Numa pesquisa efetuada em gânglios linfáticos de 3.674 suínos, aparentemente normais, e abatidos no Matadouro Municipal de Salvador e no Frigorífico Frimisa, isolaram-se 503 amostras de Salmonellas, sendo 461 ou 91,65% provenientes de gânglios crurais e pré-crurais e 42 culturas restantes, ou sejam 8,35% obtidas de outros gânglios. o estudo das 503 amostras, representando 13,69% de isolamentos no total dos suínos examinados, mostrou a existência de 52 sorotipos diferentes com dominância do grupo sorológico somático E1 em 48,70% das salmonellas seguindo-se o grupo B com 27,43%, C1 com 6,16%, L com 4,97%, C2 com 4,77% e D1 com 3,38%. Em menor percentagem registraram-se os grupos G1, N1, J, E2, e3 e E4.

The crural and pré-crural lymph nodes of 3.674 slaughtered pigs at the abattoir of Salvador - Bahia were examined for the presence of Salmonella. Fity hundred and three (503) strains belonging to fity two (52) serotypes were isolated from the pigs in a percentage of 13,69%. The serotypes E1 were most frequently in 48,70%, group E in 27,43% group C1 in 6,16%, group L in 4,97%, C2 in 4,77% and group D1 in 3,37%. Others serotypes were found: G1, N, J, E2, E3 and E. The significance of the pig inhuman salmonellosis is discussed particularly the presence of Salmonella in pré-crural and crural lymph nodes in the carcases of the animal passed fit for human consumption.

It is well known that the culture media used in the presumptive diagnosis of suspiciuous colonies from plates inoculated with stools for isolation of enteric organisms do not always correctly indicate the major groups of enterobacteria. In an effort to obtain a medium affording more exact indications, several media (1-9) have been tested. Modifications of some of these media have also been tested with the result that a satisfactory modification of Monteverde's medium was finaly selected. This proved to be most satisfactory, affording, as a result of only one inoculation, a complete series of basic indications. The modification involves changes in the formula, in the method of preparation and in the manner of storage. The formulae are: A. Thymol blue indicator: NaOH 0.1/N .............. 34.4 ml; Thymol blue .............. 1.6 g; Water .................... 65.6 ml. B. Andrade's indicator. C. Urea and sugar solution: Urea ..................... 20 g; Lactose ................... 30 g; Sucrose ................... 30 g; Water .................... 100 ml. The mixture (C.) should be warmed slightly in order to dissolve the ingredients rapidly. Sterilise by filtration (Seitz). Keep stock in refrigeratior. The modification of Monteverde's medium is prepared in two parts. Semi-solid part - Peptone (Difco) 2.0 g; NaCl 0.5 g; Agar 0.5 g; Water 100.0 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boil again for precipitation. Filter through cotton. Ad indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted semi-solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Solid part - Peptone (Difco) 1.5 g; Trypticase (BBL) 0.5 g; Agar 2.0 g; Water 100,00 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boils again. Filter through cotton. Add indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml; ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.02 g; sodiun thiosulfate 0.02 g. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Final medium - The semi-solid part is dispensed first (tubes about 12 x 120 mm) in 2.5 ml amounts and left to harden at room temperature, in vertical position. The solid part is dispensed over the hardened semi-solid one in amounts from 2.0 ml to 2.5 ml and left to harden in slant position, affording a butt of 12 to 15 mm. The tubes of medium should be subjected to a sterility test in the incubator, overnight. Tubes showing spontaneous gas bubbles (air) should then be discarded. The medium should be stored in the incubator (37ºC), for not more than 2 to 4 days. Storage of the tubes in the ice-box produces the absorption of air which is released as bubbles when the tubes are incubated at 37ºC after inoculation. This fact confirmed the observation of ARCHAMBAULT & McCRADY (10) who worked with liquid media and the aplication of their observation was found to be essential to the proper working conditions of this double-layer medium. Inoculation - The inoculation is made by means of a long straight needle, as is usually done on the triple sugar, but the needel should penetrate only to about half of the height of the semi-solid column. Indol detection - After inoculation, a strip of sterelized filter papaer previously moistened with Ehrlich's reagent, is suspended above the surface of the medium, being held between the cotton plug and the tube. Indications given - In addition to providing a mass of organisms on the slant for serological invetigations, the medium gives the following indications: 1. Acid from lactose and/or sucrose (red, of yellowsh with strains which reduce the indicators). 2. Gas from lactose and/or sucrose (bubbles). 3. H[2]S production, observed on the solid part (black). 4. Motility observed on the semi-solid part (tubidity). 5. Urease production, observed on solid and semi-solid parts (blue). 6. Indol production, observed on the strip of filter paper (red or purplish). Indol production is not observed with indol positive strains which rapidly acidify the surface o the slant, and the use of oxalic acid has proved to give less sensitive reaction (11). Reading of results - In most cases overnight incubation is enough; sometimes the reactions appear within only a few hours of incubation, affording a definitive orientation of the diagnosis. With some cultures it is necessary to observe the medium during 48 hours of incubation. A description showing typical differential reaction follows: Salmonella: Color of the medium unchanged, with blackening of the solid part when H[2]S is positive. The slant tends to alkalinity (greenish of bluish). Gas always absent. Indol negative. Motility positive or negative. Shigella: Color of the medium unchanged at the beginning of incubation period, but acquiring a red color when the strain is late lactose/sucrose positive. Slant tending to alkalinity (greenish or purplish). Indol positive or negative. Motility, gas and H[2]S always negative. Proteus: Color of the medium generally changes entirely to blue or sometimes to green (urease positive delayed), with blackening of solid part when H[2]S is positive. Motility positive of negative. Indol positive. Gas positive or negative. The strains which attack rapidly sucrose may give a yellow-greenish color to the medium. Sometimes the intense blue color of the medium renders difficult the reading of the H[2]S production. Escherichiae and Klebsiellae: Color of the medium red or yellow (acid) with great and rapid production of gas. Motility positive or negative. Indol generally impossible to observe. Paracoli: Those lactose of sucrose positive give the same reaction as Esherichia. Those lactose or sucrose negatives give the same reactions as Salmonellae. Sometimes indol positive and H[2]S negative. Pseudomonas: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. It is impossible to observe motility because there is no growth in the bottom. Alkaligenes: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. The medium does not alter the antigenic properties of the strains and with the mass of organisms on the slant we can make the serologic diagnosis. It is admitted that this medium is somewhat more laborious to prepare than others used for similar purposes. Nevertheless it can give informations generally obtained by two or three other media. Its use represents much saving in time, labor and material, and we suggest it for routine laboratory work in which a quick presumptive preliminary grouping of enteric organisms is needed.

