This study considers how decision-makers in smaller firms interpret the means and conditions of internationalization, and how different modes of interpretation are likely to inform action choices in this process. Drawing on 58 qualitative interviews with the leaders of Brazilian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the clothing industry located in the state of Paraná, the results support the contention that different understandings given to the means/conditions of internationalization are associated with different action choices. More specifically, the results indicate that: (a) interpretation changes the criteria and parameters by which rational choices on internationalization are made; (b) a comprehensive explanation of internationalization on the basis of situational characteristics is likely to be inconclusive without taking into account decision-makers' interpretations; (c) particular meanings given to internationalization are likely to inform choice in different ways, (d) managers act on the basis of their inter-subjectively negotiated, shared and sustained reality; and (e) investigative proximity with practitioners is pivotal in order to comprehensively account for their interpretations.

For companies that are internationalizing through foreign acquisitions, a major consideration is likely to be access to the technical and social knowledge of the local environment that executives of the acquired companies possess. Despite the importance of this consideration, the literature has not sufficiently addressed the issues it raises. Investigations of the factors that affect the departure of executives of acquired companies have until recently tended to overlook the question of the knowledge that leaves with them. The present paper discusses executive retention in cross-border acquisitions from a knowledge-based perspective. It analyzes three cases of such acquisitions in Brazil. The results show how knowledge can play a critical role in the acquirer's decision to retain or release owners and/or executives after the acquisition. In addition to conventional variables, the characteristics of the knowledge of the acquired companies' owners and/or executives emerge as essential to explain their retention. This paper argues that evaluating the knowledge the acquired company's owners and/or executives possess, especially regarding its degree of tacitness, is one basis for decisions on their retention.

Capital social pode ser definido como relacionamentos sociais que conferem benefícios atuais ou potenciais. Trata-se, portanto, de um tipo particular de recurso. As pesquisas recentes chamam atenção para a maneira como conexões e relacionamentos (networking), tanto domésticos quanto internacionais, podem ser crucialmente importantes para pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) que buscam exportar ou Investir no exterior. Contudo pouco ainda se sabe sobre como as empresas iniciam, desenvolvem e mantêm o capital social. O presente artigo tem por base o estudo de 32 PMEs britânicas que exportam ou, tentam exportar, para o Brasil e de agências institucionais britânicas, cujo papel consiste em facilitar a condução de negócios entre as PMEs britânicas e brasileiras. O estudo abordou tanto as funções do capital social para as PMEs quanto o processo por meio do qual isso foi desenvolvido. A pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho confirma o valor do capital social no empreendedorismo internacional. O capital social pode facilitar a obtenção de informação e interpretação das oportunidades de mercado, além de outras vantagens. A pesquisa também confirma a importância vital da confiança interpessoal na sustentação do capital social entre pequenas empresas.

Social capital may be defined as social relationships that confer actual or potential benefits. It can therefore be understood as a particular type of resource. Recent research has drawn attention to how connections and relationships (networking) both at home and abroad can be crucially important for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking to export or invest abroad. However, relatively little is known about how SMEs initiate, develop and maintain network relationships. This paper reports a study of 32 British SMEs exporting, or attempting to export, to Brazil and of domestic institutional agencies whose role was to facilitate business conducted between British and Brazilian SMEs. The study explored both the functions of social capital for the SMEs and the process whereby it was developed. Its findings confirm the value of social capital in international entrepreneurship. It can provide information, interpretation, market opportunities, and some degree of protection against the risks associated with foreignness, newness and smallness. The study also confirms the vital importance of personal trust in sustaining social capital between small firms.

Este artigo oferece uma análise da aprendizagem nas organizações em condições de mudança radical, em que a reestruturação da organização foi motivada por uma mudança na ideologia e na propriedade. Discute-se que, nessas circunstâncias, a aprendizagem não representa necessariamente uma melhoria para o coletivo como um todo. A fonte empírica para este artigo é um estudo de caso da Telemig, uma das principais companhias brasileiras de telecomunicações. A pesquisa empregou múltiplos métodos e fontes permitindo uma investigação do conteúdo e do processo de aprendizagem, e de seus agentes ao longo do tempo. O estudo elabora e ilustra o conceito de "aprendizagem contestada", concluindo que este necessita ser incorporado à teoria da aprendizagem nas organizações.

This paper offers an analysis of learning in organizations in conditions of radical change, in which organization restructuring was motivated by a change in ideology and ownership. It is argued that in these conditions learning does not necessarily represent an improvement to the collective as a whole. The empirical source for this paper is a case study of Telemig, a major Brazilian telecommunications company. The research employed the multiple methods and sources. This approach permitted an investigation of the content and process of learning, and its agents over time. The present study elaborates and illustrates the concept of 'contested learning'. It concludes that this concept needs to be incorporated into the theory of learning in organizations.