RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o efeito de diferentes espécies de madeiras e de bambu (Pinus taeda, Cereus jamacaru e Bambusa vulgaris) na hidratação de matrizes cimentícias. Para tanto, os materiais lignocelulósicos foram moídos e caracterizados antes e depois de tratamento em água quente. Posteriormente, o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis (5, 10 e 33,3%) de madeiras, pré-tratadas ou não, em pastas de cimento foram analisados a partir dos ensaios de calorimetria isotérmica e termogravimetria. Os resultados demonstraram que as partículas de cada espécie lignocelulósica apresentaram um aumento das propriedades de umidade e absorção concomitante a diminuição de suas densidades e níveis de extrativos a partir do pré-tratamento aplicado. Os outros componentes químicos destes elementos, majoritariamente, todavia, não foram afetados. Por outro lado, foi observado que quanto maior o teor de tais materiais lignocelulósicos, pré-tratados ou não, nas matrizes de cimento, maior o impacto na hidratação do cimento, segundo o ensaio de calorimetria. Já com relação ao resultado do ensaio de termogravimetria observou-se uma tendência geral, com ou sem pré-tratamento de partículas ou adição de água de compensação, de aumento dos produtos hidratados, fato atribuído, principalmente, a presença de água livre e gases nos materiais lignocelulósicos.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to analyze the effect of different species of wood and bamboo (Pinus taeda, Cereus jamacaru and Bambusa vulgaris) on the hydration of cementitious matrices. For this, the lignocellulosic materials were ground and characterized before and after treatment in hot water. Subsequently, the effect of adding different levels (5, 10 and 33.3%) of wood, pre-treated or not, in cement pastes were analyzed using isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetry tests. The results showed that the particles of each lignocellulosic species showed an increase in moisture and absorption properties concomitant with a decrease in their densities and extractive levels from the pre-treatment applied. The other chemical components of these elements, however, were mostly unaffected. On the other hand, it was observed that the higher the content of such lignocellulosic materials, pre-treated or not, in the cement matrices, the greater the impact on cement hydration, according to the calorimetry test. Regarding the result of the thermogravimetry test, a general trend was observed, with or without pre-treatment of particles or addition of make-up water, of an increase in hydrated products, a fact mainly attributed to the presence of free water and gases in the lignocellulosic materials.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o conhecimento em alimentação infantil sobre aleitamento materno e introdução da alimentação complementar entre mães de menores de um ano em São Luís, MA. Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal com aplicação de questionário único, padronizado por entrevistadoras treinadas, que visitaram todos os domicílios de 20 comunidades escolhidas por conveniência. Este questionário buscava informações socioe-conômicas, demográficas, assistência recebida durante a gestação e sobre conhecimento em alimentação infantil. A análise consistiu da montagem de escores do conhecimento, listagem de frequências e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Resultados: dentre as 709 entrevistadas, 53,5% apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório. A média em percentual de acertos do escore do conhecimento em alimentação infantil foi de 66,7%. O escore específico da introdução alimentar obteve 60,7% e o do aleitamento materno 71,4%. Os benefícios da amamentação para os bebês foram mais conhecidos do que as vantagens que esta confere às mães. O pior resultado esteve relacionado ao preparo de papas (13,5%). Conclusões: é elevada a proporção de mães que desconhece ensinamentos básicos sobre alimentação infantil. Isto pode levar à redução do tempo de aleitamento exclusivo, aumentar as taxas de introdução inadequada de alimentos e bebidas e favorecer o desmame precoce.

Abtract Objectives: to describe the knowledge of infant feeding on breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary feeding among mothers of children under one-year-old in São Luís, MA. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study using a single questionnaire, standardized by trained interviewers, who visited all the residents in 20 communities chosen by convenience. This questionnaire searched for socioeconomic, demographic information, care received during pregnancy, and the knowledge about infant feeding. The analysis was performed through the creation of knowledge scores, frequency listing, central tendency and dispersion measurements. Results: among the 709 interviewees, 53.5% presented satisfactory knowledge. The score on the percentage mean of knowledge on infant feeding was 66.7%. The specific score on the introduction of complementary feeding was 60.7% and breastfeeding was71.4%. The benefits of breastfeeding for the babies were better known than the advantages it confers on mothers. The worst result was related to porridge preparation,(13.5%). Conclusion: the proportion of mothers who did not know about the basic teachings of infant feeding is high. This can lead to reduce exclusive breastfeeding time, increase rates of improper introduction of food and drink, and in favor early weaning.

IntroductionPurpureocillium lilacinum is emerging as a causal agent of hyalohyphomycosis that is refractory to antifungal drugs; however, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying P. lilacinum infection are not understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction of P. lilacinum conidia with human macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro.MethodsSpores of a P. lilacinum clinical isolate were obtained by chill-heat shock. Mononuclear cells were isolated from eight healthy individuals. Monocytes were separated by cold aggregation and differentiated into macrophages by incubation for 7 to 10 days at 37°C or into dendritic cells by the addition of the cytokines human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4. Conidial suspension was added to the human cells at 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1 (conidia:cells) ratios for 1h, 6h, and 24h, and the infection was evaluated by Giemsa staining and light microscopy.ResultsAfter 1h interaction, P. lilacinum conidia were internalized by human cells and after 6h contact, some conidia became inflated. After 24h interaction, the conidia produced germ tubes and hyphae, leading to the disruption of macrophage and dendritic cell membranes. The infection rate analyzed after 6h incubation of P. lilacinumconidia with cells at 2:1 and 1:1 ratios was 76.5% and 25.5%, respectively, for macrophages and 54.3% and 19.5%, respectively, for cultured dendritic cells.ConclusionsP. lilacinum conidia are capable of infecting and destroying both macrophages and dendritic cells, clearly demonstrating the ability of this pathogenic fungus to invade human phagocytic cells.