ABSTRACT The diversity of endophytic fungi in healthy coconut palm leaves (Cocos nucifera) was assessed by analyzing fungal isolates from three coconut cultivars (yellow dwarf, green dwarf, and a hybrid cultivar PB121) used agriculturally in Brazil. The influence of season (rainy or dry) on the endophytic fungal community was also analyzed. Overall, 318 fungal isolates were obtained from 972 coconut leaf fragments. The rDNA ITS region was sequenced from representative species of the isolated endophytic fungi and the most common species identified were Nigrospora oryzae, Pestalotiopsis sp., and Zasmidium musae. The alpha diversity of the endophytic fungi was also calculated. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant seasonal effects on the composition of the endophyte community. However, practically no influence was observed on the fungal communities for the different cultivars of coconut.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as condições dental e periodontal e sintomas bucais em pacientes com com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal, com amostra de 74 indivíduos. Foi realizada anamnese e registrados dados sobre sintomas bucais de xerostomia, ardor bucal e disgeusia. Foram aplicados os índices: CPO-D (dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados), CPI (índice periodontal comunitário), IHO-S (índice de higiene oral simplificado) e ISG (índice de sangramento gengival). Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados e foram aplicados testes Teste Exato de Fischer e ANOVA, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: Em 64,9% os indivíduos eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 50,7±14,8 anos. Os sintomas bucais ocorreram em 82,4% dos indivíduos, sendo 44,6% xerostomia e 31,1% disgeusias. O CPO-D médio foi 20,4±8,6; o ISG foi baixo em 78,4% e o IHO-S foi satisfatório em 73%; no CPI, cálculo dentário ocorreu em 61% sendo mais prevalente, bolsa periodontal ocorreu em 32,8% dos casos e gengivite em 3,1%. Conclusão: Indivíduo com com doença renal crônica pode apresentar elevada quantidade de cálculo dental, mesmo quando há baixa quantidade de biofilme dental. A ocorrência de sintomas bucais é um achado comum na doença renal crônica.

ABSTRACT Objective: Chronic kidney disease is characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. The impact of this disease on oral health also presents controversial results. The aim of the study was to determine oral health conditions and oral symptoms of patients with Chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: A cross-sectional study on a population with chronic renal failure was performed. Anamnesis and oral examination, decayed, miss and filled teeth (DMFT) index, community periodontal index, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and gingival index were conducted. Data were processed using SPSS v.s. 20.0 using descriptive statistics and Fischer’s exact test and ANOVA test (p<0.05). Results: 64.9% of all the individuals were male. The mean age was 50.7±14.8 years. 82.4% had symptoms oral while 44.6% had xerostomia and 31.1% dysgeusia. The mean DMFT was 20.49+8.68, the GI was low in 78.4% and the OHI-S was satisfactory in 73%; according to the community periodontal index, the presence of dental calculus occurred in 52.7%, periodontal pockets 41.9% and gingivitis 2.7%. There was a statistically significant association between xerostomia (p=0.017) and number of drugs consumed and between dysgeusia and OHI-S (p=0.011). Conclusion: The results suggest that oral symptoms such as dry mouth and dysgeusia, are common in Chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Dental calculus and periodontal disease in Chronic kidney disease may be severe even if low amount of biofilm is present. It is important that dentists know the most prevalent oral symptoms in the patient with Chronic kidney disease, as well as knowing that the periodontal condition of this patient should be carefully supervised.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in China against a wide range of diseases such as cancer and also for its prevention. In this work, commercial Chinese strains G. lucidum were compared to wild Brazilian strains aiming to determine the cultivation potential through the use of Jun-Cao. Six formulations were tested and the strains presented good response to the applied method. In general, the mixture between the grass and wood was well suited for the basidiomycetes, contributing to the preparation of substrates that generated better results in Jun Cao.

