Abstract The use of cocaine and its main derivative, crack, can cause some systemic effects that may lead to the development of some oral disorders. Objective To assess the oral health of people with a crack cocaine use disorder and identify salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders. Methodology A total of 40 volunteers hospitalized for rehabilitation for crack cocaine addiction were enrolled; nine were randomly selected for proteomic analysis. Intraoral examination, report of DMFT, gingival and plaque index, xerostomia, and non-stimulated saliva collection were performed. A list of proteins identified was generated from the UniProt database and manually revised. Results The mean age (n=40) was 32 (±8.88; 18–51) years; the mean DMFT index was 16±7.70; the mean plaque and gingival index were 2.07±0.65 and 2.12±0.64, respectively; and 20 (50%) volunteers reported xerostomia. We identified 305 salivary proteins (n=9), of which 23 were classified as candidate for biomarkers associated with 14 oral disorders. The highest number of candidates for biomarkers was associated with carcinoma of head and neck (n=7) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n=7), followed by periodontitis (n=6). Conclusions People with a crack cocaine use disorder had an increased risk of dental caries and gingival inflammation; less than half had oral mucosal alterations, and half experienced xerostomia. As possible biomarkers for 14 oral disorders, 23 salivary proteins were identified. Oral cancer and periodontal disease were the most often associated disorders with biomarkers.

ABSTRACT The problem of finding the shortest path between a source and a destination node, commonly represented by graphs, has several computational algorithms as an attempt to find what is called the minimum path. Depending on the number of nodes in-between the source and destination, the process of finding the shortest path can demand a high computational cost (with polynomial complexity). A solution to reduce the computational cost is the use of the concept of parallelism, which divides the algorithm tasks between the processing cores. This article presents a comparative analysis of the main algorithms of the shortest path class: Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Floyd-Warshall and Johnson. The performance of each algorithm was evaluated considering different parallelization approaches and they were applied on general and open-pit mining databases present in the literature. The experimental results showed an improvement in performance of about 55% on the execution time depending on the chosen parallelization point.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção visual e estética do espaço negro entre os incisivos centrais superiores, via rastreamento do olhar e escala visual analógica (EVA). Métodos: Manipulou-se o espaço negro entre os incisivos centrais superiores, para ambos os sexos, da seguinte forma: imagem controle, espaço negro de 1 mm, espaço negro de 2 mm e espaço negro de 3 mm. Participaram desse estudo noventa avaliadores, divididos em três grupos: 30 leigos, 30 cirurgiões-dentistas e 30 ortodontistas. Após a calibração visual de cada observador, foram projetadas oito fotografias no software OGAMA® em conjunto com o hardware The Eye Tribe®. O OGAMA gerou informações do rastreamento do olhar de cada avaliador com relação ao tempo até a primeira fixação, mapa de calor, trajetória do olhar e tempo total de fixação para avaliar as áreas consideradas de interesse, de acordo com os avaliadores. Posteriormente, utilizou-se a EVA para avaliar as imagens a partir de um álbum, em uma escala de 0 a 10 pontos. Resultados: Os olhos e a boca foram as áreas com maior fixação pelos avaliadores, de acordo com os mapas de calor. Os resultados estatísticos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos de avaliadores (p> 0,05), quanto ao tempo até a primeira fixação. Porém, em relação ao tempo de fixação na boca, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p< 0,05) na comparação dos três grupos. Conclusão: O espaço negro apresentou um efeito negativo na percepção estética da face. O aumento de fixação na boca correspondeu ao aumento do tamanho do espaço negro.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the influence of black space between the maxillary central incisors on the aesthetic visual perception of the face, via eye-tracking and visual analogue scale (VAS). Methods: Black space between the central incisors was created, for both sexes, as follows: control, 1-mm black space, 2-mm black space and 3-mm black space. Ninety raters participated in this study, divided into three groups: 30 laypeople, 30 nonorthodontists, and 30 orthodontists. After the visual calibration of each observer, eight photographs were presented in the Ogama® software concomitant with the use of the hardware The Eye Tribe®. Ogama generated information depending on the eye-tracking of each rater, regarding the time until the first fixation, time of fixation, heatmap, scanpath, and total time of fixation, to evaluate the areas deemed to be of interest according to the raters. Later on, the VAS was used, where each rater evaluated the images in an album on a scale of zero to 10 points. Results: The eyes and mouth were the areas more often noticed by the raters according to the heatmaps, while no significant difference was observed in time until the first fixation between the three groups of raters (p> 0.05). However, regarding the time of fixation on the mouth, a significant difference was observed (p< 0.05) when comparing the three groups. Conclusion: Black space has a negative effect on the aesthetic perception of the face. The amount of attention on the mouth is correspondent to the size of the black space.

