Abstract Traditional guidelines for determining the prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are used to make therapeutic decisions. However, only 50% of the patients had lived for more than five years. The present study aimed to analyze the correlation of traditional prognostic factors such as tumor size, histological grading, regional metastases, and treatment with the survival of patients with HNSCC. A total of 78 patients diagnosed with HNSCC were followed up for 10 years after diagnosis and treatment. The health status of the patients was tracked at four time points, and according to the evolution of the patients and their final clinical status, we performed a prognostic analysis based on the clinical outcomes observed during the follow-up period. The final study cohort comprised 50 patients. Most patients had tumors < 4 cm in size (64%) and no regional metastases (64%); no patients had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Most individuals had tumors with good (48%) and moderate (46%) degrees of malignancy. At the end of the follow-up period, only 14% of the patients were discharged, 42% died of the tumor, and 44% remained under observation owing to the presence of a potentially malignant disorder, relapse, or metastases. This analysis showed that traditional prognostic factors were not accurate in detecting subclinical changes or predicting the clinical evolution of patients.

ABSTRACT Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by a disturbance in the metabolism of glucocerebroside in the macrophages. Most of its manifestations – hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone pain – are amenable to a macrophage-target therapy such as enzyme replacement. However, there is increasing evidence that abnormalities of the liver persist despite the specific GD treatment. In this work, we adapted histomorphometry techniques to the study of hepatocytes in GD using liver tissue of treated patients, developing the first morphometrical method for canalicular quantification in immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsies, and exploring histomorphometric characteristics of GD. This is the first histomorphometric technique developed for canalicular analysis on histological liver biopsy samples.

Purpose To investigate the effects of induction of selective liver hypothermia in a rodent model. Methods Seven male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 minutes of partial 70% liver ischemia and topic liver 26°C hypothermia (H group). Other seven male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 minutes of partial 70% normothermic liver ischemia (N group). Five additional rats underwent a midline incision and section of liver ligaments under normothermic conditions and without any liver ischemia (sham group). All animals were sacrificed 24-h after reperfusion, and livers were sampled for analyses. Pathology sections were scored for sinusoidal congestion, ballooning, hepatocelllular necrosis and the presence of neutrophilic infiltrates. Results At the end of the experiment, liver tissue expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-ɑ/IL-10 ratio were significantly reduced in the H group compared to N group, whereas IL-10 and eNOS were significantly increased in H group. Histopathological injury scores revealed a significant decrease in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in H group. Conclusion Selective liver hypothermia prevented I/R injury by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines, preserves microcirculation, prevents hepatocellular necrosis and leukocyte infiltration, allowing maintenance of the liver architecture.

Abstract Purpose: To develop a new 24 hour extended liver ischemia and reperfusion (LIR) model analyzing the late biochemical and histopathological results of the isolated and combined application of recognized hepatoprotective mechanisms. In addition, we used a new stratification with zoning to classify the histological lesion. Methods: A modified animal model of severe hepatic damage produced through 90 minutes of segmental ischemia (70% of the organ) and posterior observation for 24 hours of reperfusion, submitted to ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and topical hypothermia (TH) at 26ºC, in isolation or in combination, during the procedure. Data from intraoperative biometric parameters, besides of late biochemical markers and histopathological findings, both at 24 hours evolution time, were compared with control (C) and normothermic ischemia (NI) groups. Results: All groups were homogeneous with respect to intraoperative physiological parameters. There were no losses once the model was stablished. Animals subjected to NI and IPC had worse biochemical (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin) and histopathological scores (modified Suzuki score) compared to those of control groups and groups with isolated or associated TH (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The new extended model demonstrates liver ischemia and reperfusion at 24 hour of evolution and, in this extreme scenario, only the groups subjected to topical hypothermia, combined with ischemic preconditioning or alone, had better outcomes than those subjected to only ischemic preconditioning and normothermic ischemia, reaching similar biochemical and histopathological scores to those of the control group.

