Abstract: The article describes experiences in teaching the sensitive topic of the industrial extermination of European Jews during World War II (the Holocaust) in the BA German programme at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The topic was covered in a history course and supported by the use of international feature films. Based on a summary of Malaysia-Israel relations, the relevance of the topic in the teaching of German as a foreign language is highlighted, and the teaching objectives, pedagogical approach and results of a film project are presented. The article aims to answer the questions of how Malaysian students perceived history films on the Holocaust and whether it was possible to achieve a more differentiated view of the Holocaust, at least among some students. As part of a comprehensive history film project on the Second World War, three history films dealing with the persecution and extermination of European Jews were screened and analysed in class. The film 'The Grey Zone' (USA, 2001) was selected for this article and students' responses and attitudes to challenging questions, provided as qualitative data, are discussed. Three historical literacies – Content Knowledge, Historical Empathy/Perspective Recognition and Narrative Analysis ( Metzger 2007) – provided the theoretical framework for the history film project.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity.

PURPOSE: Following social information processing (SIP) theory, this study enriches existing research on emotional culture and innovative behaviour by introducing the chain mediating role of perspective-taking and knowledge-sharing intentions and the moderating role of Confucian work values. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: We conducted a quantitative study using four-stage paired survey data. Data were collected from 392 employees and their corresponding supervisors in three Chinese manufacturing companies in November 2022. We chose these participants due to the significance of innovative behaviour in their roles. The surveys were anonymous and self-administered. We used SPSS20.2 and MPLUS 8.3 software to analyse the data and test our hypotheses. FINDINGS/RESULTS: The data analysis results indicated that: (1) the companionate love culture had a positive effect on innovative behaviour, (2) perspective-taking and knowledge-sharing intentions mediated the positive impact of the companionate love culture on innovative behaviour, and (3) Confucian work values moderated the chain mediation path by weakening the positive impact of the companionate love culture on perspective-taking. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: To promote innovative behaviour in employees, a company could continuously manage the organisational companionate love culture. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Drawing on the SIP theory, this paper developed a model clarifying how and when love can fuel innovation in the workplace. It's interesting that employees with lower Confucian work values may benefit more from a companionate love culture, as they might need more external motivation to engage in perspective-taking and knowledge sharing.

ABSTRACT The urgent need to develop and produce safe and effective vaccines to guarantee the reduction of the spread of the type 2 coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, led the Center for Molecular Immunology and the Finlay Vaccine Institute to develop two vaccines and one candidate vaccine to combat the 2019 coronavirus pandemic. As part of the establishment of the production process, experiments were carried out on the possible steps of the purification process of the receptor binding domain molecule (aa 319-541) with a view to its subsequent technological transfer on an industrial scale. This molecule is fused with a hexahistidine tag at its C-terminal end and has nine cysteine residues in its sequence that form four intramolecular disulfide bonds; leaving a free cysteine that allows two molecules to be obtained: dimeric and monomeric, which constitute the antigens of the SOBERANA®02 and SOBERANA®Plus vaccines and the SOBERANA 01 vaccine candidate. The best adsorption conditions of the chromatographic matrices of affinity for metal chelates, cationic exchange and molecular exclusion were determined. The performance of the process was evaluated on a pilot scale and the molecule was characterized according to its physical-chemical and biological properties. The results obtained showed a 60.02 ± 5.15% total recovery of the protein of interest with more than 98% purity in both molecules, an efficient removal of contaminants and an antigenicity greater than 90% referred to the control monomer of the domain receptor binding with 99% purity; which demonstrates that the established process is efficient in obtaining a product with the required quality.

