Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Furthermore, it is highly prevalent, affecting more than one-third of the global population. Blood pressure measurement is a MANDATORY procedure in any medical care setting and is carried out by various healthcare professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care. Since the diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurement, it is clear how important it is to handle the techniques, methods, and equipment used in its execution with care. It should be emphasized that once the diagnosis is made, all short-term, medium-term, and long-term investigations and treatments are based on the results of blood pressure measurement. Therefore, improper techniques and/or equipment can lead to incorrect diagnoses, either underestimating or overestimating values, resulting in inappropriate actions and significant health and economic losses for individuals and nations. Once the correct diagnosis is made, as knowledge of the importance of proper treatment advances, with the adoption of more detailed normal values and careful treatment objectives towards achieving stricter blood pressure goals, the importance of precision in blood pressure measurement is also reinforced. Blood pressure measurement (described below) is usually performed using the traditional method, the so-called casual or office measurement. Over time, alternatives have been added to it, through the use of semi-automatic or automatic devices by the patients themselves, in waiting rooms or outside the office, in their own homes, or in public spaces. A step further was taken with the use of semi-automatic devices equipped with memory that allow sequential measurements outside the office (ABPM; or HBPM) and other automatic devices that allow programmed measurements over longer periods (HBPM). Some aspects of blood pressure measurement can interfere with obtaining reliable results and, consequently, cause harm in decision-making. These include the importance of using average values, the variation in blood pressure during the day, and short-term variability. These aspects have encouraged the performance of a greater number of measurements in various situations, and different guidelines have advocated the use of equipment that promotes these actions. Devices that perform HBPM or ABPM, which, in addition to allowing greater precision, when used together, detect white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), sleep blood pressure alterations, and resistant hypertension (RHT) (defined in Chapter 2 of this guideline), are gaining more and more importance. Taking these details into account, we must emphasize that information related to diagnosis, classification, and goal setting is still based on office blood pressure measurement, and for this reason, all attention must be given to the proper execution of this procedure.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables para la morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, siendo uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y la insuficiencia renal. Además, es altamente prevalente y afecta a más de un tercio de la población mundial. La medición de la presión arterial (PA) es un procedimiento OBLIGATORIO en cualquier atención médica o realizado por diferentes profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía se realiza comúnmente sin los cuidados técnicos necesarios. Dado que el diagnóstico se basa en la medición de la PA, es claro el cuidado que debe haber con las técnicas, los métodos y los equipos utilizados en su realización. Debemos enfatizar que una vez realizado el diagnóstico, todas las investigaciones y tratamientos a corto, mediano y largo plazo se basan en los resultados de la medición de la PA. Por lo tanto, las técnicas y/o equipos inadecuados pueden llevar a diagnósticos incorrectos, subestimando o sobreestimando valores y resultando en conductas inadecuadas y pérdidas significativas para la salud y la economía de las personas y las naciones. Una vez realizado el diagnóstico correcto, a medida que avanza el conocimiento sobre la importancia del tratamiento adecuado, con la adopción de valores de normalidad más detallados y objetivos de tratamiento más cuidadosos hacia metas de PA más estrictas, también se refuerza la importancia de la precisión en la medición de la PA. La medición de la PA (descrita a continuación) generalmente se realiza mediante el método tradicional, la llamada medición casual o de consultorio. Con el tiempo, se han agregado alternativas a través del uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos o automáticos por parte del propio paciente, en salas de espera o fuera del consultorio, en su propia residencia o en espacios públicos. Se dio un paso más con el uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos equipados con memoria que permiten mediciones secuenciales fuera del consultorio (AMPA; o MRPA) y otros automáticos que permiten mediciones programadas durante períodos más largos (MAPA). Algunos aspectos en la medición de la PA pueden interferir en la obtención de resultados confiables y, en consecuencia, causar daños en las decisiones a tomar. Estos incluyen la importancia de usar valores promedio, la variación de la PA durante el día y la variabilidad a corto plazo. Estos aspectos han alentado la realización de un mayor número de mediciones en diversas situaciones, y diferentes pautas han abogado por el uso de equipos que promuevan estas acciones. Los dispositivos que realizan MRPA o MAPA, que además de permitir una mayor precisión, cuando se usan juntos, detectan la hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), la hipertensión enmascarada (HM), las alteraciones de la PA durante el sueño y la hipertensión resistente (HR) (definida en el Capítulo 2 de esta guía), están ganando cada vez más importancia. Teniendo en cuenta estos detalles, debemos enfatizar que la información relacionada con el diagnóstico, la clasificación y el establecimiento de objetivos todavía se basa en la medición de la presión arterial en el consultorio, y por esta razón, se debe prestar toda la atención a la ejecución adecuada de este procedimiento.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insuficiência renal. Além disso, é altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um terço da população mundial. A medida da PA é procedimento OBRIGATÓRIO em qualquer atendimento médico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de saúde. Contudo, ainda é comumente realizada sem os cuidados técnicos necessários. Como o diagnóstico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as técnicas, os métodos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realização. Deve-se reforçar que, feito o diagnóstico, toda a investigação e os tratamentos de curto, médio e longo prazos são feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, técnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagnósticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes prejuízos à saúde e à economia das pessoas e das nações. Uma vez feito o diagnóstico correto, na medida em que avança o conhecimento da importância do tratamento adequado, com a adoção de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica também reforçada a importância da precisão na medida da PA. A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) é habitualmente feita pelo método tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consultório. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos ou automáticos pelo próprio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consultório, em sua própria residência ou em espaços públicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos providos de memória que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consultório (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros automáticos que permitem medidas programadas por períodos mais prolongados (MAPA). Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obtenção de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar prejuízo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, estão: a importância de serem utilizados valores médios, a variação da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos têm estimulado a realização de maior número de medidas em diversas situações, e as diferentes diretrizes têm preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favoreçam essas ações. Ganham cada vez mais espaço os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, além de permitirem maior precisão, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), alterações da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Capítulo 2 desta diretriz). Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informações relacionadas a diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento de metas ainda são baseadas na medida da PA de consultório e, por esse motivo, toda a atenção deve ser dada à realização desse procedimento.

