Abstract Overlay welding with stainless steels has gained attention in several sectors of industry by increasing the mechanical and electrochemical properties of surfaces, in order to obtain them using lower cost substrates. However, the control of welding parameters can become complex due to the multiple control variables, being of interest to obtain deposits with greater productivity. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of the heat input on weld overlays of austenitic stainless steel 316L-Si obtained by the GMAW process, to determine the best welding conditions. For this, a Design of Experiments was implemented to analyze the response variables, which include heat input, reinforcement, width, dilution and hardness of the weld metal. The models were considered significant, presenting R2>0.9 for all responses, based on a 95% confidence limit. Surface graphs indicated influence of welding speed or/and voltage for all responses, in addition to the results demonstrating optimal parameters for overlays such as high ratio between reinforcement and width (0.631), and low dilution values (8.81%). The microstructural analysis indicated the presence of residual γ-austenite and δ-ferrite in all samples, and also the formation of peninsulas and islands, added to defects such as voids, for some weld deposits.

RESUMO Neste trabalho utilizou-se uma liga hipereutética Al-40wt%Cu para verificar a influência das variáveis de entrada taxa de resfriamento (°C/min) e superaquecimento (°C), na variável de saída microdureza (HV). As amostras foram vazadas em cadinhos de cerâmica e de cobre e um termopar acoplado à um sistema de aquisição de dados mediu as taxas de resfriamento que foram 20°C/min e 24°C/min, respectivamente. Avaliou-se a influência dessas taxas de resfriamento e do superaquecimento de 100°C e 200°C acima da temperatura de fusão da liga na microdureza. As medições de dureza Vickers foram realizadas na seção transversal da amostra com área de 0,8 cm2. As amostras foram caracterizadas microscopicamente para avaliar a formação microestrutural. O potencial das variáveis envolvidas no estudo foi avaliado por um planejamento fatorial completo 22. Os resultados do planejamento fatorial indicaram que as amostras solidificadas usando o superaquecimento de 200°C acima da temperatura de fusão e resfriadas a uma taxa de 24°C/min obteve maiores valores de microdureza. As ligas superaquecidas em maiores temperaturas apresentaram microestruturas mais refinadas com grãos alongados, direções de crescimento desordenadas e espaçamento dendrítico curto, provocando uma transição na microestrutura colunar para equiaxial.

ABSTRACT In this work a hypereutectic Al-40wt%Cu alloy was used to verify the influence of the input variables cooling rate (°C/min) and superheating (°C), on the output variable microhardness (HV). The samples were poured in ceramic and copper crucible and a thermocouple coupled to a data acquisition system measured the cooling rates that were 20°C/min and 24°C/min, respectively. The influence of these cooling rates and overheating of 100°C and 200°C above the melting temperature of the alloy on microhardness was evaluated. Vickers hardness measurements were performed on the sample cross section with an area of 0.8 cm2. The samples were characterized microscopically to evaluate the microstructural formation. The potential of the variables involved in the study was evaluated by a 22 full factorial design. The results of the factorial design indicated that the samples solidified using overheating to 200°C above the melting temperature and cooled at a rate of 24°C/min obtained higher microhardness values. The alloys superheated to higher temperatures showed more refined microstructures with elongated grains, disordered growth directions and short dendritic spacing, causing a transition in columnar to equiaxial microstructure.

Abstract High transformation temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMA) usually present a martensitic transformation temperature (Ms) starting at 100 ºC. That is the case of high nickel Ni-Ti-Hf alloys. This article presents experimental results obtained from arc melting of Ni50Ti50-XHfX .at% (X = 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20 .at%) alloys. This process homogenized every composition with similar relative crystallinity. Results confirm that transformation temperatures (TT) increase with increasing the amount of Hf. A martensitic matrix is formed by two metastable phases: R and B19'. From all the alloys studied, the B19' phase presented the highest percent fraction. Gradually adding Hf3 .at% promoted a slow increase of crystalline fraction of R phase and a slow reduction of phase (Ti, Hf)2 Ni, located at grain boundaries. Coherent/semi-coherent interface between (Ti, Hf)2 Ni phase and the matrix may intensify the driving force for the formation of R phase, present on X-ray diffractograms.

To obtain high temperature shape memory alloys of the lower cost Ni-Ti-X system, elements such as Hf and Zr are introduced to modify the thermal and mechanical properties of these alloys. This work studied the production and characterization of Ti50 Ni50-x Zrx alloys (x = 0, 5, 10 at.%) with the aim of improving their thermal, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. In the resulting alloys, transformation of phase B2 into phase B19' occurred in a single stage. The addition of zirconium led to an increase of transformation temperatures, as well as the appearance of second phase particles in the grain boundaries of the matrix. The increase in zirconium percentage favored the increase of corrosion resistance from 520.23KΩ to 1007.30KΩ and of microhardness from 346HV to 543HV for the N0 and N10 alloys, respectively.

RESUMO Um grande desafio no projeto de microssistemas é a implementação de princípios eficientes de atuação miniaturizados em microescala. Ligas com efeito memória de forma (EMF) têm sido consideradas como uma solução potencial para este problema, uma vez que estes materiais oferecem propriedades atraentes como grande deformação e capacidade para ser processada em microescala. Ligas com composição Ni-44, 8wt% Ti e Ni-45, 3wt% Ti foram produzidas usando o método melt spinning em atmosfera argônio. Fitas obtidas neste processo mostraram tamanho médio de grãos martensíticos entre 5 e 30 µm, dependendo do tipo de liga e da velocidade linear da roda do melting spinning. As temperaturas de início de transformação martensítica (MS) assim como o tamanho de grãos foram reduzidos com o aumento de velocidade linear da roda e da quantidade de titânio.