Introduction: Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease (CESD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, its presentation is highly variable and its diagnosis challenging. In addition, there are several abnormalities observed in patients with CESD who overlap with more common diagnoses and are likely to be underdiagnosed. Most patients reported to date are carriers of the E8SJM mutation in the LIPA gene. In this sense, diagnostic assistance is essential because there are options for therapy in development, as well as mutation prevalence studies. Design: Observational research. Objective: To standardize the real-time PCR technique for the detection of the most frequent mutation, E8SJM, in peripheral blood and liver biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of CESD and future mutation prevalence studies. Institution: Center of Gene Therapy of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil. Biological material: DNA samples extracted from peripheral blood and paraffinembedded liver tissue. Main outcome measures: Presence / Absence of E8SJM mutation. Results: The PCR reaction was standardized in real time; the mutation was correctly detected and validated by Sanger sequencing. The mutation was analyzed in 137 samples and found in only one patient who entered the Medical Genetics Service of the HCPA with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of CESD/Wolman. Conclusions: The real-time PCR technique is ideal for rapid and large-scale detection of the frequent CESD-associated mutation.

Introducción: La enfermedad por Almacenamiento de Ésteres de Colesterol (CESD; Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease) es una enfermedad de depósito lisosomal, su presentación es bastante variable y su diagnóstico constituye un desafío. Además, existe un número de anomalías observadas en los pacientes con CESD que se sobreponen a diagnósticos más comunes, siendo probable que sea subdiagnosticada. La mayoría de pacientes relatados hasta el momento son portadores de la mutación E8SJM en el gen LIPA. En este sentido, el auxilio en el diagnóstico es fundamental pues existen opciones de terapia en desarrollo. Diseño: Estudio observacional. Objetivo: Estandarizar la técnica de PCR en tiempo real para la detección de la mutación más frecuente, E8SJM, en muestras de sangre periférica y de biopsia hepática para el auxilio diagnóstico de CESD y futuros estudios de prevalencia de la mutación. Institución: Centro de Terapia Génica del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brasil. Material biológico: Muestras de ADN extraídas de sangre periférica y tejido hepático parafinado. Principales medidas de resultados: Presencia/Ausencia de la mutación E8SJM. Resultados: Se estandarizó la reacción de PCR en tiempo real, la mutación fue detectada correctamente y posteriormente validada por secuenciación de Sanger. La mutación fue analizada en 137 muestras y encontrada en apenas una paciente que ingresó al Servicio de Genética Médica del HCPA con diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico de CESD/Wolman. Conclusiones: La técnica de PCR en tiempo real es ideal para la detección rápida y en gran escala de la mutación frecuente asociada a CESD.

RESUMO Contexto As complicações inerentes de cirrose incluem a desnutrição proteico-calórica e deficiências de micronutrientes. Alterações no paladar são prejudiciais para o estado nutricional e o mecanismo para explicar essas mudanças não é bem documentada nos pacientes cirróticos. Objetivo Avaliar as papilas gustativas de ratos cirróticos. Métodos Foram avaliados 14 ratos Wistar machos. Após 16 semanas, o fígado foi removido para diagnosticar histologicamente cirrose, e o sangue foi colhido para efetuar testes de integridade hepática. A língua foi removida para exame histológico e imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpos contra o gene da proteína PGP 9.5 e os receptores de sabor doce T1R2 e T1R3. As alterações morfológicas foram determinadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e os níveis de zinco no soro foram medidos. Resultados Os animais cirróticos, em relação aos animais controle, apresentaram deficiência de zinco significativa. Em ambos os grupos, houve imunorreatividade positiva para o tipo II e células III e receptores T1R2. Os animais cirróticos não tinham imunoreactividade para receptores T1R3. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do grupo cirrótico revelou um afilamento uniforme das papilas gustativas. Conclusão O modelo de cirrose experimental imitou os parâmetros bioquímicos e histológicos de cirrose humana, portanto, permitindo um estudo das papilas gustativas e paladar.