ABSTRACT For plural health systems, promoting coordination between multiple sectors and governments levels is a permanent challenge. This study explores how the SUS dealt with this challenge during the Covid-19 pandemic, identifying proactive subnational actors, cross-sector cooperation and digital health as innovations that enhanced this coordination. Their emergence, the possibilities they represent for improving the SUS and how they can be sustained are discussed.

RESUMO Sistemas de saúde plurais enfrentam de forma recorrente o desafio de coordenar múltiplos setores e níveis de governo na busca do interesse público. Investigamos como esse desafio foi enfrentado pelo SUS durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Identificamos o protagonismo dos atores subnacionais, a cooperação entre setores e a saúde digital como inovações que potencializaram essa coordenação. Discutimos sua emergência, as possibilidades que oferecem para o aperfeiçoamento do SUS e como sustentá-las.

Resumen Evaluar la eficacia del Programa Nacional de Convivencia Escolar (PNCE) en el estado de Sonora, México, a partir del clima escolar y las acciones de los docentes para intervenir en casos de acoso, adicionalmente determinar cuál es la relación entre las variables atributivas con el clima escolar y las prácticas docentes para intervenir en situaciones de acoso. Se trata de una investigación con un diseño preexperimental transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo y alcance comparativo. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 489 docentes de 89 escuelas primarias públicas del estado de Sonora. Se elaboró un cuadernillo de aplicación que consta de dos escalas, además de los datos de identificación, dando un total de 51 ítems. Dado al diseño del estudio se realizó una preevaluación, para posteriormente realizar una intervención y después de un tiempo realizar la posevaluación Por la naturaleza del estudio se optó por utilizar la prueba t de Student, los principales hallazgos fueron en la dimensión de práctica enfocada en la víctima, obteniendo una M de 4.24 y aumentando a M 4.36 durante el posevaluación. Se determinó que si existe diferencias entre las variables del estudio, sin embargo, durante la intervención solo hubo cambios significativos en dos de las dimensiones de acciones de los docentes, que tienen que ver específicamente con las acciones que pueden realizar al agredido y al agresor, para las variables atributivas se tiene que el tipo de contrato influye en las prácticas de prevención contra el acoso.

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of the National School Coexistence Program (PNCE) in the state of Sonora, Mexico based on the school climate and the actions of teachers to intervene in cases of bullying, in addition to determining the relationship between the attributive variables with the school climate and teaching practices to intervene in bullying situations. This research is designed as pre-experimental and cross-sectional, with a quantitative approach and a comparative scope. A non-probabilistic sample of 489 teachers from 89 public elementary schools in the state of Sonora was selected. An application booklet consisting of two scales, in addition to the identification data, was prepared, giving a total of 51 items. Given the design of the study, a pre-evaluation was carried out to later carry out an intervention and, after a time, carry out the post-evaluation. Due to the nature of the study, it was decided to use the Student's t-test. The main findings were in the dimension of practice focused on the victim, obtaining a mean of 4.24 and increasing to mean 4.36 during the post-evaluation. It was determined that there are differences between the study variables, however, there were only significant changes in two of the dimensions of teachers' actions during the intervention, which have to do specifically with the actions they can perform on the victim and the aggressor. For the attributive variables, the type of contract influences the prevention practices against bullying.