RESUMEN La urgente necesidad de desarrollar y producir vacunas seguras y efectivas para garantizar la reducción de la propagación del coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, hizo que el Centro de Inmunología Molecular y el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, desarrollaran dos vacunas y un candidato vacunal contra la COVID-19, que tienen como componente la molécula del dominio de unión al receptor (aa 319-541) del virus. Para establecer el proceso productivo, se realizaron experimentos en los posibles pasos del proceso de purificación de la molécula del dominio de unión al receptor (aa 319-541), con vistas a su posterior transferencia tecnológica a escala industrial. Dicha molécula está fusionada con una etiqueta de hexahistidina en su extremo C-terminal y presenta nueve residuos de cisteína en su secuencia que forman cuatro enlaces disulfuros intramoleculares, quedando una cisteína libre que permite obtener dos moléculas: dimérica y monomérica, antígenos que forman parte de las vacunas SOBERANA®02 y SOBERANA®Plus y el candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01. Se determinaron las mejores condiciones de adsorción de las matrices cromatográficas de afinidad por quelatos metálicos, intercambio catiónico y exclusión molecular. Se evaluó el desempeño del proceso a escala piloto y se caracterizó la molécula de acuerdo a sus propiedades físico-químicas y biológicas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un 60,02 ± 5,15% de recuperación total de la proteína de interés, con más del 98% de pureza en ambas moléculas, una eficiente remoción de contaminantes y una antigenicidad mayor del 90% referido al monómero control del dominio de unión al receptor con 99% de pureza, lo que demuestra que el proceso establecido es eficiente en la obtención de un producto con la calidad requerida.

Abstract (Objective) The moment Russia officially invaded Ukraine, the world experienced a period of tension and uncertainty. As a social release valve digital communication, channels increased their number of users and activity, generating a large amount of data. Twitter, in particular, being one of the most popular channels for sharing information and opinions, exploded with activities related to this historical moment. And as with many other social events, such as COVID-19, this social network became one of the main sources of information, opinion, and knowledge. This paper analyzes sentiments in tweets related to the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine. (Methodology) The analyzed dataset contains tweets from January 1, 2022, through March 3, 2022, and was collected using event-related hashtags. In total, 603,552 tweets in English and 1,664 in Russian were analyzed. To perform emotion classification, DistilRoBERTa variant and the pre-trained XLM-RoBERTa-Base model were used, respectively. English tweets were classified into seven emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, neutral, sadness, and surprise. Russian tweets were classified into positive negative, and neutral polarities. (Results) The results showed that most English tweets convey fear and anger as predominant feelings, reaching 32.08% and 15.18% of the total tweets analyzed, respectively. Regarding tweets in Russian, the majority presented negative polarity, with 86.83% of the total. Some of the most recurrent phrases in the analysis allude to support for Ukraine and call for a halt to the war. Likewise, phrases of concern for the crisis, weapons, and fatalities are recurrent. (Conclusion) As expected, most people were concerned about the armed conflict and upset and angry about its consequences. Future works could use more tweets to improve the analysis and increase the time range to be studied. The analysis could also be segmented to study the sentiments of tweets according to different groupings and compare them with other societies, for instance, tweets could be segmented by country and analyzed accordingly.

Resumen (Objetivo) Cuando Rusia invadió oficialmente a Ucrania, el mundo vivió un periodo de tensión e incertidumbre. Como válvula de escape social, los canales de comunicación digital aumentaron su númerode usuarios y su actividad, lo cual generó una gran cantidad de datos. Twitter, en particular, uno de loscanales más populares para compartir información y opiniones, explotó con actividades relacionadas con el acontecimiento. Igual que con muchos otros eventos sociales, como el COVID-19, tal red social se convirtió en una de las principales fuentes de información, opinión y conocimiento. Este trabajo realizaun análisis de sentimientos de tuits ligados al conflicto armado entre Rusia y Ucrania. (Metodología) Elconjunto de datos analizado contiene tuits desde el 1 de enero de 2022 hasta el 3 de marzo de 2022 yse recopiló utilizando hashtags vinculados con el suceso. En total, se analizaron 603 552 tuits en inglés y1664 en ruso. Para realizar la clasificación de emociones, se utilizaron la variante DistilRoBERTa y el odelo preentrenado XLM-RoBERTa-Base, respectivamente. Los tuits en inglés se clasificaron en siete emociones:ira, disgusto, miedo, alegría, neutro, tristeza y sorpresa. Los tuits rusos se clasificaron en positivos, negativosy neutros. (Resultados) Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los tuits en inglés mostró miedo e iracomo sentimientos predominantes, que alcanzaron el 32,08 % y el 15,18 % del total de tuits examinados, respectivamente. En cuanto a los tuits en ruso, la mayor parte presentó polaridad negativa, con un 86,83% del total. Algunas de las frases más recurrentes en el análisis aluden al apoyo a Ucrania y piden el cese de la guerra. Asimismo, son frecuentes las frases de preocupación por la crisis, las armas y las víctimas mortales. (Conclusión) Como era de esperar, la mayoría de la gente estaba preocupada por el conflicto armado y tanto molesta como enfadada por sus consecuencias. Futuros trabajos podrían utilizar más tuits para mejorar el análisis y aumentar el rango temporal por estudiar. También, se podría segmentar el análisis, para estudiar el sentimiento de los tuits, según diferentes agrupaciones, y compararlos con otras sociedades; por ejemplo, examinar los tuits, de acuerdo con cada país o región.