ABSTRACT Background The inherent complications of cirrhosis include protein-calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.Changes in taste are detrimental to the nutritional status, and the mechanism to explain these changes is not well documented in the cirrhotic patients. Objective To evaluate the taste buds of cirrhotic rats. Methods Fourteen male Wistar rats were evaluated. After 16 weeks, the liver was removed to histologically diagnose cirrhosis, and blood was collected to perform liver integrity tests. The tongue was removed for histological examination and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against protein gene product PGP 9.5 and the sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3. Morphological changes were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Serum zinc levels were measured. Results The cirrhotic animals, but not the control animals, exhibited zinc deficiency. In both groups, there was positive immunoreactivity for type II and III cells and T1R2 receptors. The cirrhotic animals had no immunoreactivity for T1R3 receptors. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the cirrhotic group revealed a uniform tapering of the gustatory papillae. Conclusion In conclusion the experimental cirrhosis model mimicked the biochemical and histological parameters of human cirrhosis, therefore enabling a study of the gustatory papillae and taste buds.

Contexto - A descoberta e incorporação de painéis de biomarcadores aos estudos do câncer permitiram o conhecimento de variações genéticas e sua interferência no processo de carcinogênese. A possibilidade de associação do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo simples T309G do gene MDM2 com o aumento da formação de tumores, dentre eles o hepatocarcinoma, tem sido alvo de diversos estudos. Objetivo - Analisar a influência do polimorfismo T309G do gene MDM2 na recidiva tumoral de pacientes cirróticos com hepatocarcinoma submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos - Foram analisados retrospectivamente pacientes cirróticos com carcinoma hepatocelular submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico (hepatectomia parcial ou transplante hepático) no período de 2000 a 2009, na Santa Casa Hospital Complex in Porto Alegre, South Brazil. Foram coletadas amostras de fragmentos tumorais da peça operatória (fígado explantado ou segmento hepático), as quais foram preparadas para estudo em bloco parafinado. Resultados - A sobrevida global foi de 26,7 meses para o grupo hepatectomias e 62,4 meses para o grupo transplante hepático (P <0,01), havendo 66,7% de recidiva global no grupo hepatectomias (10/15), e 17% no grupo transplante hepático (8/47) (X²=13,602, P <0.01). Níveis de AFP>200ng/mL correlacionaram-se com a recidiva tumoral em ambos os subgrupos cirúrgicos. Observou-se que 83,3% dos pacientes com recidiva também apresentaram invasão microvascular ao exame anátomo-patológico (P <0,01). Não houve significância estatística quando a recidiva neoplásica foi avaliada para os diferentes genótipos e analisada para cada subgrupo cirúrgico. A análise dos fatores prognósticos relacionados à recidiva do hepatocarcinoma, quando estratificada para cada padrão genotípico, também não se mostrou significante. Conclusão - O nosso estudo revelou que o genótipo G/G não esteve associado à recidiva tumoral após o tratamento cirúrgico, seja nas hepatectomias parciais ou transplante hepático. Além disso, a presença desse genótipo não mostrou correlação com os fatores prognósticos estudados.

Background - Discovery and incorporation of biomarker panels to cancer studies enabled the understanding of genetic variation and its interference in carcinogenesis at molecular level. The potential association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 309 and increased development of tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, has been subject to several studies. This is the first study on this association conducted in Brazil. Methods - 62 cases of cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma surgically treated by partial hepatectomy (HPT) or by liver transplantation (LTX) from 2000 to 2009 at Santa Casa Hospital Complex, in the city of Porto Alegre, were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor samples from surgical specimen were collected and prepared for study in paraffin blocks. Results - Overall survival was 26.7 months in the HPT group and 62.4 months in the LTX group (P <0.01). Overall tumor recurrence was 66.7% in the HPT group (10/15) and 17% in the LTX group (8/47) (X²=13.602, P <0.01). Alpha-fetoprotein levels >200ng/mL, microvascular invasion and histological grade were associated with tumor recurrence (P <0.01). Recurrence rates in each surgical group and analysis of factors associated with tumor recurrence, when stratified for each genotypic pattern, were both not statistically significant. Conclusion - G/G genotype was not associated with tumor recurrence after surgical treatment and it did not show any correlation with other prognostic factors.