O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial proliferativo celular das lesões de líquen plano bucal (LPB) de pacientes sem vírus da hepatite C (VHC) por meio do método AgNOR, comparando-o ao potencial proliferativo celular da mucosa bucal normal de portadores de VHC, tratados ou não com interferon e ribavirina. Um estudo transversal foi realizado para investigar 4 grupos: 10 pacientes VHC+ sem sinais clínicos de LPB que nunca haviam sido tratados para a infecção por VHC - Grupo 1; 10 pacientes VHC+ que estavam sob tratamento com interferon e ribavirina - Grupo 2; 15 pacientes com LPB reticular histopatologicamente confirmado, sem VHC - Grupo 3; e 15 doadores de sangue sem infecção por VHC e sem sinais clínicos de LPB (Grupo 4 - Grupo de Controle). O material celular de todos os grupos foi coletado pela técnica da citologia em base líquida. Então, o material sedimentado de cada paciente foi submetido ao método da impregnação das regiões organizadoras nucleolares pela prata (AgNOR). A contagem das NORs foi realizada em 100 núcleos celulares epiteliais por paciente por meio do programa Image Tool(r). O teste Tukey HSD foi utilizado para comparar o valor médio de NORs entre os grupos e mostrou que a mucosa bucal dos pacientes VHC+ previamente tratados com fármacos anti-VHC (Grupo 2) apresentou maior número médio de NORs por núcleo em relação aos outros (p<0,05). O tratamento anti-VHC pode estar relacionado ao aumento da atividade proliferativa celular da mucosa bucal, aventando uma possível relação entre LPB e pacientes VHC+ tratados com interferon e ribavirina.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular proliferative potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions from patients without hepatitis C virus (HCV) by means of AgNOR method, as well as the cellular proliferative potential of the normal oral mucosa from patients with HCV, treated or untreated by interferon and ribavirin. A cross-sectional study was developed to investigate four groups: 10 HCV+ patients without clinical signs of OLP who had never been treated for HCV infection - Group 1; 10 HCV+ patients that were under interferon and ribavirin treatment - Group 2; 15 patients with reticular OLP lesions histopathologically confirmed, without HCV - Group 3; and 15 blood donors without HCV infection and no clinical signs of OLP GROUP 4 Control Group. The cytological material of all groups was collected by the liquid-based cytology technique. Then, the sedimented material from each patient was filled with the Nucleolar Organizer Regions impregnation by silver method (AgNOR). The count of NORs was performed on 100 epithelial cell nuclei per patient using the Image Tool(tm) software. The Tukey HSD test was used to compare the median value of NORs among the groups and showed that the oral mucosa of HCV+ patients previously treated with anti-HCV drugs (GROUP 2), presented a higher average number of NORs in relation to others (p<0.05). The anti-HCV treatment may be related to increased cell proliferation of oral mucosa, indicating a possible relationship between OLP and HCV+ patients treated with interferon and ribavirin.