The progressive intoxication of dogs with Clostridium perfringens toxin promotes degenerative neural lesions analogous to that found in acute intoxication. In progressive intoxication, the neuroglia is more proliferative and the myeline sheats are altered. The alterations were not circunscribed to spinal cord and medulla but were extensive to other nervous organs.

The authors carried on experiences in order to confirm the neurotoxic theory of gas gangrene explained by Pacheco & Costa, uning preparations of isolated cord-posterior train of Leptodactylus ocellatus as described by OZORIO DE ALMEIDA & Cols. Frogs were intoxicated 3 days before the test with parcially purified toxins of Cl. perfringens, Cl. oedematiens and Cl. septicum. The intoxication produced a shortening of spinal reflexes duration time of such preparations, showing a typical alteration of the reflex activity of the spinal cord.

The classification of salmonellae in accordance with the Kauffmann-White schema accepted by the <Salmonella Sub-Committee> presents various inconveniences and difficulties to application. Among these is the necessity of preparing, dosing and preserving a considerable number of specific sera whose validity as is well known, is limited. The criterion of Kauffmann’s classification is exclusively, for it abandoned cultural tests, leaving therefore only a unilateral criterion. By following it one might include Chromobacterium typhi-flavum in the Salmonella genus as well as other bacteria which differ completely from the Salmonella, as long as they are antigenically related. On the other hand, the chart approximates or separates in the different groups of antigen O species or types of salmonellae which are biologically close or almost indistinguishable. The chart has given rise to an excessive number of species and lypes of salmonellae which from 44 in the chart approved by the <Salmonella Sub-Committee> in 1934 rose ro 60 in Bergey’s Manual and everything leads one to believe that the end is not yet for every day new lypes or species are found. And perforce this must be so for new antigenic factors have been found which give rise to new structural combinations. Applying the formula of combinations (formule) to the factors already known, there are probable possibilities of having 260 different antigenic combinations in group A, or 3260 lypes or species if all the flagellate antigens of the other groups should be found, in it combined 2 and 2. Futher applying the formula of combinations to the other groups there would be possibility of so many combinations that the number of salmonellae would exceed the number of known bacterian species or perhaps the number of those existing on earth. Undoubledly Kauffmann-White’s chart is an improvement, but the bacterian analysis made with it was exaggerated and exceeded the limit of the present possibilities of the realities of life. It revealed interesting aspects of the somatic complexity of bacteria but seems untenable because of its use in pratical sense.