CONTEXTO: Dados da literatura atual sugerem piores resultados quando os transplantes hepáticos são realizados com enxertos provenientes de doadores idosos. O uso da solução Universidade de Wisconsin (UW) é universal; entretanto alternativas como a fructose-1,6-bisfosfato (FBP) vêm sendo estudadas. OBJETIVOS: Determinar o impacto do envelhecimento do doador no dano de isquemia a frio em fígados de ratos, comparando as soluções de FBP e UW. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos Wistar foram estudados - 10 com 20 semanas: 5 preservados com UW (C-UW) e 5 com FBP (C-FBP); e outros 10, com 50 semanas: 5 com UW (E-UW) e 5 com FBP (E-FBP). A preservação durou 8 horas. Foram dosadas AST e LDH nas alíquotas do líquido de preservação a cada 2 horas. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de AST e LDH foram superiores no grupo (C-UW) (P<0.05). Quando comparadas UW x FBP no grupo de idosos houve diferença quanto à LDH, mas não com a AST. CONCLUSÃO: A preservação dos fígados de ratos idosos foi similar aos dos controles, quando preservados com FBP. Quando utilizada UW, a lesão de preservação foi menor no grupo de ratos idosos. A FBP minimizou a isquemia a frio nos controles, quando comparada a UW. Houve tendência de a FBP ser superior a UW no grupo idosos.

CONTEXT: There are consistent clues of worse results with grafts from older donors, especially in hepatitis C. University of Wisconsin (UW) solution is adopted for liver preservation, but other solutions are being studied, as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). OBJECTIVE: To determinate the impact of aging of the donor on the cold ischemia injury in rat livers and compare UW and FBP. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were studied - 10, aging 20 weeks: 5 to preservation with UW (C-UW) and 5, FBP (C-FBP); and other 10, aging 50 weeks: 5 to UW (E-UW) and 5 to FBP (E-FBP). Rats were anesthesized, submitted to hepatectomy, and graft was kept under 2-4ºC for 8 hours. Liquid samples were taken at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours, to determine AST and LDH. At the end, in the liver tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and catalase were determined. RESULTS: Average liver weight was similar between controls and the others (12.5 g ± 1.8 and 13.4 g ± 2.0). AST and LDH levels were higher in C-UW group (P<0.05). In the older group, there was a difference between UW and FBP preserved livers related to LDH, but not to AST. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were superior in control group than in the older one (P = 0.001). Catalase activity was similar between these groups (P = 0.11), but it was superior in UW preserved animals (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Livers from older rats were similar to the controls regarding cold ischemia injury in FBP group. Surprisingly, with UW solution there was less cold ischemia injury in the elderly group. When comparing both solutions, FBP provided significantly more protection than UW in the controls. There was a trend to FBP to being better than UW in the elderly group. Further studies with liver from older donors and ischemia and reperfusion are needed.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a freqüência da formação de aderências pélvicas pós-cirúrgicas, em um modelo experimental animal, por videolaparoscopia. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental, em uma amostra de 11 coelhas, não prenhas, com idade entre cinco e sete meses. Após anestesia geral, o acesso da cavidade abdominal foi efetuado por técnica de punção aberta, com óptica de 10 mm, colocando-se outros dois trocateres de 5 mm, sob visão direta, nas fossas ilíacas. Realizou-se, então, ressecção de fragmento de peritônio, seguida de cauterização com eletrocautério. Em 21 dias, foi repetida a videolaparoscopia, verificando-se a formação e escore de aderências e realizando-se biópsias do local da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Observou-se 54,5% de formação de aderências, sendo o escore total mediano de aderências seis (mínimo de três e máximo de 10), todas encontradas na bexiga e na parede abdominal anterior. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento utilizado apresentou alta freqüência de formação de aderências intra-abdominais.

PURPOSE: To verify the frequency of postsurgical pelvic adhesion formation in an experimental animal model using videolaparoscopy. METHODS: Experimental study in a sample of 11 non-pregnant female rabbits, aged 5 to 7 months. After general anesthesia, access to the abdominal cavity was performed by an open puncture technique, with 10mm optics, placing two other 5 mm trochars under direct visualization, in the iliac fossae. Then a fragment of peritoneum was resected, followed by electrocauterization. In 21 days, the videolaparoscopy was repeated, and adhesion formation and score was looked at, with biopsies at the surgical site. RESULTS: 54 % of adhesion formation was observed, and the median score of adhesions was 6 (minimum of 3 and maximum of 10), all of them found in the bladder and the anterior abdominal wall. CONCLUSION: The method used presents a high frequency of intra-abdominal adhesion formation.