Resumo (Objetivo) Quando a Rússia invadiu oficialmente a Ucrânia, o mundo viveu um período de tensão e incerteza. Como válvula de escape social, os canais digitais de comunicação aumentaram seu númerode usuários e sua atividade, gerando uma grande quantidade de dados. O Twitter, em especial, por ser um dos canais mais populares de compartilhamento de informações e opiniões, explodiu com atividades relacionadas ao evento. E como em muitos outros eventos sociais, como a COVID-19, essa rede social se tornou uma das principais fontes de informação, opinião e conhecimento. Este artigo realiza uma análise de sentimento de tuítes relacionados ao conflito armado entre Rússia e Ucrânia. (Metodologia) O conjunto de dados analisado contém tuítes de 1º de janeiro de 2022 a 3 de março de 2022 e foi coletado usando hashtags relacionadas ao evento. No total, foram analisados 603.552 tuítes em inglês e 1.664 em russo. Para realizar a classificação das emoções, foram utilizados os modelos pré-treinados DistilRoBERTa e XLM-RoBERTa -Base, respectivamente. Os tuítes em inglês foram categorizados em sete emoções: raiva, descontentamento, medo, alegria, neutralidade, tristeza e surpresa. Os tuítes russos foram classificados como positivos, negativos e neutros. (Resultados) Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos tuítes em inglês apresentou medo e raiva como sentimentos predominantes, atingindo 32,08% e 15,18% do total de tuítes analisados, respectivamente. Quanto aos tuítes em russo, a maioria apresentou polaridade negativa, com 86,83% do total. Algumas das frases mais recorrentes na análise fazem alusão ao apoio à Ucrânia e pedem o fim da guerra. Da mesma forma, as frases de preocupação com a crise, as armas e as mortes são recorrentes. (Conclusão) Como esperado, a maioria das pessoas estava preocupada com o conflito armado e chateada e irritada com suas consequências. Trabalhos futuros poderiam usar mais tuítes para melhorar a análise e aumentar o intervalo de tempo a ser estudado. A análise também poderia ser segmentada para estudar o sentimento dos tuítes de acordo com diferentes agrupamentos e compará-los com outras sociedades; por exemplo, analisar os tuítes de acordo com cada país ou região.

Abstract Describe the development of Labor Practice II. Hydraulic Constructions, in the second year of the Hydraulic Engineering degree in Havana (Technological University of Havana “José Antonio Echeverría” (CUJAE) from 2021 to 2023, is the objective of this article; For this, the assessment issued by the students, the analysis of documents and the criteria of the teachers of the thematic group and the production specialists in the labor entities where the work practice was carried out were taken into account. The research has a qualitative approach, taking into account the selection of a non-probabilistic sample “for convenience”. 247 documents were studied: 83 PL II reports. Hydraulic Constructions, 163 personal work diaries of each student and the “E” study plan. The results are revealed based on the achievement of compliance with the general objectives of the subject, in a professional environment in close relationship with the context. Furthermore, in some way its content is separated into other subjects corresponding to previous study plans, so it constitutes part of the basic training of this professional, and on the other hand, links with the main employing organizations are reinforced. Professional problems framed their solution, in most cases, in the “constructive” mode of action, in harmony with the standards of work protection and hygiene, responsibility, ethics and care and conservation of the environment. Which contributes to the comprehensive training of the student.