We analyzed specimens identified as Amanita muscaria, some recently collected and others already deposited in herbaria, in Brazil. We concluded that two subspecies of A. muscaria occur in Brazil: A. muscaria var. muscaria; and A.muscaria var. flavivolvata. The first taxon was found in association with Castanea sativa, and the second (one specimen only) was found in association with Pinus and Eucalyptus spp. Morphologically, A. muscaria var. flavivolvata is distinguished by a shallower subhymenium and by basidiospores that are more elongated than are those of A. muscaria var. muscaria, which is the more widely known subspecies. We present descriptions, discussions, illustrations and a dichotomous key for these two subspecies.

With the aim of increasing the knowledge about endophytic fungi, a group of microorganisms with high biotechnological potential and a valuable source of useful metabolites, a survey in leaves of mangrove plants (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle) was performed at the Itamaracá Island, PE, Brazil. Leaves were collected, during two seasons, dry and rainy, superficially sterilized and fragments maintained in Petri dishes with Potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28º ± 2º C until isolation of the fungi. Fourty taxa were isolated: 25 species representing 19 genera and 15 morphotypes determined as Mycelia sterilia. Leaves of L. racemosa hosted the highest number of colony forming units (CFU) and taxa. Guignardia sp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were the most frequently isolated, while Glomerella cingulata was the only species found in association with the three host plants. The proportional importance of each fungus differed among hosts. The similarity of fungi species between the two seasons reached only 4.2%, and that between the hosts was also low, with the maximum (A. schaueriana x L. racemosa) reaching 24.2%. Sphaerosporium, as well as Chloridium virescens var. virescens, Microsphaeropsis arundinis, Penicillium pinophilum, Periconia cambrensis, Phoma herbarum, P. diachenii, P. obscurans, Sordaria prolifica and Torula elisii are reported for the first time as endophytic in tropical regions.

Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se descrever e ilustrar as características morfológicas do fruto, semente, plântula e planta jovem e germinação da espécie Inga ingoides (Rich) Willd. Utilizaram-se 100 frutos para a descrição morfológica externa, no qual observou-se: tipo, forma, comprimento, superfície, cor, deiscência, tipo de pericarpo e número de sementes por frutos. Para o estudo das características morfológicas das sementes, foram utilizadas 100 amostras, observando: forma, comprimento, superfície da testa, cor e tipo de cotilédones, posição e descrição do embrião (tipo, forma do eixo hipocotiledonar). A descrição das características morfológicas da fase de germinação foi realizada em ambiente controlado (condições de laboratório) a uma temperatura ambiente de 28ºC e 70% umidade relativa do ar, quando acompanhou-se até o surgimento dos primeiros metáfilos, com posterior descarte. A fase de planta jovem foi analisada durante um período de 28 dias em condições de casa de vegetação, observando-se as seguintes características: tipo de emergência, tipo de raiz, hipocótilo, cotilédones, epicótilo e tipo de metáfilo. Diante dos resultados, constatou-se que os frutos de Inga ingoides (Rich) Willd. são do tipo legume, subtipo legume nucóide, apresentando de 4 à 18 sementes. As sementes possuem forma obvada, variando para oblonga com presença de sarcotesta, com germinação do tipo semi-hipógea. Nas plântulas e plantas jovens observou-se a presença de metáfilos bifoliolados, com pecíolo alado, textura coriácea, coloração verde-escura na face superior (adaxial) e verde-clara na inferior (abaxial) com estípulas.