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora análises baropodométricas sejam encontradas desde a década de 1990, somente agora é observado número considerável de estudos mostrando usos na reabilitação. OBJETIVOS: Para ampliar o uso dessa tecnologia, objetivou-se analisar registros baropodométricos durante a posição ortostática de sujeitos com hemiparesia, descrevendo o suporte de peso nessa população. MÉTODOS: 20 sujeitos saudáveis foram pareados por gênero e idade com 12 sujeitos com hemiparesia espástica crônica. Controles foram formados para estabelecer limites de simetria na distribuição do suporte de peso no grupo hemiparesia. Em seguida, o grupo hemiparesia foi submetido a procedimentos usados para fornecer variáveis como: distribuição no suporte de peso, índice de arqueamento e deslocamentos no centro de pressão (CoP). Os dados diferenciaram tipos de distribuição do suporte de peso (simétrico, assimétrico em direção ao pé não parético ou parético) e estabeleceram sistemas de coordenadas para deslocamentos do CoP. RESULTADOS: O grupo hemiparesia apresentou oito simétricos, oito assimétricos em direção ao pé não parético e quatro em direção ao pé parético. Distribuição assimétrica do suporte entre os pés não predominantemente ou predominantemente usados não promoveram diferenças em registros baropodométricos (pico e média de pressão e área de suporte). Principalmente para a assimetria em direção ao pé não parético, observou-se modificações significativas nos registros baropodométricos. CONCLUSÃO: Tecnologia baropodométrica pode ser usada para analisar a distribuição no suporte de peso durante a posição ortostática de sujeitos com hemiparesia, detectando diferentes tipos de suporte de peso, úteis para serem usados em programas terapêuticos e em pesquisas envolvendo sujeitos com essa incapacidade.

INTRODUCTION: Although baropodometric analysis has been published since the 1990s, only now it is found a considerable number of studies showing different uses in the rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To amplify the use of this technology, this research aimed to analyze baropodometric records during upright position of subjects with hemiparesis, describing a way to define weight-bearing profiles in this population. METHOD: 20 healthy subjects were matched by gender and age with 12 subjects with chronic spastic hemiparesis. This control group was formed to establish the limits of symmetry during weight-bearing distribution in the hemiparesis group. Next, hemiparesis group was submitted to procedures to measure baropodometric records used to provide variables related to the weight-bearing distribution, the arch index and the displacements in the center of pressure (CoP). Data were used to compare differences among kinds of weight-bearing distribution (symmetric, asymmetric toward non-paretic or paretic foot) and coordination system for CoP displacements. RESULTS: Hemiparesis group was compounded by eight symmetrics, eight asymmetrics toward non-paretic foot and four asymmetric toward paretic foot. Significant differences in the weight-bearing distributions between non-predominantly and predominantly used foot did not promote differences in the other baropodometric records (peak and mean of pressure, and support area). Mainly in the asymmetry toward non-paretic foot it was observed significant modifications of the baropodometric records. CONCLUSION: Baropodometric technology can be used to analyze weight-bearing distribution during upright position of subjects with hemiparesis, detecting different kinds of weight-bearing profiles useful to therapeutic programs and researches involving subjects with this disability.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hyposalivation in hospitalized patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical study was carried out on 145 subjects (48 males; 97 females; aged 20 to 90 years). Each subject was clinically examined, in the morning and in the afternoon, along 1 day. A focused anamnesis allowed identifying symptoms of hyposalivation, like xerostomia complaints (considered as a reference symptom), chewing difficulty, dysphagia and increased frequency of liquid intake. Afterwards, dryness of the mucosa of the cheecks and floor of the mouth, as well as salivary secretion during parotid gland stimulation were assessed during oral examination. RESULTS: Results obtained with Chi-square tests showed that 71 patients (48.9%) presented xerostomia complaints, with a significant correlation with all hyposalivation symptoms (p <0.05). Furthermore, xerostomia was also significantly correlated with all data obtained during oral examination in both periods of evaluation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Clinical diagnosis of hyposalivation in hospitalized patients is feasible and can provide an immediate and appropriate therapy avoiding further problems and improving their quality of life.

The objective of this study was to determine requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) for grazing zebu bovines. The experiment area was composed of Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty-seven non-castrated animals, with initial live weight of 311.0 kg and at an average age of 14 months were used. Three animals were slaughtered, after adaptation period, so they were used as control for estimates of empty body weight and initial body composition of animals in the experiment. Out of the 24 remaining animals, four were sent to the maintenance group with restrict grazing time to limit energy intake close to the maintenance level. The other 20 animals were distributed in four treatments: mineral mixture, self-control intake and three-times-a-week-offer frequency (offered on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) and daily. Concentrations of all studied macro elements in empty body and empty body gain decreased as live weight increased. The ratios obtained for g Ca/100 g of retained protein and g P/100 g of retained protein were 9.18 and 4.72, respectively. Total dietary requirement of calcium was lower than the one recommended by NRC (2000), but P requirement was very close to that.