RACIONAL: A alta incidência de câncer esofagiano no norte do Irã foi associada ao consumo de ópio e exposição às nitrosaminas. A dietilnitrosamina possui potencial estabelecido de produzir câncer experimental em esôfago e fígado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar por histopatologia o efeito da administração oral de morfina e de dietilnitrosamina na carcinogênese esofágica e hepática em ratos. MÉTODOS: Durante 23 semanas, 176 ratos ingeriram diferentes soluções, sendo divididos em grupos: Morf: morfina; Den: dietilnitrosamina; Den+morf: dietilnitrosamina e morfina numa mesma solução; Den/morf: dietilnitrosamina e morfina em diferentes soluções e dias. RESULTADOS: Morf não promoveu neoplasias. Encontraram-se maiores incidências neoplásicas: a) no esôfago, Den em relação à Den/morf e Den+morf (71,1%, 55,8% e 50,0%); b) no fígado, Den e Den/morf em relação à Den+morf (73,8%, 81,4% e 40,9%); c) maior incidência de neoplasia hepática do que esofágica em Den/morf (81,4% e 55,8%). Diferentes doses de dietilnitrosamina foram ingeridas entre os grupos Den, Den/morf e Den+morf, respectivamente 2,9, 2,8 e 2,3 mg/kg/dia. CONCLUSÕES: A morfina não promoveu a carcinogênese esofágica e pode ter estimulado o metabolismo hepático de primeira passagem do carcinógeno.

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of esophageal cancer in the north of Iran has been associated to the consumption of opium and exposure to nitrosamines. Diethylnitrosamine has an established potential of producing experimental cancer in the esophagus and liver. AIM: To evaluate by histopathology the effect of oral administration of morphine and diethylnitrosamine during 23 weeks on the hepatic and esophageal carcinogenesis on 176 rats. METHODS: We divided the rats into the following groups: Morph: morphine; Den: diethylnitrosamine; Den+morph: Den and morphine in the same solution; Den/morph: Den and morphine in different solutions and days. RESULTS: Morphine did not promote neoplasias. The highest neoplastic incidents were found: a) in the esophagus, Den in relation to Den/morph and Den+morph (71.1%, 55.8%, and 50.0%); b) in the liver, Den and Den/morph in relation to Den+morph (73.8%, 81.4%, and 40.9%); c) higher incident of hepatic neoplasia than esophageal in Den/morph (81.4% and 55.8%). Different doses of diethylnitrosamine were ingested among the groups Den, Den/morph, and Den+morph, respectively 2.9, 2.8, and 2.3 mg/kg/day. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the morphine did not promote esophageal carcinogenesis and may have stimulated the hepatic metabolism of the first pass of the carcinogen.

RACIONAL: Marcadores sorológicos têm sido propostos para monitorar fibrose hepática em doença crônica do fígado. Dentre os marcadores de fibrose, ácido hialurônico e procolágeno tipo III têm sido estudados nestes pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de marcadores séricos de fibrose com achados histológicos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal prospectivo em doadores de sangue anti-HCV positivos. A população estudada incluiu homens e mulheres com idade entre 18-60 anos com provas de função hepática alteradas (níveis de alanina aminotransferase >1.5 vezes do normal e alterações de dois ou mais dos seguintes: qualquer alteração nos níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, bilirrubina conjugada, gamaglobulina, gamaglutamiltranspeptidase, albumina, plaquetas, níveis de fosfatase alcalina >1,5 vezes o valor normal, tempo de protrombina abaixo de 70% e acima de 60%). Quarenta e nove pacientes foram submetidos a biopsia hepática e coleta de sangue para análise de procolágeno tipo III, ácido hialurônico e provas funcionais hepáticas. RESULTADOS: Não houve relação entre elevação de provas de função hepática e a presença de fibrose - ALT (>1,5 vezes acima do normal, risco de fibrose = 18,8%; <1,5 vezes, 11,8%). Procolágeno tipo III elevado foi correlacionado com 66,7% chances de fibrose, enquanto nível normal, 9,3%. Ácido hialurônico, quando elevado, demonstrou chance de 33,3% de fibrose; quando normal, 12.5%. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve associação entre provas de função hepática, ácido hialurônico e fibrose, mas houve entre esta última e procolágeno tipo III. Talvez este marcador possa ser útil para avaliar fibrose em pacientes com hepatite crônica pelo vírus C.