The aim of this research was to describe and illustrate the morphological characters of the fruits, seeds, seedling, sapling and phase of germination of Inga ingoides (Rich) Willd. For the description of the external morphological aspect 100 fruits were used and the following measurements were observed: type, shape, length, surface, color, dehiscence, pericarp type and number of seeds per fruit. The study of the morphological characteristics of the seeds used 100 seeds in order to observe the: shape, length, surface of the testa, color and cotyledons type, position and the embryo description (type and the form of the hypocotyls axis). The analysis of the morphological characterization of the germination phase was performed in a controlled environment (laboratory conditions),280 C ambient temperature and relative humidity of 70%, that was followed until the appearance of the first metaphylls, after that it was discarded. The sapling phase it was observed during a period of 28 days in ideal greenhouse conditions and the following measurements were observed: emergency type,root type, hypocotyls type, cotyledons, epicotyls and metaphylls type.Considering the results, were observed that the fruits of Inga ingoides (Rich) Willd, are a legume type, nucoide legume subtype presenting 4 to 18 seeds. The shape of the seeds varies between obvate to oblong with the presence of sarcotesta and semihypogeal germination. The seedling and sapling presents compounds methaphylls with winged petiole, coriaceous texture, dark green upper surface (adaxial) , light green lower surface (abaxial) with stipule.

Diante do impacto negativo que a ansiedade exerce sobre o atendimento odontológico, buscou-se conhecer sua prevalência e seus fatores predictores frente esse tratamento em brasileiros. Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, utilizando-se a escala de ansiedade de Corah para avaliar 3000 pacientes. Os resultados demonstram que 2 em cada 8 brasileiros avaliados apresentaram moderada ou severa ansiedade frente ao atendimento odontológico, verificando-se que a probabilidade de um paciente da população da qual a amostra foi extraída apresentar ansiedade é mais elevada se: for mulher (p = 0,007), da faixa etária superior a 20 anos (p = 0,006), se não possuir acesso a internet e/ou jornais (p = 0,016), se tiver baixa frequência de higiene oral (p = 0,001), se a visita dental for motivada por busca de tratamento curativo, por dor ou outro problema, ao invés de um check-up (p = 0,047), e experiência de odontalgia (p<0,001). O medo e a ansiedade a fatores odontológicos existem de fato na população brasileira e as conclusões do estudo sugerem que, além da falta de recursos econômicos, o descaso com a saúde bucal, o gênero e a idade podem aumentar o grau de ansiedade.

Considering the negative impact anxiety can exert over dental treatment, the scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of predictors of anxiety regarding dental treatment among Brazilians. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Corah dental anxiety scale to assess the degree of anxiety regarding dental treatment among 3000 patients. The results reveal that two out of every eight Brazilian patients manifest moderate to severe anxiety regarding dental treatment. In this sample, the degree of anxiety was higher among females (p=0.007), over 20 years of age (p=0.006), without access to the Internet and/or newspapers (p=0.016), with a low frequency of oral hygiene (p=0.001), for whom the reason for the dental appointment was curative treatment, pain or another problem rather than a check up (p=0.047) and those suffering from toothache (p<0.001). Fear and anxiety regarding dental treatment indeed exist in the Brazilian population and the findings of this study suggest that, besides the lack of economic resources, negligence with respect to oral health, gender and age may increase the degree of anxiety.

Diante do impacto negativo que a ansiedade exerce sobre o atendimento odontológico, buscou-se conhecer sua prevalência e seus fatores predictores frente esse tratamento em brasileiros. Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, utilizando-se a escala de ansiedade de Corah para avaliar 3000 pacientes. Os resultados demonstram que 2 em cada 8 brasileiros avaliados apresentaram moderada ou severa ansiedade frente ao atendimento odontológico, verificando-se que a probabilidade de um paciente da população da qual a amostra foi extraída apresentar ansiedade é mais elevada se: for mulher (p = 0,007), da faixa etária superior a 20 anos (p = 0,006), se não possuir acesso a internet e/ou jornais (p = 0,016), se tiver baixa frequência de higiene oral (p = 0,001), se a visita dental for motivada por busca de tratamento curativo, por dor ou outro problema, ao invés de um check-up (p = 0,047), e experiência de odontalgia (p<0,001). O medo e a ansiedade a fatores odontológicos existem de fato na população brasileira e as conclusões do estudo sugerem que, além da falta de recursos econômicos, o descaso com a saúde bucal, o gênero e a idade podem aumentar o grau de ansiedade.