Atualmente os avanços tecnológicos se fazem cada vez mais importantes nas ciências forenses. Por outro lado a autópsia ainda é uma abordagem tradicional na prática médica-odontológica, na qual evidências são coletadas por meio fotográfico e radiológico. Neste contexto, a Autópsia Virtual surge como uma ferramenta útil e complementar para o exame cadavérico. Através da alta tecnologia radiológica a Autópsia Virtual fornece uma visão eficiente e precisa do caso a ser analisado. Esta revisão crítica tem o objetivo de atualizar os Cirurgiões-dentistas apresentando o primeiro trabalho com o conteúdo voltado a Autópsia Virtual.

Nowadays, technological advances are becoming more and more important in forensic sciences. Yet autopsy is still one of the very traditional methods. This also applies for dentalautopsies, in which visual, photographic and radiological evidences are collected. In this context, Virtual Autopsy appears as a helpful and complementary tool for dental and medical cadaveric examination. Usinghigh-tech radiological approaches, Virtual Autopsy may provide, through images, an efficient and more accurate view on the individual case. This critical review aims to update the dental professionalspresenting the first national paper with explanations on Virtual Autopsy.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo avaliou as propriedades físicas de dois cimentos MTA disponíveis comercialmente. METODOLOGIA: A resistência a compressão (CS) dos materiais avaliados foi realizada após 21 horas e 14 dias de imersão em água. A avaliação da radiopacidade (RD) dos materiais foi mensurada em função de espessura de alumínio. Com relação à propriedade de tempo de presa (ST), tanto os tempos de presa inicial e final foram mensurados. A solubilidade foi calculada em função da percentagem de massa perdida após armazenamento em água. Os valores de pH foram mensurados em três diferentes tempos (inicial, 1 e 24 horas) de armazenamento em água. Todos os testes foram realizados de acordo com a norma ISO 6876-2:2001. RESULTADOS: Ambos os materiais apresentaram valores de CS e pH em acordo com os valores da norma ISO. Os dois cimentos apresentaram RD superiores ao limite de 3 mm de alumínio. Ambos os materiais mostraram resultados de SB inferiores ao limite de 3%. ST e pH também estão de acordo com a norma ISO 6876-2:2001. Adicionalmente foram avaliadas as superfícies dos materiais por MEV, e ambos apresentaram fases estruturais amorfas e cristalinas. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que ambos os materiais avaliados estão de acordo com as normas ISO, permitindo o seu uso como material de preenchimento de canais radiculares.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated some physical properties of two commercial MTA cements regarding it use as root canal filling material. METHODS: The compression strength (CS) of the evaluated materials was performed after 21 hours or 14 days of water immersion. The materials' radiopacity (RD) was measured according to aluminum thickness. Regarding setting time (ST), both initial and final times were measured. The solubility (SB) was calculated according to percentage of lost mass after water storage. The pH measurement was performed in three different times (initial, 1 and 24 hours) of water storage. All tests were performed according to ISO 6876-2:2001. RESULTS: Both cements showed that CS and pH were as in accordance with ISO standard. The two cements exhibited RD values higher than the equivalent limit of 3 mm-aluminum. Both materials exhibited SB values within the recommended limit of 3%. ST and pH also are in accordance with ISO 6876-2:2001. Additional SEM surface evaluation showed both amorphous and crystalline phase for both cements. CONCLUSION: It is possible to conclude that all evaluated materials are in accordance with ISO standard, allowing its use as root canal filling material.