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for the compromise of the immune system and a high number of hospitalizations. Considering the biopsychosocial (BPS) context of the individual, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the maximum description of a health condition and the impact of interventions and service delivery for the physiotherapeutic process. The aim of this study was to build and validate a physical therapy assessment and functional classification instrument based on the ICF for hospitalized members of the HIV community. This is an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study based on the analysis of demand, elaboration, and improvement of the instrument and its validation with the consensus of a experts committee of physical therapists; they evaluated 58 items and the classification codes resulted in 0.858 overall Kappa value=strong agreement between assessments, all statistically significant (p-value<0.05). The final version of the instrument included 36 items, all with Kappa coefficient >0.80. The constructed instrument is valid for the evaluation and functional classification in the ICF model for hospitalized members of the HIV community, contributing to the physical therapy clinical practice in the hospital environment.

RESUMEN El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es responsable del deterioro del sistema inmunitario y de un elevado número de hospitalizaciones. Considerando el contexto biopsicosocial (BPS) del individuo, el proceso fisioterapéutico cuenta con la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF), que brinda la máxima descripción de una condición de salud y el impacto de las intervenciones y prestación de servicios. El objetivo de este estudio es construir y validar un instrumento de evaluación fisioterapéutica y clasificación funcional basado en el CIF para pacientes VIH hospitalizados. Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo, realizado desde el análisis de la demanda, desarrollo y perfeccionamiento del instrumento y su validación con el consenso de un comité de fisioterapeutas especialistas que evaluaron 58 ítems y los códigos de clasificación, lo que resultó un valor kappa global 0,858=fuerte concordancia entre las evaluaciones, todas estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). La versión final del instrumento incluyó 36 ítems, todos con índice kappa >0,80. El instrumento construido presenta validez para la evaluación y clasificación funcional en el modelo CIF para pacientes con VIH hospitalizados, lo que contribuye a la práctica clínica fisioterapéutica en el ámbito hospitalario.

RESUMO O vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV - human immunodeficiency virus) é responsável pelo comprometimento do sistema imune e por um elevado número de hospitalizações. Considerando o contexto biopsicossocial (BPS) do indivíduo, o processo fisioterapêutico dispõe da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), que fornece a máxima descrição de uma condição de saúde e o impacto das intervenções e prestação de serviços. O objetivo deste estudo é construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação fisioterapêutica e classificação funcional baseada na CIF para os pacientes HIV hospitalizados. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo realizado a partir da análise de demanda, elaboração e aprimoramento do instrumento e sua validação com o consenso de um comitê de fisioterapeutas especialistas que avaliaram 58 itens e os códigos de classificação, resultando no valor kappa geral de 0,858=concordância forte entre as avaliações, todas estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05). A versão final do instrumento incluiu 36 itens, todos com índice kappa >0,80. O instrumento construído apresenta validade para a avaliação e classificação funcional no modelo da CIF para os pacientes HIV hospitalizados, contribuindo para a prática clínica fisioterapêutica no ambiente hospitalar.

Resumen La presente propuesta espera introducir un cambio que trasciende el enfoque algorítmico generalmente que se tiene de la derivada, se busca la construcción del conocimiento fundamentado en su aprendizaje significativo, a partir de su concepción geométrica y funcional, como razón de cambio. Se ha plantado como objetivo, analizar las estrategias instruccionales utilizadas para el aprendizaje significativo de la definición de derivada de funciones de una variable. Basada en las teorías de Barriga, Cabero, Romero, Vera y González. Enmarcada dentro del paradigma positivista, con enfoque cuantitativo, de investigación descriptiva, de campo, no experimental y transeccional. La muestra fue estratificada, de sesenta y cuatro (64) alumnos y población censal de seis (6) docentes de la asignatura Cálculo I, a los que se les administró un cuestionario de treinta tres (33) reactivos, versionado para los estudiantes. Se concluyó, que las estrategias más trabajadas son las preinstruccionales y las menos, las coinstruccionales. Asimismo, las estrategias más empleadas por los docentes y los estudiantes, son los objetivos, y la menos empleada por los docentes son los organizadores previos y por los estudiantes, la resolución de problemas. Por lo tanto, se deben implementar mejores formas para aprender, tales como mayor capacidad de visualización de las funciones matemáticas, flexibilidad para aprender de manera individualizada atendiendo al ritmo propio de cada estudiante, acercamiento a la interacción grupal e intercambio de saberes de manera presencial y optimizarlas de manera virtual, empleo de herramientas web para la resolución de problemas matemáticos con implicaciones en la vida cotidiana.

