annual flowering between September and November. Staminate flowers supplied a high percentage of viable pollen (90.6%) and relatively abundant nectar (x = 4.5 μL). Pistillate flowers produced only nectar to flower visitors (x = 4.0 μL). The effective pollinators were Apis mellifera and Trigona sp. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Pollen tubes of cross-pollinated flowers were observed entering the ovaries 48 h after pollination. The fruiting season is from October to March, with a peak in November, coinciding with the rainfall peak. Ecological implications of these findings, and alternative arguments to explain the high genetic diversity at regional landscape are discussed.

This is an exploratory study conducted in a general hospital in the greater Florianopolis in Santa Catarina State, Brazil using a qualitative/quantitative approach. The main objective is to describe the therapeutic route of patients seeking health assistance in an emergency hospital and their justifications for this choice, discussing it primarily from a socio-political and cultural point of view, without the intention to adhere to the theoretical philosophical aspects of these theories. The sample was composed of 35 subjects. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and medical charts. The data is presented in tables and using testimonials expressed by the subjects which were categorized by theme and discussed based on references that examine the issue. It was found that 82.6% of the subjects did not seek assistance at a Basic Health Unit and that the triage at the emergency hospital was performed by untrained staff. Assistance in emergency wards should be handled systematically and be focused on the user, reassessing and integrating the assistance practices and the work process.

Se trata de un estudio exploratorio que utiliza el abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo, realizado en una urgencia de un hospital general en la cercanía de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. El objetivo fue describir el itinerario terapéutico de los usuarios que buscan asistencia en salud en una urgencia hospitalar y las justificativas de esta opción, discutiéndolas de manera preliminar en sus aspectos socio-políticos y culturales, sin tener la pretensión de atenerse en sustentaciones teórico filosóficas de este aspecto. La muestra fue constituida de 35 usuarios. Para la colecta de los datos, se utilizó la entrevista semi-estructurada, la observación participante y los datos de la ficha de atendimento de la unidad de urgencia. Los datos fueron presentados en tablas y en forma de hablas expresas por los participantes y agrupados por semejanza de contenido y discutidos por medio de referencias que analizan la temática. Se constató que el 82,6% de los usuarios no buscaron asistencia en las Unidades Básicas de Salud. El acogimiento y triaje eran realizados por profesionales no capacitados que actúan en la recepción de la urgencia. La asistencia en los servicios de urgencia deberá ser de carácter sistémico y tener como foco el usuario, redefiniendo y integrando las prácticas asistenciales y el proceso de trabajo.

This is an exploratory study conducted in a general hospital in the greater Florianopolis in Santa Catarina State, Brazil using a qualitative/quantitative approach. The main objective is to describe the therapeutic route of patients seeking health assistance in an emergency hospital and their justifications for this choice, discussing it primarily from a socio-political and cultural point of view, without the intention to adhere to the theoretical philosophical aspects of these theories. The sample was composed of 35 subjects. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and medical charts. The data is presented in tables and using testimonials expressed by the subjects which were categorized by theme and discussed based on references that examine the issue. It was found that 82.6% of the subjects did not seek assistance at a Basic Health Unit and that the triage at the emergency hospital was performed by untrained staff. Assistance in emergency wards should be handled systematically and be focused on the user, reassessing and integrating the assistance practices and the work process.

Se trata de un estudio exploratorio que utiliza el abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo, realizado en una urgencia de un hospital general en la cercanía de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. El objetivo fue describir el itinerario terapéutico de los usuarios que buscan asistencia en salud en una urgencia hospitalar y las justificativas de esta opción, discutiéndolas de manera preliminar en sus aspectos socio-políticos y culturales, sin tener la pretensión de atenerse en sustentaciones teórico filosóficas de este aspecto. La muestra fue constituida de 35 usuarios. Para la colecta de los datos, se utilizó la entrevista semi-estructurada, la observación participante y los datos de la ficha de atendimento de la unidad de urgencia. Los datos fueron presentados en tablas y en forma de hablas expresas por los participantes y agrupados por semejanza de contenido y discutidos por medio de referencias que analizan la temática. Se constató que el 82,6% de los usuarios no buscaron asistencia en las Unidades Básicas de Salud. El acogimiento y triaje eran realizados por profesionales no capacitados que actúan en la recepción de la urgencia. La asistencia en los servicios de urgencia deberá ser de carácter sistémico y tener como foco el usuario, redefiniendo y integrando las prácticas asistenciales y el proceso de trabajo.

O conhecimento e o entendimento da estruturação genética intrapopulacional são importantes para o manejo e conservação dos recursos genéticos florestais, bem como para avaliar os impactos da exploração e fragmentação e estabelecer estratégias de amostragem em populações naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a estrutura genética espacial (EGE) dentro das populações de Dimorphandra mollis Benth., visando gerar informações para a conservação genética in situ das populações naturais da espécie. Dez locos aloenzimáticos foram utilizados para estimar as frequências de 20 alelos referentes a 180 indivíduos, distribuídos em três populações naturais (Campina Verde, Pau de Fruta e Vargem da Cruz) no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A diversidade genética média (Ĥe) para a espécie foi de 0,463, considerada alta e todos os locos foram polimórficos, com média de 2,0 alelos por loco. Os genótipos de D. mollis nas populações Vargem da Cruz e Pau de Fruta encontram-se distribuídos espacialmente de maneira aleatória (b log = -0,007, P = 0,171; b log = -0,004, P = 0,772, respectivamente). Por outro lado, os indivíduos da população Campina Verde apresentaram EGE positiva na menor classe de distância (F(300,m) = 0,05, P < 0,001), indicando agrupamentos de indivíduos aparentados. A EGE significativa nessa população foi confirmada pela estatística Sp, com valor de 0,047 (P < 0,001). Fatores como a dispersão de pólen e sementes restritas e o histórico de perturbação antrópica dessa população podem ter contribuído para esse padrão de estrutura familiar dos genótipos. Os níveis de estruturação genética detectados nas populações estudadas devem ser considerados para estratégias mais eficientes de amostragem visando à conservação genética in situ.

The knowledge and understanding about the spatial genetic structure are important for management and conservation of forest resources, as well as to evaluate the impacts of exploitation and fragmentation and establish the strategies of sampling in natural populations. We analyzed the spatial genetic structure (SGS) in natural populations of Dimorphandra mollis Benth. to gather information about in situ genetic conservation. A total of ten allozyme polymorphic loci were used to estimate the frequency of 20 alleles in 180 individuals in three natural populations (Vargem da Cruz, Campina Verde and Pau de Fruta) in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The results revealed high genetic diversity in these populations, showing an average number of alleles per locus (Â) of 2.0. All loci were polymorphic and the average genetic diversity (Ĥe) was 0.463. The genotypes of D. mollis in Vargem Grande and Pau de Fruta populations exhibit weak SGS with a close-to-random spatial distribution of genotypes (b log = -0.007, P = 0.171; b log = -0.004, P = 0.772, respectively). On the other hand, the genotypes of the Campina Verde population exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation indicating that groups of individuals are highly related (F(300,m) = 0.05, P < 0.001). The SGS was confirmed by Sp statistics (Sp = 0.047, P < 0.001). This could be due to restricted pollen and seed dispersal and the anthropic pertubation history of this area; these factors are likely to contribute to the familiar structure observed among these genotypes. The genetic structure in these populations needs to be taken into account when sampling from these sites to ensure that in situ conservation strategies will be more effective.