BACKGROUND: Serologic markers have been proposed for monitoring hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Among fibrosis markers, type III procollagen (PIIIP) and hyaluronic acid have been studied in these patients. AIM: To evaluate the association between these serum markers with histological findings. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out with HCV-positive blood donors. The studied population included men and women whose age ranged from 18 to 60 years, with elevated liver function tests [ALT levels > 1.5 times the normal value and alterations of two or more of the following: any changes in the levels of ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, conjugated bilirrubin, gammaglobulin, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase, albumin, platelet count; alkaline phosphatase levels >1.5 times the normal value, or prothrombin time below 70% and above 60%]. Fourty-nine patients were submitted to liver biopsy, blood analysis of PIIIP, hyaluronic acid, besides liver function tests. RESULTS: Liver function tests were not associated with tissular fibrosis, as assessed by ALT (>1.5 times above normal, fibrosis risk=18.8%; <1.5 times, 11.8%). Elevated PIIIP was correlated with 66.7% chance of fibrosis, whereas normal levels, 9.3%. Hyaluronic acid, when elevated, gave a chance of 33.3% of fibrosis; when normal, 12.5%. CONCLUSION: There was no association between liver function tests, hyaluronic acid and fibrosis. However, PIIIP was related with liver fibrosis. Maybe, this marker should be useful to assess fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

RACIONAL: O carcinoma hepatocelular é um dos tumores malignos mais comuns em todo o mundo. Exames de imagens, especialmente tomografia computadorizada e ultra-sonografia, estão entre as principais técnicas diagnósticas, embora a acurácia destes métodos possa apresentar significativa variabilidade. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência de carcinoma hepatocelular em pacientes cirróticos submetidos a transplante hepático na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, RS; estimar a sensibilidade da tomografia computadorizada e da ultra-sonografia na detecção pré-transplante de carcinoma hepatocelular nesse grupo de pacientes; correlacionar características radiológicas com achados anatomopatológicos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de prevalência retrospectivo. População: pacientes adultos, cirróticos, submetidos a transplante hepático de janeiro de 1990 a julho de 2003. Entre os 292 pacientes transplantados, foi diagnosticado 31 casos de carcinoma hepatocelular, dos quais 29 foram incluídos no estudo. As características tomográficas e ecográficas dos tumores diagnosticados pré-transplante foram comparadas com as observadas em exame anatomopatológico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C nos pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma hepatocelular foi de 93,5% e a prevalência deste entre os pacientes transplantados foi de 10,6%. A sensibilidade dos métodos de imagem na detecção de casos de carcinoma hepatocelular foi de 70,3% para tomografia computadorizada e de 72% para ecografia. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de carcinoma hepatocelular na instituição onde foi desenvolvido o estudo, bem como a sensibilidade da ultra-sonografia e da tomografia computadorizada para detecção dessa neoplasia na avaliação pré-transplante foi semelhante à relatada na literatura. Em contrapartida, a prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C, fator etiológico de hepatopatia mais freqüente nos pacientes desta série, é das maiores já relatadas. Os fatores que influenciaram as taxas de detecção de carcinoma hepatocelular foram: tempo decorrido entre realização do exame e transplante; realização de tomografia computadorizada com fase arterial; tamanho da lesão. A fase arterial provou ser a mais importante no diagnóstico de carcinoma hepatocelular neste estudo.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Imaging techniques, specially computed tomography and ultrasound, are among the most useful diagnostic tools, although the accuracy of these methods may have a significant variability. AIMS: To determine the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation at "Santa Casa de Misericórdia" of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; to estimate the sensitivity of computed tomography and ultrasound in pretransplantation detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in this population; to correlate the radiological characteristics with anatomopathological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective prevalence study. Population: adult, cirrhotic patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation from January 1990 to July 2003. Among the 292 transplanted patients, 31 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were diagnosed, of which 29 were included in the study. Tumor characteristics in both ultrasound and computed tomography were compared to those observed in anatomopathological examination. RESULTS: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among patients with diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 93.5%, and the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma among transplanted patients was 10.6%. The overall sensitivity of the imaging techniques was 70.3% for computed tomography and 72% for ultrasound. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma at our institution, as well as the sensitivity of both ultrasound and computed tomography to detect such tumors at pretransplantation screening were similar to those found by other authors, while the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, the most common etiological agent for liver disease in our patients, is one of the highest ever reported in literature. Factors influencing hepatocellular carcinoma detection rates were: time from examination to liver transplantation; acquisition of computed tomography images during arterial phase; lesion size. Arterial phase proved to be the most useful part of computed tomography examination in this study.

