RESUMO Considerando as frequentes inundações dos centros urbanos, as limitações financeiras e a gestão ineficiente dos sistemas de Drenagem Urbana (DU) dos municípios brasileiros, é necessário que projetos sejam desenvolvidos com eficiência e economia. Estes objetivos são alcançados com a correta definição do diâmetro nominal e da declividade das galerias, que resultem em relações hidráulicas adequadas. Deve-se ainda garantir o escoamento sem a presença de remanso, verificando a linha de energia ao longo da rede. Existem softwares capazes de auxiliar no dimensionamento da rede, que, porém, não reportam soluções otimizadas. Apresenta-se uma modelagem numérica vetorial para o dimensionamento automático e otimizado de um sistema de galerias de DU. Aplicou-se esta modelagem num projeto e seus resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por dois softwares existentes no mercado brasileiro. Demonstra-se que a otimização desenvolvida contribui para aumentos de eficiência e economia nos projetos. As principais contribuições científicas são: caracterizar e modelar as declividades típicas de projeto, para obter a declividade ótima combinada com o menor diâmetro; explorar o potencial das lâminas d’água acima das normalmente empregadas, com reflexos positivos na definição de {D, ig} e na economia na implantação do sistema; e implementar uma solução recursiva a partir de um ciclo de informações interdependentes, garantindo precisão dos resultados.

ABSTRACT Considering the frequent flooding of urban centers, the financial limitations and the inefficient management of Urban Drainage (UD) systems in Brazilian municipalities, it is necessary that projects be developed efficiently. These objectives are achieved with the correct definition of the diameter and galleries slope, resulting in adequate hydraulic ratios. It is also necessary to guarantee the flow without backwater, by verifying the energy grade line along the network. There are software capable of assisting the calculation, which, however, do not report optimized solutions. A vector-based numerical modeling is presented for the optimized sizing of a UD gallery system. This model was applied in an area and its results were compared with those obtained by two software in the Brazilian market. It is demonstrated the optimization developed contributes to increases the efficiency in the design. The main scientific contributions are: to characterize and model the typical design slopes, to obtain the optimum slope combined with the smaller diameter; to explore the potential of the hydraulic ratios above those normally employed, with positive effects on the definition of {D, ig} and the economy in the system; and to implement a recursive solution from a cycle of interdependent information, ensuring accuracy of results.

<p>O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de grupo genético (GGen) e de ordem de parto (OrdP) de 400 matrizes suínas sobre características produtivas e reprodutivas. Utilizou-se três GGen (GGen1, GGen2 e GGen3) e duas OrdP (OrdP1 e OrdP2). As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram peso médio da leitegada ao nascimento (PMNasc), peso médio da leitegada ao desmame (PMDesm), tamanho da leitegada ao nascimento (TNasc), tamanho da leitegada ao desmame (TDesm), duração da lactação (DL), número de partos/fêmea/ano (P/F/A), número de leitões desmamados/fêmea/ano (D/F/A), ganho de peso diário do leitão (GPD), ganho de peso diário da leitegada (GPDLeit), intervalo desmame-cio (IDC), média de dias não produtivos (MDNP) e número de serviços por concepção (NSPC). A interação entre GGene OrdPfoi significativa para PMDesm, DL, P/F/A, GPD, IDC e MDNP. Para as demais variáveis (PMNasc, TNasc, TDesm e D/F/A) não ocorreu interação nem efeito de GGen e OrdP. Houve efeito do GGen independente da OrdP nas variáveis GPDLeit e do NSPC. O GGen 3 foi considerado superior, uma vez que este apresentou melhor desempenho em relação aos demais na maioria das características avaliadas. Não foi possível determinar a melhor OrdP, pois esta variou em função dos GGen e das variáveis dependentes.</p>

<p>The objective of this paper was toevaluate the effect of genetic group (GG) and parity order (PO) of 400 sows on productive and reproductive traits. Were used three GG (GG1, GG2 and GG3) and two PO (PO1 and PO2). The dependent variables evaluated were litter weight at birth (LWB), litter weight at weaning (LWW), litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), lactation length (LL), number of litters/female / year (L/F/Y), number of piglets weaned / female / year (P/W/F), daily weight gain of each piglet (DWG), average daily gain of piglets (ADGP), weaning to estrus interval (WEI), average non-productive days (ANP) and number of services per conception (NSPC). The interaction between GG and PO was significant for LWW, LL, L/F/Y, DWG, WEI e ANP. For the other variables (LWB, LSB, LSW and P/W/F) no interaction or effect of GG and PO was observed. There was effect of GG independent of PO in the variables except ADGP and NSPC. The GG 3 was considered superior, since it showed better performance in relation to others in most of characteristics evaluated. It was not possible to determine the best PO, because this varied according to GG and the dependents variables.</p>

Semiconductor nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs), were used to carry out experiments in vivo and ex vivo with Trypanosoma cruzi. However, questions have been raised regarding the nanotoxicity of QDs in living cells, microorganisms, tissues and whole animals. The objective of this paper was to conduct a QD nanotoxicity study on living T. cruzi protozoa using analytical methods. This was accomplished using in vitro experiments to test the interference of the QDs on parasite development, morphology and viability. Our results show that after 72 h, a 200 μM cadmium telluride (CdTe) QD solution induced important morphological alterations in T. cruzi, such as DNA damage, plasma membrane blebbing and mitochondrial swelling. Flow cytometry assays showed no damage to the plasma membrane when incubated with 200 μM CdTe QDs for up to 72 h (propidium iodide cells), giving no evidence of classical necrosis. Parasites incubated with 2 μM CdTe QDs still proliferated after seven days. In summary, a low concentration of CdTe QDs (2 μM) is optimal for bioimaging, whereas a high concentration (200 μM CdTe) could be toxic to cells. Taken together, our data indicate that 2 μM QD can be used for the successful long-term study of the parasite-vector interaction in real time.

Hemagglutination is widely used in transfusion medicine and depends on several factors including antigens, antibodies, electrical properties of red blood cells and the environment of the reaction. Intermolecular forces are involved in agglutination with cell clumping occurring when the aggregation force is greater than the force of repulsion. Repulsive force is generated by negative charges on the red blood cell surface that occur due to the presence of the carboxyl group of sialic acids in the cell membrane; these charges create a repulsive electric zeta potential between cells. In transfusion services, specific solutions are used to improve hemagglutination, including enzymes that reduce the negative charge of red blood cells, LISS which improves the binding of antibodies to antigens and macromolecules that decrease the distance between erythrocytes. The specificity and sensitivity of immunohematological reactions depend directly on the appropriate use of these solutions. Knowledge of the electrical properties of red blood cells and of the action of enhancement solutions can contribute to the immunohematology practice in transfusion services.