Considering the negative impact anxiety can exert over dental treatment, the scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of predictors of anxiety regarding dental treatment among Brazilians. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Corah dental anxiety scale to assess the degree of anxiety regarding dental treatment among 3000 patients. The results reveal that two out of every eight Brazilian patients manifest moderate to severe anxiety regarding dental treatment. In this sample, the degree of anxiety was higher among females (p=0.007), over 20 years of age (p=0.006), without access to the Internet and/or newspapers (p=0.016), with a low frequency of oral hygiene (p=0.001), for whom the reason for the dental appointment was curative treatment, pain or another problem rather than a check up (p=0.047) and those suffering from toothache (p<0.001). Fear and anxiety regarding dental treatment indeed exist in the Brazilian population and the findings of this study suggest that, besides the lack of economic resources, negligence with respect to oral health, gender and age may increase the degree of anxiety.

Considerando que pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de fungos solubilizadores de fosfato de áreas cultivadas com melão, foi avaliada a habilidade de solubilização desse nutriente por fungos filamentosos isolados dessas áreas. Foram avaliadas 318 amostras de fungos filamentosos pertencentes a 23 gêneros, além de Aphyllophorales e Mycelia sterilia. Dessas amostras, 52 apresentaram habilidade para solubilizar o fosfato: Aphyllophorales (2), Aspergillus (34), Penicillium (10) e Rhizopus (6). Esses resultados contribuem para subsidiar pesquisas que testem a capacidade desses fungos em solubilizar outras fontes fosfatadas aplicadas na cultura do melão, assim como indicam a necessidade de selecionar isolados com maior capacidade e potencial para solubilização.

Considering that little is known about the occurrence of phosphate-solubilizing fungi from areas cultivated with melon, the phosphate solubilization ability of filamentous fungi isolated in these areas was evaluated. Three hundred and eighteen filamentous fungal isolates belonging to 23 genera were evaluated, besides Aphyllophorales and Mycelia sterilia. From those, 52 were able to solubilize P: Aphyllophorales (2), Aspergillus (34), Penicillium (10) and Rhizopus (6). These results will contribute to subsidizing further research regarding the capacity of these fungi to solubilize other sources of phosphate applied to the melon crop, as well as indicate the need for a screening program to select those with higher capacity and potential for solubilization.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos isolar, identificar fungos filamentosos do solo e da água da praia de Candeias, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brasil. Quatro amostras de solo e água foram coletadas em três pontos aleatórios ao longo da praia, durante os períodos chuvoso e de estiagem, durante a baixa-mar do dia. De cada amostra de solo, foi preparada uma suspensão com 50 g de solo diluído em 90 mL de água destilada esterilizada e ao final, 1 mL foi semeado em placas de Petri contendo Ágar Sabouraud acrescido de cloranfenicol. Da água, 0,5 ml foi semeado em placas de Petri, em triplicatas. Foram identificas 57 espécies correspondentes a 19 gêneros. Aspergillus e Penicillium foram os gêneros mais abundantes. Penicillium diversum e Varicosporium elodeae são novos registros para América Latina e nordeste brasileiro, repectivamente.

The main purpose of this study was the isolation and identification of the filamentous mycobiota present on soil and water samples from Candeias Beach, Pernambuco, Brazil. Sampling of soil and water was carried out four times at three randomly chosen spots along the beach, during the rainy and dry seasons, during the low tide. From each soil sample, a suspension was prepared with 50 g of soil diluted in 90 mL of sterilized distilled water and 1mL was spread in Petri dishes with Sabouraud Agar with Chloramphenicol. Out of each water sample 0,5mL was taken and put in sowed triplicate Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar. A total of 57 species of filamentous fungi are reported, comprising of 19 genera. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most abundant and diverse genera. Penicillium diversum and Varicosporium elodeae are the first to be recorded in Latin America and Brazilian northeast, respectively.