Resumen Describir el desarrollo de la Práctica Laboral II. Construcciones Hidráulicas, en el segundo año de la carrera de Ingeniería Hidráulica en La Habana (Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana “José Antonio Echeverría”, Cujae) del 2021 al 2023, es el objetivo de este artículo; para ello se tuvo en cuenta la valoración emitida por los estudiantes, el análisis de documentos, y el criterio de los profesores del colectivo de asignatura y de los especialistas de la producción en las entidades laborales donde se realizó la práctica laboral. La investigación posee un enfoque cualitativo, tuvo en cuenta la selección de una muestra no probabilística “por conveniencia”. Se estudiaron 247 documentos: 83 informes de la PL II. Construcciones Hidráulicas, 163 diarios de obra personal de cada estudiante y el plan de estudio “E”. Los resultados se develan en función del logro del cumplimiento de los objetivos generales de la asignatura, en un ambiente profesional en estrecha relación con el contexto. Además, de alguna manera, su contenido se vio separado en otras asignaturas correspondientes a planes de estudios precedentes, por lo que constituye parte de la formación básica de este profesional, y por otra parte se refuerzan los nexos con los principales organismos empleadores. Los problemas profesionales enmarcaron su solución, en la mayoría de los casos, al modo de actuación de “construcción”, en armonía con las normas de protección e higiene del trabajo, la responsabilidad, la ética, y el cuidado y conservación del medio ambiente, lo que contribuye con la formación integral del estudiante.

Resumen Los riesgos psicosociales en el ámbito laboral pueden afectar negativamente la salud mental y física de los trabajadores, lo que puede derivar en problemas de estrés, ansiedad, depresión, insomnio y otros trastornos psicológicos, y generar una disminución del engagement laboral, es decir, del compromiso y motivación que tienen los empleados con su trabajo. Ante lo expuesto, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación que existe entre el engagement laboral y los riesgos psicosociales en guardias de seguridad de una empresa privada durante el año 2021, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, que permita la identificación de oportunidades de mejora de la organización del trabajo. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo y correlacional, de corte transversal, con una muestra de 164 participantes. Los resultados mostraron que la dimensión de riesgo psicosocial mayor puntuada en riesgo alto fue apoyo social en la empresa y calidad de liderazgo. En conclusión, se ha demostrado de manera estadísticamente significativa que el engagement laboral se relaciona con las dimensiones psicosociales, incluyendo las exigencias psicológicas y el desarrollo de habilidades en el trabajo.

Abstract Psychosocial risks in the workplace can negatively affect the mental and physical health of workers, which can lead to problems of stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia and other psychological disorders, which could lead to a decrease in work engagement, of the commitment and motivation that employees have with their work. Given the above, the objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between work engagement and psychosocial risks in security guards of a private company during the year 2021, through the application of a survey, which allows the identification of opportunities for improvement. of the organization of work. The study had a quantitative approach, descriptive and correlational, cross-sectional, with a sample of 164 participants. The results showed that the highest psychosocial risk dimension scored at high risk was social support in the company and leadership quality. In conclusion, it has been shown in a statistically significant way that work engagement is related to psychosocial dimensions, including psychological demands and the development of skills at work.

ABSTRACT The research is carried out in Balzar, province of Guayas with the objective of assessing the effects of different doses of fertigation on the yield of the tomato crop, for which an experimental study is developed in which three different doses of fertigation are evaluated in field conditions. For which a study of the soil and irrigation water is carried out considering edaphoclimatic aspects. The treatments applied correspond to doses of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium according to the following distribution: T1 100-40-100 kg/ha; T2 140-60-200 kg/ha and T3 160-60-250 kg/ha, which are applied in 7 repetitions. The findings show that there was no growth of the plants at 50 and 70 days that is significant with any treatment, however with treatment 2 a greater number of fruits, weight and yield are recorded

RESUMEN La investigación se llevó a cabo en Balzar, provincia del Guayas con el objetivo de valorar los efectos de distintas dosis de fertirriego en el rendimiento del cultivo de tomate, para ello se desarrolla un estudio experimental en el cual se evalúan tres diferentes dosis de fertirriego en condición de campo. Para lo cual se lleva a cabo un estudio del suelo y el agua de riego considerando aspectos edafoclimáticos. Los tratamientos aplicados corresponden a dosis de Nitrógeno, Fósforo y Potasio conforme la siguiente distribución: T1 100-40-100 kg/ha; T2 140-60-200 kg/ha y T3 160-60-250 kg/ha, los que se aplican en 7 repeticiones. Los hallazgos demuestran que no existió un crecimiento de las plantas a los 50 y 70 días que sea significativo con ningún tratamiento, sin embargo, con el tratamiento 2 se registra mayor número de frutos, peso y rendimiento.