Foi pesquisada a produção de H²S em varias espécies da maioria dos gêneros de bactérias heterotróficas com o meio fígado-baço, com indicador de bismuto, ultimamente proposto pelos autores. 2) Todas as espécies submetidas à prova com esse meio se revelaram dotadas da capacidade de decompor os compostos sulfurados do meio de cultura com produção de H²S. 3) Resulta que todas as bactérias heterotroficas produzem H²S. 4) Houve variações no teor de produção entre amostras da mesma espécie, entre espécies do mesmo gênero e de um gênero para outro, computado pelo escurecimento maior ou menor do bismuto. 5) Também houve diferenças entre os especimens experimentados quanto ao tempo que levaram para produzir H²S. 6) E’ proposta a expressão < capacidade sulfidrigena > para a produção de H²S pelas bactérias.

Research on the production of H²S by various species of the majority of the genuses of heterotrophic bacteria was carried out using a liverspleen medium with the bismuth indicator lately proposed by authors. 2) All bacterium species submitted to test on this medium were found capable of decomposing the sulphur compounds in the culture medium with the production of H²S. 3) It was found that all the heterotrophic bacteria produce H²S. 4) there were variations in the amounts produced by different strains of the same species, by different species of the same genus and by different genuses, calculatedby the greater or lesser darkening of the bismuth indicator. 5) There were also differences between the specimens tested as to the time taken for the production of H²S. 6) The expression < sulphydrigenous power > is proposed to designate the propertie of H²S production by bacteria.

a) A junção de extrato de figado-baço ao meio com bismuto se mostrou muito favorável no aumento da produção de H²S pelos clostridios anaerobios. b) O bismuto ajuntado ao meio com extrato fígado-baço revelou maior sensibilidade ao H²S que o meio com ferro de Spray. c) O emprego do meio extrato de fígado-baço-cistina, com indicador de carbonato de bismuto, revelou a produção abundante de H²S por todos os anaeróbios submetidos à prova de produção de H²S, o que não aconteceu com o emprego de ferro como indicador de reação. d) Certas espécies de clostridios possuem capacidade sulfurigena mais precoce e intensa que outras. e) Há variações individuais na precocidade da capacidade sulfurigena dos anaerobios.

a) The addiction of liver-spleen extract to the medium with bismuth seems to have favored greatly the increase of the production of H²S by anaerobic clostridia. b) Bismuth added to the medium with liver-spleen extract showed greater sensibility to H²S than Spray’s medium with iron. c) The employment of the liver-spleen-cystine medium, with bismuth carbonate as indicator, revealed an markedely production of the H²S by all the anaerobi submitted to the H²S production test, which was not the case when iron was used as indicator of the test. d) Some species of clostridia have an earlier and more intense sulphidrigenous capacity than others. e) There are individual variations among anaerobes in their capacity for early production of hydrogen sulphide.

1) O² sob pressão reduz a patogenia de bactérias anaerobias. 2) Esta ação do O² aumenta com o prolongamento da exposição das suspensões bacterianas ao gaz. 3) A redução decorre da morte da maioria das bactérias submetidas á ação do O².

1) O² under pressure reduces the infectiosity of anaerobic bacteria. 2) This action of O² is increased with the lengthening of the time of exposure of the bacterial suspensions to the gas. 30 The reduction in infectivity is due to the death of the greater part of the bacteria submitted to the action of the O².

1 - Anaerobic bacteria of the Clostridium genus acidify mineral media without when agar is added. 2 - Acidulation results from the attack on the agar as a source of carbon. 3 - The quantity of CO² produced by the decomposition of the agar is approximately that obtained with soil bacteria as shown by Waksmann and Diehm working with hemicelluloses. Although galactone is less atacked than the other hemicelluloses the acidity produced is sufficient to disturb the fermentation tests in semi-solid media with agar. 4 - The acidulation of Spray's sugar-free control medium is probably due to the decomposition of the agar by anaerobes. The acidity produced may interfere with the acidity of the fermentation of the sugar in Spray's test or may be added to it, thus giving a false indication of the real acidity.