Thirty-eight taxa of Zygomycetes distributed in 15 genera were recorded from tapir (Tapirus terrestris), camel (Camelus bactrianus), horse (Equus caballus), deer (Cervus elaphus), agouti (Dasyprocta aguti), donkey (Equus asinus), llama (Llama glama) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) dung collected at the Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos located in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. The samples were collected on a monthly basis from June 2005 to May 2006, taken to the laboratory and incubated in moist chambers. Higher number of taxa was observed in the excrements of tapir, followed by deer and donkey. The highest number of species was detected for Mucor, followed by Pilobolus. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in richness of Zygomycetes taxa between the herbivore dung types. Differences of species composition, however, were weak. Seasonality influenced the Zygomycetes species composition but not its richness. Variations in taxa composition between ruminants and non-ruminants dung were non significant.

Foram coletadas amostras de solo rizosférico em uma área semiárida, na região do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil, com o objetivo de conhecer a diversidade dos fungos filamentosos presentes em solo cultivado com melão (Cucumis melo cv. Gold Mine) e adubado com diferentes compostos orgânicos: Tratamento 1 (controle, sem adição de compostos orgânicos); T2 (77% de bagaço de côco, 20% de esterco de caprino e 3% de K2SO4); T3 (10% de torta de mamona, 50% de capim elefante e 40% de esterco de caprino); T4 (77% de bagaço de côco, 20% de esterco de caprino e 3% de termofosfato); T5 (47% de capim elefante, 50% de esterco de caprino e 3% K2SO4); e T6 (57% de capim elefante, 40% de esterco de caprino e 3% de termofosfato). O isolamento dos fungos foi realizado por meio da técnica de diluição em série até 1:1000. Foi aplicado o índice de similaridade de Sorensen, e avaliadas a freqüência e a distribuição dos fungos no solo. Setenta e oito espécies foram isoladas e identificadas, além de representantes de Basidiomycota (04) e Mycelia sterilia (02). Os gêneros predominantes foram Aspergillus e Penicillium, com 15 e 13 espécies, respectivamente. Maior número de espécies foi constatado no período de fundação (49), e em relação à adubação orgânica, o tratamento 6 apresentou a maior diversidade (43 espécies). A maioria das espécies encontradas é sapróbia e somente algumas são consideradas potenciais patógenos à cultura do meloeiro, como Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani e Myrothecium roridum.

Rhizosphere soil samples were collected in a semiarid area, in the region of the São Francisco River valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil, to study the diversity of filamentous fungi in a soil cultivated with melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Gold Mine) and receiving different organic amendments: Treatment 1 (control, without organic compost); T2 (77% coconut fiber, 20% goat manure and 3% K2SO4); T3 (10% Ricinus communis leaves and stems, 50% Pennisetum purpureum leaves and 40% goat manure); T4 (77% coconut fiber, 20% goat manure and 3% termophosphate); T5 (47% Pennisetum purpureum leaves, 50% goat manure and 3% K2SO4); and T6 (57% Pennisetum purpureum leaves, 40% goat manure and 3% termophosphate). Fungal isolation was carried out by the serial dilution technique to 1:1000. The Sorensen index of similarity, frequency and distribution of the fungi were evaluated. Seventy-eight species of filamentous fungi were isolated and identified, plus several Basidiomycota (04) and Mycelia sterilia (02). The predominant genera were Aspergillus and Penicillium, with 15 and 13 species, respectively. A greater number of species was found in the sowing period (49), and in relation to the organic fertilization, treatment 6 provided the greatest species diversity (43 species). Most of the species are saprobes and only a few are considered to be potential pathogens on melon plants, such as Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Myrothecium roridum.

O levantamento de Agaricaceae em áreas de Mata Atlântica na região metropolitana de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, revelou a ocorrência de nove espécies: Agaricus aff. parasilvaticus Heinem., A. purpurellus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller, A. rufoaurantiacus Heinem., Leucoagaricus sulphurellus (Pegler) B.P. Akers, Leucocoprinus cretaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Locq., L. fragilissimus (Ravenel) Pat., Lepiota elaiophylla Vellinga & Huijser, L. erythrosticta (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. e Micropsalliota brunneosperma (Singer) Pegler. Chave para identificação dessas espécies, descrições, ilustrações e comentários são apresentadas. Micropsalliota brunneosperma constitui nova referência para o Brasil.