ABSTRACT Knowing the proliferative capacity of herbicide-resistant weeds is the basis for the integrated management. We collected seeds of two Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. populations (TS and WH) from rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in eastern China (F0 populations), and those from individuals surviving the initial metamifop treatment (F1 lines) were tested for their responses to metamifop, and common garden experiments were conducted to compare their productivities. We found that TS was highly resistant to metamifop, and WH was susceptible. After treated with metamifop at the label dose (120 g ai ha-1), averagely 56% and 16% of TS and WH F1 lines contained surviving seedlings, and averagely 24% and 1% F1 seedlings survived among total seedlings of the same population, respectively. After treated with metamifop at a dose of 0, 60, 120 or 240 g ai ha-1, surviving F0 plants escaped from higher doses reproduced higher proportions of metamifop-resistant F1 progenies in both populations. At 120 d after sowing (DAS), TS individuals surviving 2 × label dose of metamifop showed nonsignificant difference in plant heights, biomass and seed production, compared with relative control treatment; while WH plants surviving the label dose of metamifop decreased seed production by 25%-39%. One WH and TS plant individual surviving metamifop treatment at the label dose may generate 10-21 and 490-701 progenies resistant to the label dose of metamifop, respectively.

Abstract Objective: this study aimed to evaluate whether low-salt low-protein diet (LPD) supplemented with 10 g of inulin could lower serum toxin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), thereby providing evidence for adjusting dietary prescriptions of inhospital patients and outpatient nutrition consultants. Methods: we randomized 54 patients with CKD into two groups. Dietary protein intake compliance was evaluated using a 3-day dietary diary and 24-h urine nitrogen levels. The primary outcomes were indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), and secondary outcomes included inflammation marker levels, nutritional status, and renal function. We assessed 89 patients for eligibility, and a total of 45 patients completed the study, including 23 and 22 in the inulin-added and control groups, respectively. Results: PCS values decreased in both groups after intervention: inulin-added group, ∆PCS -1.33 (-4.88, -0.63) µg/mL vs. LPD group, -4.7 (-3.78, 3.69) µg/mL (p = 0.058). PCS values reduced from 7.52 to 4.02 µg/mL (p < 0.001) in the inulin-added group (p < 0.001). Moreover, IS decreased from 3.42 (2.53, 6.01) µg/mL to 2.83 (1.67, 4.74) µg/mL after adding inulin; ∆IS was -0.64 (-1.48, 0.00) µg/mL, and a significant difference was observed compared with the control group (p = 0.004). The inflammation index decreased after intervention. Conclusion: dietary fiber supplementation may reduce serum IS and PCS levels and modulate their inflammatory status in predialysis CKD patients.

Resumen Objetivo: este ensayo aleatorizado doble ciego comparó el efecto de una dieta baja en proteínas (LPD) con o sin suplementos orales de 10 g de inulina en los niveles de PBUT en pacientes con ERC en prediálisis durante 12 semanas. Métodos: clasificamos aleatoriamente a 54 pacientes con ERC en dos grupos. El cumplimiento de la ingesta dietética de proteínas se evaluó utilizando un diario dietético de 3 días y nitrógeno en orina de 24 horas. Los resultados primarios fueron IS y PCS y los resultados secundarios incluyeron niveles de marcadores de inflamación, estado nutricional y función renal. Evaluamos la elegibilidad de 89 pacientes y 45 completaron la intervención, incluidos 23 y 22 en los grupos de inulina añadida y de control, respectivamente. Resultados: el sodio urinario promedio de 24 horas fue de 86 mmol/día y la ingesta promedio de proteínas fue de ~0,7 g/kg/día. Los valores de PCS exhibieron una tendencia decreciente en ambos grupos después de la intervención: grupo con inulina añadida, ∆PCS -1.33 (-4.88, -0.63) µg/mL vs. grupo LPD, -4.7 (-3.78, 3.69) µg/mL) (p =0,058). Los valores de PCS se redujeron de 7,52 a 4,02 µg/mL (p < 0,001) con inulina (p < 0,001). Además, IS disminuyó de 3,42 (2,53, 6,01) µg/mL a 2,83 (1,67, 4,74) µg/mL después de agregar inulina; El ∆IS fue -0,64 (-1,48; 0,00) µg/mL y se observó una diferencia significativa en comparación con el grupo control (p =0,004). Conclusión: la suplementación con fibra dietética puede reducir las toxinas de unión a proteínas séricas en pacientes con ERC en prediálisis y modular su estado inflamatorio.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the effects of different combinations of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and bladder cuff excision (BCE) surgical procedures on intravesical recurrence (IVR) in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 452 patients who underwent RNU with BCE for UTUC between January 2010 and December 2020. The patients were classified into three groups based on different combinations of RNU and BCE surgical procedures: open RNU with open BCE (group 1, n=104), minimally invasive (MIS) RNU with open BCE (group 2, n=196), and MIS RNU with intracorporeal BCE (group 3, n=152). Data on demographics, body mass index, history, preoperative renal function, perioperative status, tumor characteristics, histopathology, and recurrence conditions were collected. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of the surgical procedures on IVR. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: After a median follow-up of 29.5 months, the IVR rate was 29.6% and the IVR-free survival rate was the lowest in group 2 (group 1 vs. group 2 vs. group 3: 69.0% vs. 55.1% vs. 67.5%; log-rank P=0.048). The overall survival rate was comparable among the three groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that group 2 had a significantly higher risk of IVR than group 1 (hazard ratio=1.949, 95% confidence interval=1.082–3.511, P=0.026), while groups 1 and 3 had similar risks. Conclusions: For patients with UTUC, MIS RNU with open BCE is associated with a higher risk of IVR than open RNU with open BCE and MIS RNU with intracorporeal BCE.