Relatam-se três casos de zigomicose após transplante hepático em uma série de 300 pacientes. O diagnóstico foi anatomopatológico (dois casos à necropsia e um à cirurgia). A doença manifestou-se de diferentes formas: rinomaxilar, gastrointestinal e, em um paciente, comprometeu a anastomose da artéria hepática. Neste caso, retirada cirúrgica da região comprometida e uso de anfotericina-B possibilitaram a cura.

We report three cases of zygomycosis following liver transplant in a series of 300 patients. Diagnosis was determined via anatomicopathological examination (on necropsy in two cases and during surgery in one case). The disease had different manifestations: rhinomaxillary, gastrointestinal and, in one case, it compromised the liver artery anastomosis. In this case, surgical removal of the affected region and use of amphotericin B achieved resolution.

OBJETIVO: Analisar quanto à espessura, elementos constitutivos e quantificação do colágeno total amostras de fáscias transversais de pacientes entre 20 e 60 anos de idade, com hérnia inguinal direta, coletadas no momento da correção videolaparoscópica, comparando-as com amostras do mesmo tecido, retiradas de cadáveres. MÉTODOS: Biopsias de 23 pacientes e de 22 cadáveres foram analisadas e comparadas. Utilizaram-se as técnicas de coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Picrosirius. As imagens captadas foram analisadas por técnica videomorfométrica assistida por computador. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se uma espessura de fáscia transversal nos controles, em média, de 4.5 milímetros. A espessura da fáscia transversal dos pacientes com hérnia foi, em média, 58 % menor (p< 0.001). Não se evidenciou algum processo de degeneração das fibras de colágeno atribuível à senilidade. O principal elemento constitutivo da fáscia, nos dois grupos, foi o tecido conjuntivo denso, representando cerca de 75 % nos controles e sendo um terço menor nos pacientes (p< 0.001). A área média percentual de colágeno no campo amostral dos pacientes encontrada foi metade da área dos controles (p< 0.001), resultando em uma menor quantidade de colágeno na parede posterior herniada. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com hérnia inguinal direta apresentam menor quantidade de colágeno tanto absoluta quanto relativamente aos demais elementos constitutivos da fáscia transversal.

PURPOSE: To analyse in respect to thickness, constitutive elements and total collagen quantification, samples of transversalis fascia from direct inguinal hernia patients, between twenty and sixty years of age and colected at the moment of laparoscopic repair, compairing with samples of the same tissue, obtained from corpse. METHODS: We collected 23 samples from patients and 22 samples from corpse. The samples were stained for Hematoxiline-eosine and Sirius-Red. The video captured images were analysed by computer-assisted videomorphometric techenic. RESULTS: We noticed the thickness of normal transversalis fascia to be 4.5 milimetres. Otherwise, the transversalis fascia from patients were 58 % thinner (p< 0.001). There was no evidence of any senile degenerative process involving the collagen fibres. The Dense connective tissue was the principal constitutive element in both groups being responsable for 75 % of control's fascia and 49 % for the hernia one (p< 0.001). The collagen's mean percentual area in the sample field from patients were half the control's area (p< 0.001), stablishing that there are less collagen in the hernia's wall. CONCLUSION: The direct inguinal hernia patients have less collagen in transversalis fascia either absolutely or relatively to other constitutional elements.