The survey of Agaricaceae in areas of the Atlantic Forest in the metropolitan region of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, revealed the presence of nine species: Agaricus aff. parasilvaticus Heinem., A. purpurellus (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller, A. rufoaurantiacus Heinem., Leucoagaricus sulphurellus (Pegler) B.P. Akers, Leucocoprinus cretaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Locq., L. fragilissimus (Ravenel) Pat., Lepiota elaiophylla Vellinga & Huijser, L. erythrosticta (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. and Micropsalliota brunneosperma (Singer) Pegler. A key for identification of these species, descriptions, drawings and remarks are provided. Micropsalliota brunneosperma is reported for the first time for Brazil.

A farinha da casca de maracujá é rica em uma fibra solúvel chamada pectina. Para avaliar o efeito dessa farinha na redução do colesterol foi realizado um estudo clínico piloto com dezenove mulheres, com idade entre 30 e 60 anos e apresentando hipercolesterolemia (colesterol > 200 mg/dL). Elas foram tratadas diariamente com 30 g da farinha da casca de maracujá por 60 dias. Após esse tempo foi observada uma redução estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05) nos níveis colesterol total (p = 0,00000) e colesterol LDL (p = 0,01193). Os resultados sugerem que a farinha da casca de maracujá seja utilizada na alimentação humana, juntamente com os alimentos, ou como matéria prima na produção de outros produtos, com o objetivo de reduzir o colesterol.

The flour of the passion fruit peel is rich in a soluble fiber called pectin. In order to evaluate the effect of this flour on cholesterol reduction, a pilot clinical study, was carried out with nineteen women, aged between 30 and 60 years, all of whom presented high cholesterol level (cholesterol > 200 mg/dL). The treatment consisted of daily doses of 30 g of the flour during 60 days. At the end of the 60 days it was observed a statistical reduction (p < 0.05) of the total cholesterol (p = 0,00000) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0,01193) levels. The results suggested that the passion fruit peel flour, rich in pectin, can be used in human diet, with a large variety of foods, or as a raw material for other products intending to reduce cholesterol levels.

O solo é considerado um dos principais hábitats para a população de microrganismos, dentre os quais estão os fungos. A região de Xingó é caracterizada por apresentar ecossistema típico de Caatinga. Com objetivo de isolar e identificar fungos filamentosos na região Xingó, utilizou-se amostras de solo coletadas nos municípios de Canindé de São Francisco (SE), Olho D'água do Casado (AL) e Piranhas (AL), durante o período chuvoso (maio e julho/2000) e de estiagem (março/2001), tanto na superfície do solo quanto a 20 cm de profundidade. Foram identificados 96 táxons pertencentes a oito espécies de Ascomycota, oito espécies de Zygomycota e 80 anamorfos, sendo uma espécie de Coelomycetes e 79 espécies de Hyphomycetes. Penicillium e Aspergillus foram os gêneros mais diversos com 31 e 17 espécies, respectivamente.

The soil is one of the most important habitats for microorganisms, among them the fungi. Xingó is a region characterized by typical caatinga ecosystems. The aim of this research was to isolate and identify filamentous fungi from soils of the Xingó region using samples collected at the soil surface and at 20 cm depth, in the districts of Canindé de São Francisco (Sergipe), Olho D'água do Casado (Alagoas), and Piranhas (Alagoas), during the rainy (May and July/2000) and dry seasons (March/2001). We identified 96 taxa belonging to eight species of Ascomycota, eight species of Zygomycota and 80 anamorphs, with one species of Coelomycete and 79 species of Hyphomycetes. Penicillium and Aspergillus were the most diverse genera with 31 and 17 species, respectively.