Designing highly efficient dialkylphosphinic acid extractant for zirconium/hafnium separation relies on systematic structure-property studies. In this paper, dialkylphosphinic acids with different substituents at β-C, γ-C and δ-C for zirconium and hafnium extraction and separation from H2SO4 media were investigated. The results show that substituents at β-C, γ-C and δ-C reduce the extraction ability of dialkylphosphinic acids for both zirconium and hafnium. The substituent effect at β-C is greater than that at γ-C and δ-C. The larger steric hindrance of the substituents (ethyl > methyl > H), the weaker extraction ability of the dialkylphosphinic acids. The zirconium and hafnium separation behavior is related to the extraction ability of dialkylphosphinic acids. Dialkylphosphinic acids with stronger extraction ability show better zirconium/hafnium separation performance at higher acidity of 2.0 mol L-1 H2SO4, while those with weaker extraction ability show better zirconium and hafnium separation performance at lower acidity of 0.25 mol L-1 H2SO4. The highest hafnium/zirconium separation factor (βHf/Zr) in the current study occurs with (2-ethylhexyl)(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (USTB-1), which reaches 19.2.

Resumen La festividad nicaragüense dedicada a la Purísima Concepción de la Virgen María es un tema muy vasto. En este estudio nos proponemos acercarnos a la Gritería, actividad celebrada en la víspera. Se pretende mostrar que el valor patrimonial de un bien cultural es un proceso que se construye por distintas vías, como creación, apropiación, resemantización y adaptación innovadora a las circunstancias compartidas por un colectivo y que lo estima como referente identitario. Este es el caso de la Gritería, ejemplo de cultura viva del pueblo nicaragüense, de cobertura nacional y que ha migrado fuera de sus fronteras. Se llevó a cabo trabajo etnográfico y se aplicaron técnicas cualitativas de investigación social en distintas comunidades de Nicaragua. Asimismo, se presentan algunas referencias a la celebración en países donde han emigrado personas nicaragüenses. Además, se señala la gestión participativa en la organización de tan importante festejo que mantiene la función de unir al pueblo nicaragüense y el encuentro de tradiciones. El resultado del estudio denota que, a pesar de las diferencias, la Gritería es un elemento de valor patrimonial, de significado para distintos sectores del pueblo nicaragüense, sea o no creyente, la Iglesia Católica y el Gobierno.

Resumo A festa nicaraguense dedicada à Imaculada Conceição da Virgem Maria é um assunto muito vasto. Neste estudo nosso objetivo é uma abordagem da Gritería, atividade realizada no dia anterior. Pretende-se mostrar que o valor patrimonial de um bem cultural é um processo que se constrói com a criação, apropriação, ressemantização e adaptação inovadora às circunstâncias do ambiente que um grupo partilha e que o considera como referência identitária. É o caso da Gritería, um exemplo da cultura viva do povo nicaraguense, de abrangência nacional e que migrou para além dessas fronteiras. O trabalho etnográfico e o uso de técnicas qualitativas de pesquisa social foram aplicados em diferentes comunidades da Nicarágua. Como complemento, são apresentadas algumas referências à celebração em países onde os nicaraguenses emigraram. A gestão participativa é apontada na organização desta importante festa que, onde quer que seja celebrada, mantém uma função de coesão do povo nicaraguense e o encontro de suas tradições. O resultado do estudo mostra que, apesar das diferenças, a Gritería é um elemento de valor patrimonial, de significado para diferentes setores do povo nicaraguense, sejam eles crentes ou não, a Igreja Católica e o Governo.