Abstract The present proposal hopes to introduce a change that transcends the generally algorithmic approach that is taken from the derivative, the construction of knowledge based on its significant learning is sought, based on its geometric and functional conception, as a reason for change. The objective was to analyze the instructional strategies used for meaningful learning of the definition of derivative of functions of a variable. Based on the theories of Barriga, Cabero, Romero, Vera and Gonzalez. Framed within the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative, descriptive, field, non-experimental and transectional approach. The sample was stratified, of sixty-four (64) students and a census population of six (6) teachers of the Calculus I subject, who were administered a questionnaire of thirty three (33) items, versioned for the students. It was concluded that the most worked-out strategies are pre-instructional and the least, co-instructional. Likewise, the strategies most used by teachers and students are the objectives, and the least used by teachers are the previous organizers and by the students, problem solving. Therefore, better ways to learn should be implemented, such as greater ability to visualize mathematical functions, flexibility to learn individually, attending to each student's own rhythm, approach to group interaction and exchange of knowledge in person and Optimize them virtually, using web tools to solve mathematical problems with implications in everyday life.

Abstract This comparative-correlational study aims to analyze and compare the relationship between appreciation for sustainable practices (APS) and national identity in two groups of social (n=135) and commercial (n=198) entrepreneurs in Lima-Peru. The results show that social entrepreneurs have higher APS and perceive Peruvians as warmer, more competent, and more moral than commercial entrepreneurs. Self-stereotype of competence and identification with the country explain APS significantly only significant in commercial entrepreneurs. The study analyzes little-explored psychosocial variables for the entrepreneurial phenomenon, proposing strategies to improve sustainability activities in entrepreneurs who do not have a explicit social orientation.

Résumé Cette étude comparative-corrélationnelle vise à analyser et à comparer la relation entre l’appréciation des pratiques durables (APD) et l’identité nationale dans deux groupes d’entrepreneurs sociaux (n=135) et commerciaux (n=198) à Lima-Pérou. Les résultats indiquent que les entrepreneurs sociaux ont des APD plus élevés et perçoivent les Péruviens comme étant plus chaleureux, plus compétents et plus moraux que les entrepreneurs commerciaux. Les compétences autostéréotypées et l’identification au pays expliquent significativement les APD que dans le sous-groupe des entrepreneurs commerciaux. L’étude analyse des variables psychosociales peu explorées pour le phénomène entrepreneurial, en proposant des stratégies pour favoriser les activités de durabilité chez les entrepreneurs qui n’ont pas une orientation sociale de base.

Resumen Este estudio comparativo-correlacional, tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar la relación entre el aprecio por prácticas sostenibles (APS) y la identidad nacional en dos grupos de emprendedores sociales (n=135) y comerciales (n=198) de Lima-Perú. Los resultados indican que los emprendedores sociales presentan mayor APS y perciben a los peruanos como más cálidos, competentes y morales que los emprendedores comerciales. El auto estereotipo de competencia y la identificación con el país explican el APS de manera significativa solo en el subgrupo de emprendedores comerciales. El estudio analiza variables psicosociales poco exploradas para el fenómeno emprendedor, planteando estrategias para favorecer las actividades de sostenibilidad, en emprendedores que no tienen una orientación social de base.

Resumo Este estudo comparativo-correlacional visa analisar e comparar a relação entre e apreço pelas práticas sustentáveis (APS) e a identidade nacional em dois grupos de empreendedores sociais (n=135) e comerciais (n=198) em Lima-Peru. Os resultados indicam que os empreendedores sociais têm APS mais elevado e percebem os peruanos como mais quentes, mais competentes e mais morais do que os empreendedores comerciais. O auto estereotipagem de competência e a identificação com o país explicam a APS significativamente apenas nos empreendedores comerciais. O estudo analisa variáveis psicossociais pouco exploradas para o fenômeno empresarial, propondo estratégias para favorecer atividades de sustentabilidade em empreendedores que não têm uma orientação social básica.