ABSTRACT One important challenge of microsystems design is the implementation of efficient principles of miniaturized actuation at the micro-scale. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have early been considered as a potential solution to this problem as these materials offer attractive properties like a high-power to weight ratio, large deformation and the capability to be micro-scale processed. Alloys of composition Ni-44,8wt%Ti and Ni-45,3wt%Ti were produced using the melt spinning method in air atmosphere. Ribbons obtained in this process showed martensitic grain size between 5 and 30 µm, depending on the alloy composition and the linear velocity of the wheel.

Ti‒50.13Ni and Ti‒49.62Ni (at.%) shape memory alloy ribbons were fabricated by melt-spinning method at different circumferential wheel velocities. The effects of wheel velocity, chemical composition and heat treatments on microstructure and Transformation temperature were investigated. Differences in wheel velocity led to differences in cooling rate and sample dimension, as well as in phase transformation temperatures. Two heat treatment conditions were studied, 350°C for 1h and 350°C for 5h. In the samples produced at high wheel velocity and heat-treated at 350°C for 5h, nanosized Ti-rich precipitates were observed in both chemical compositions. Cross-sectional microstructure was studied by optical microscopy; SEM was used to study the nanometric grains and nano precipitation. The transformation temperatures were analyzed by DSC.

In this paper are presented theoretical analysis and experimental results concerning the performance of toroidal cores used in current transformers. For most problems concerning transformers design, analytical methods are useful, but numerical methods provide a better understanding of the transformers electromagnetic behaviour. Numerical field solutions may be used to determine the electrical equivalent circuit parameters of toroidal core current transformers. Since the exciting current of current transformers alters the ratio and phase angle of primary and secondary currents, it is made as small as possible though the use of high permeability and low loss magnetic material in the construction of the core. According to experimental results presented in this work, in comparison with others soft magnetic materials, nanocrystalline alloys appear as the best material to be used in toroidal core for current transformers.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os melhores parâmetros para brasagem de juntas cerâmicas de Al2O3 pré-metalizadas com Ti por processo a plasma utilizando fitas amorfas de ligas Cu49Ag45Cx e como metal de adição. As ligas foram preparadas em forno a arco, e, posteriormente processadas por melt-spinning, variando conteúdo Ce de 4-6. %. A brasagem foi realizada em forno à vácuo e as seguintes variáveis analisadas: tempo de deposição do filme de Ti e temperatura e tempo de brasagem , que foram relacionados com a resistência à flexão em 3 pontos da junta brazada. A equação de regressão linear foi obtida, e verificou-se a interação entre estes fatores. As superfícies cerâmicas metalizadas apresentaram excelente uniformidade e as juntas brasadas muito boa adesão atingindo valores de resistência à flexão de até 176,8 MPa.

This work had as objective to establish de best brazing parameter to joint Al2O3 pre-metalized with Ti by plasma process using amorphous ribbons of Cu49g45Ce x alloys as filler metals. The alloys were prepared in arc furnace and processed by melt-spinning process varying the Ce percentiles from 4 to 6. % . The brazing was accomplished in vacuum furnace and the following variables analyzed: deposition time of Ti film, brazing temperature and brazing times which were related to the brazed joint 3-point bending resistance. The interaction between those factors was obtained by linear regression equation. The metalized ceramic surfaces presented an good uniformity and the joint a very good adhesion reaching bending resistance up to 176,8 MPa.

Thin films of titanium were deposited onto Al2O3 substrate by hollow cathode discharge method for the formation of a ceramic-ceramic joint using indirect brazing method. An advantage of using this technique is that a relatively small amount of titanium is required for the metallization of the ceramic surface when compared with other conventional methods. Rapidly solidified brazing filler of Cu49Ag45Ce6 in the form of ribbons was used. The thickness of deposited titanium layer and the brazing temperature/time were varied. The quality of the brazed joint was evaluated through the three point bending flexural tests. The brazed joints presented high flexural resistance values up to 176 MPa showing the efficiency of the technique.

Based on electrical and magnetic properties, such as saturation magnetization, initial permeability, and coercivity, in this work are presented some considerations about the possibilities of applications of nanocrystalline alloys in toroidal cores for current transformers. It is discussed how the magnetic characteristics of the core material affect the performance of the current transformer. From the magnetic characterization and the computational simulations, using the finite element method (FEM), it has been verified that, at the typical CT operation value of flux density, the nanocrystalline alloys properties reinforce the hypothesis that the use of these materials in measurement CT cores can reduce the ratio and phase errors and can also improve its accuracy class.

Melt undercooling opens new solidification pathways for non-equilibrium phases and non-conventional microstructures. Several techniques, including the fluxing technique, have been developed in order to reduce nucleation sites and to produce high undercoolings for metals and alloys. In this work the fluxing technique was applied to Pb-25wt%Sn (hypoeutectic), Pb-61.9wt%Sn (eutectic) and Pb-90wt%Sn (hypereutectic) alloys to investigate the influence of the undercooling on the microstructure of these alloys. For the hypoeutectic alloy, an increasing of the undercooling (deltaTe) from 7 to 13 K resulted in interdendritic eutectic refinement. For the hypereutectic alloy, an increasing of undercooling from 8 to 16 K resulted in a reduction of the beta-Sn primary dendrites arm spacing from 50 m to 30 m. For the both hypoeutectic and eutectic alloys, an increasing of the undercooling resulted in an interdendritic eutectic with anomalous morphology. The results indicated that the critical eutectic undercooling, deltaTe*, that causes a transition from lamellar eutectic to anomalous eutectic in the Pb-Sn alloys, is around 6 K.