Abstract The Nicaraguan festivity dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary is a very vast topic. In this study, our purpose is an approach to the Gritería, an activity celebrated the day before. It is intended to show that the heritage value of a cultural asset is a process that is built with the creation, appropriation, resemantization and innovative adaptation to the circumstances of the environment shared by a group, which considers it as an identity reference. This is the case of the Gritería, an example of the living culture of the Nicaraguan people, of national coverage and that has migrated beyond those borders. Ethnographic work and the use of qualitative social research techniques were applied in different communities in Nicaragua; as a complement, some references are presented to the celebration in countries where Nicaraguans have emigrated. The participatory management in the organization of this important celebration is pointed out, which, wherever it is celebrated, maintains the function of cohesion of the Nicaraguan people and the meeting of its traditions. The result of the study shows that despite the differences, the Gritería is an element of patrimonial value, of meaning for different sectors of the Nicaraguan people, whether or not they believe, the Catholic Church and the Government.

SUMMARY: To clarify the path of the temporal branch of facial nerve (TB) crossing the zygomatic arch (ZA). Eighteen fresh adult heads specimens were carefully dissected in the zygomatic region, with the location of TB as well as its number documented. The hierarchical relationship between the temporal branch and the soft tissue in this region was observed on 64 P45 plastinated slices. 1. TB crosses the ZA as type I (21.8 %), type II (50.0 %,), and type III (28.1 %) twigs. 2. At the level of the superior edge of the ZA, the average distance between the anterior trunk of TB and the anterior part of the auricle is 36.36±6.56 mm, for the posterior trunk is 25.59±5.29 mm. At the level of the inferior edge of the ZA, the average distance between the anterior trunk of TB and the anterior part of the auricle is 25.77±6.19 mm, for the posterior trunk is 19.16±4.71 mm. 3. The average length of ZA is 62.06±5.36 mm. TB crosses the inferior edge of the ZA at an average of 14.67±6.45 mm. TB crosses the superior edge of the ZA at an average of 9.08±4.54 mm. 4. At the level of the ZA, TB passes on the surface of the pericranium while below the SMAS. The TB obliquely crosses the middle 1/3 part of the superior margin of the ZA and the junction of the middle 1/3 part and the posterior 1/3 part of the inferior margin of the ZA below the SMAS while beyond the periosteum. It is suggested that this area should be avoided in clinical operation to avoid the injury of TB.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de estudio fue esclarecer el trayecto del ramo temporal del nervio facial (RT) que cruza el arco cigomático (AC). Se disecaron la región cigomática de 18 especímenes de cabezas sin fijar de individuos adultas y se documentó la ubicación del RT y su número de ramos. La relación jerárquica entre el ramo temporal y el tejido blando en esta región se observó en 64 cortes plastinados o P45. 1º El RT cruza el AC como tipo I (21,8 %), tipo II (50,0 %) y tipo III (28,1 %). 2º A nivel del margen superior del AC, la distancia promedio entre el tronco anterior de RT y la parte anterior de la aurícula fue de 36,36±6,56 mm, para el tronco posterior fue de 25,59±5,29 mm. A nivel del margen inferior del AC, la distancia promedio entre el tronco anterior del RT y la parte anterior de la aurícula era de 25,77±6,19 mm, para el tronco posterior era de 19,16±4,71 mm. 3º La longitud media de RT fue de 62,06±5,36 mm. EL RT cruzaba el margen inferior del AC a una distancia media de 14,67±6,45 mm. El RT cruzaba el margen superior del AC a una distancia media de 9,08±4,54 mm. 4º Anivel del AC, el RT pasaba por la superficie del pericráneo mientras se encuentra por debajo del SMAS. El RT cruza oblicuamente el tercio medio del margen superior del AC y la unión del tercio medio y el tercio posterior del margen inferior del AC por debajo del SMAS, más allá del periostio. Se sugiere que esta área debe evitarse en la operación clínica para evitar la lesión de la RT.