Abstract Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of theWorld Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; andreproducibility.Articlespublished since 1990were researched. Results and Discussion The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis andappropriatemanagementof these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist’s evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment.

ABSTRACT Introduction: foot diseases in the elderly are varied, so that they often suffer from one or several alterations in the same or in both feet, it is stated that 70% of people over 65 years of age have some disorder related to the foot, there being no history of studies in our environment to prove it. Objective: to determine the most frequent podiatric disorders in older adults seen at the podiatry office of the "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" polyclinic. Method: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out with 327 older adults attended in the podiatry office of the polyclinic "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" of Santa Clara municipality. Villa Clara, from January to December 2018. Results: the female sex was the one who most attended consultation and within them the age group from 70 to 79 years, the inadequate use of footwear was found in 67.58% of the population, 80.1% of patients had two or more podiatric conditions, predominantly onicopathies in 90.1% of these, an association was found between hyperkeratosis and deformities of the toes. Conclusions: the female sex was the most affected, the use of inadequate footwear was associated with the appearance of podiatric conditions, which in order of frequency were onychopathies, dermatological conditions and toe deformities.

RESUMEN Introducción: las enfermedades del pie del anciano son variadas, con frecuencia suele padecer una o varias alteraciones en uno o en ambos pies; el 70% de las personas mayores de 65 años tienen algún trastorno relacionado con el pie. No hay antecedentes de estudios en el medio que lo demuestren. Objetivo: determinar las afecciones podológicas más frecuentes en el adulto mayor atendidos en la Consulta de Podología del Policlínico “Chiqui Gómez Lubián”. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo observacional, descriptiva de corte transversal, con 327 adultos mayores atendidos en la Consulta de Podología del Policlínico “Chiqui Gómez Lubián” de la Ciudad de Santa Clara, Provincia de Villa Clara, de enero a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad de 70 a 79 años fueron los que más asistieron a la consulta, el uso inadecuado del calzado se encontró en el 67,58% de la población, el 80,1% de los pacientes presentaron dos o más afecciones podológicas, predominaron las onicopatías (90,1%) y se encontró asociación entre las hiperqueratosis y las deformidades de los dedos. Conclusiones: el sexo femenino resultó el más afectado y el uso de calzado inadecuado estuvo asociado a la aparición de las afecciones podológicas que, en orden de frecuencia, fueron onicopatías, dermatológicas y deformidades de los dedos.

Abstract: This research intends to evaluate the relation, aided by the Brazilian Standard and statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and bootstrap technique), between physical and mechanical properties of Cambará-Rosa wood harvested from three different regions: Vera, Mucajaí and South Rondonia. In addition, the possibility to estimate (regression models) physical and mechanical properties in function of apparent density was analyzed. Different climate and soil conditions which tree thrives may influence its growth and, consequently, its properties values. The results of ANOVA indicated an elevated equivalence index for all three regions. The bootstrap technique led to similar results for Vera and Mucajai regions, and for South Rondonia region, equivalence index equals to 89 %. The ANOVA results to estimate physical and mechanical properties in function of apparent density indicated that it is not possible to perform such estimates for Cambará-Rosa wood species.

ABSTRACT Blastocystis sp. is a protist commonly found in stool samples of humans and animals. Biological and genetic factors of this organism remain controversial. The present study aimed to develop and implement the Blastocystis in vitro culture of Brazilian human isolates for routine use. The fecal isolates (n = 20) were maintained in our laboratory by several passages in Pavlova's medium. Cultures were monitored every 72 h by light microscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted to identify the subtypes (STs). In most isolates, the vacuolar form was prevalent. The amoeboid, granular and cystic forms were observed during in vitro cultivation. STs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 were identified. Our preliminary results show the generation time and forms present in the in vitro culture of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from Brazilian human isolates. Therefore, we emphasize the use of in vitro culture as a tool in future studies for the better understanding of the biological aspects of Blastocystis sp.

RESUMEN La sedimentación de partículas es un fenómeno común en dispersiones alimentarias, que está asociado con una calidad deficiente y se puede controlar usando diferentes aditivos, dentro de los cuales, se destacan el uso de hidrocoloides. Se evaluó el efecto de la concentración de goma xantano (0,025-0,075%), carboximetilcelulosa sódica (0,025-0,075%) y gel de aloe vera (0,5-1,5%), en las propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales y estabilidad a la sedimentación, en bebidas elaboradas a partir de maíz dulce. No se observó variación significativa en el contenido de sólidos solubles totales, pH, densidad, acidez titulable, potencial ζ, tamaño de partículas, velocidad de sedimentación y parámetros de color con las concentraciones empleadas de hidrocoloides y de aloe vera. El potencial ζ indicó estabilidad ligera en las bebidas (>-30mV) y la floculación de la emulsión, lo que se evidencia en la distribución del tamaño de partícula (1-600μm). La viscosidad y la estabilidad a la sedimentación aumentaron con concentraciones >0,05% de GX y CMC, reflejándose en una mayor valoración sensorial de la apariencia. El aumento en la concentración de aloe vera no mostró efecto en la estabilidad de las bebidas.

ABSTRACT Particle sedimentation is a common phenomenon in food dispersions, which is associated with poor quality and can be controlled using different additives within which the use of hydrocolloids stands out. The effect of the concentration of xanthan gum (0.025-0.075%), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (0.025-0.075%) and aloe vera gel (0.5-1.5%), on physicochemical, sensory properties and sedimentation in beverages made from sweet corn, were evaluated. No significant variation was observed in the content of total soluble solids, pH, density, titratable acidity, ζ potential, particle size, sedimentation index and color parameters with the concentrations of hydrocolloids and aloe vera. The potential ζ indicated slight stability in beverages (> -30mV) and emulsion flocculation, which is evidenced in the particle size distribution (1-600μm). The viscosity and sedimentation stability increased with concentrations >0.05% of GX and CMC, reflected in a higher sensory assessment of appearance. The increase in aloe vera concentration showed no effect on the stability of the beverages.

Abstract Invasive aspergillosis is a common fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals. Some studies have shown that toll-like receptor and dectin-1 genetic polymorphisms may alter signaling pathways, thus increasing an individual’s susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. We investigated the pertinent literature to determine whether polymorphisms in the genes encoding toll-like receptors and dectin-1 increase the susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. This study systematically reviewed the literature using the databases PubMed/PMC, Scopus, and Web of Science using the keywords invasive aspergillosis, polymorphism, Toll-like, and Dectin-1. From the initial search, 415 studies were found and according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight studies were selected. Several studies described single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with a greater susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. These SNPs were found in the genes that encode toll-like receptors 1, 3, 4, and 5 and the gene that encodes dectin-1; upon activation, both cellular receptors initiate a signaling cascade that can result in the production of cytokines and chemokines. Thus, our literature review uncovered a significant association between polymorphisms in the genes that encode toll-like receptors and dectin-1 and invasive aspergillosis. More studies should be performed to better understand the relationship between toll-like receptor and dectin-1 genetic polymorphisms and invasive aspergillosis susceptibility.

Abstract: There is empirical evidence concerning the effectiveness and benefits of game-based learning (GBL). Our mainly interest is to present a tool that can be used to complement teaching software engineering in a motivating and didactic way. This paper studies the use of a GBL tool called SimulES-W (Simulation in Software Engineering), to teach Software Engineering in an undergraduate engineering program. SimulES-W has three characteristics: it is based on real software cases, it can be customized during the learning process, and it is a collaborative game. These characteristics are important because they help us understand and propose a new learning scenario, and to research with this the learning processes in their environments According to it, the first characteristic of SimulES-W makes it a motivating and engaging game, which brings up cases, which usually are only present in real software projects. Thanks to the second characteristic, the educators can use SimuelES-W to customize the education material, and tune the game for specific software engineering courses. The third characteristic is related to the proposed game as activity that involves group discussions and decision-making. This paper presents SimulES-W a digital version of SimulES and reports the results of an evaluation from a pedagogical perspective, where game adequacy for teaching a subject and positive potential impact in student’s academic performance are investigated.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate anatomical characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) internodes and to reveal the connection with activity of guaiacol-peroxidases, their isoenzyme profiles, lignin, and cellulose content. Three lower internodes were sampled at elongation stage and differed in their anatomical features by showing that lignin deposition follows developmental pattern. Epidermis and hypodermis in the first internode were characterized by continuous layer of the lignified cells while in the second and third internode thin walled parenchyma cells could be observed in the hypodermis. These observations were in accordance with increment of peroxidase activity from the first to the third internode. Two acidic and 2 basic isoforms of peroxidases were present. The third internode had higher total soluble protein content and lower dry weight as well as Klason lignin content in comparison to the first and second internode. Studying lignification process in barley stem by using anatomical and physiological approach will provide valuable information regarding developmental changes connected with lignin deposition in the stem.