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV) por contaminação vertical, comparando-se dois métodos determinantes da idade óssea. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Analisou-se uma amostra de 100 crianças, com idades variando de 4 anos e 2 meses a 11 anos e 9 meses, que realizaram radiografias de mão e punho tecnicamente padronizadas e que, posteriormente, foram analisadas segundo os critérios dos métodos de Greulich e Pyle (1959) e de Eklöf e Ringertz (1967). RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre os métodos de análise radiográfica do desenvolvimento esquelético utilizados, com destaque para a maior sensibilidade em relação ao método de Eklöf e Ringertz (p < 0,05). O grupo feminino apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os casos controle e HIV+ (sete casos) quando avaliados por este método (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se, com a presente pesquisa, que houve a influência do HIV sobre o desenvolvimento esquelético neste grupo de pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the development of children with vertically transmitted HIV infection by comparing two methods for bone age assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 children aged between 4 years and two months and 11 years and 9 months were studied. The hands and wrists of the children were X-rayed using standard techniques and the films were subsequently analyzed according to the Greulich & Pyle (1959) and by Eklöf & Ringertz (1967) methods. RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant differences between the two methods, with the Eklöf & Ringertz method being distinguished by higher sensitivity (p < 0.05). In the group of female patients statistically significant differences were seen between control and HIV+ cases (seven cases) when assessed using this method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study showed that HIV influenced skeletal development in this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: comparar a composição química de duas resinas compostas compactáveis (SOLITAIRE®, Kulzer, e PRODIGY CONDENSABLE TM, Kerr) em quatro diferentes cores (incisal/extra-light, A2, A3 e B3). MATERIAIS E MÉTODO: as amostras foram confeccionadas em placas de acrílico transparente com 4mm de espessura. Os materiais foram inseridos e compactados em orifícios de 4mm de diâmetro. Para cada cor de cada material foram confeccionadas 5 amostras, as quais foram fotopolimerizadas durante 40 segundos a uma potência de 600mW/cm². Logo após, estas foram removidas das placas e trituradas até apresentarem uma consistência de pó, foram prensadas, para colocação das diferentes cores em nichos de 4mm de diâmetro de uma matriz de Teflon, tendo como base e cobertura duas placas do mesmo material. As amostras foram montadas em stubs para a metalização, ou deposição de íons, sendo suas imagens importadas ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura com detector de raios X, para o teste de espectroscopia por dispersão de energia. RESULTADO: foram encontrados Carbono, Oxigênio, Alumínio, Sílica, Flúor, e Bário em diferentes proporções nos materiais estudados. CONCLUSÃO: a composição química de um mesmo material variou de acordo com a cor analisada e os componentes químicos encontrados foram praticamente os mesmos, mas em diferentes proporções.

OBJECTIVES: the purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition of four different shades (incisal/extra-light, A2, A3 and B3) of two packable resin composites (SOLITAIRE®, and PRODIGY CONDENSABLE TM). METHODS AND MATERIALS: the specimens measured 4mm in diameter and 4mm in thickness. Five specimens were made for each shade of the materials. They were light cured for 40 seconds at a power of 600mW/cm². Subsequently, the specimens were removed from the plates and ground to powder and then pressed into holes measuring 4mm in diameter in a Teflon matrix, using the plates of the same material as base and cover. Specimens were evaluated under SEM with an x-ray detector for the spectroscopic test by energy dispersing. RESULTS: the chemical components found in both materials were practically the same, but in different proportions. Carbon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Silica, Fluoride and Barium were found. CONCLUSIONS: the chemical composition of each same material varied according to each shade analyzed.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar os níveis de cinza, expressos em "pixels", da região retromolar mandibular, considerando a influência dos tecidos moles muscular e, principalmente, adiposo adjacentes a essa região. Para o estudo, 15 mandíbulas secas foram tecnicamente radiografadas, sendo que as radiografias obtidas foram escaneadas e avaliadas pelo programa de imagens digitalizadas Digora®. Como simuladores dos tecidos muscular e adiposo, foram utilizadas cera utilidade na espessura de 1,0 cm e amostras de gordura animal em espessuras diferentes de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 cm. Os resultados mostraram que o tecido adiposo foi capaz de influenciar a análise dos valores de níveis de cinza em "pixels" da região retromolar mandibular quando estudado em espessuras diferentes pelo programa de imagens digitalizadas Digora®.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the gray levels, expressed in pixels, of the mandibular retromolar region, with regard to the influence of muscular and fat soft tissues near this region. Fifteen dry mandibles were X-rayed with the presence of soft tissue simulators. The radiographs were digitized and evaluated by Digora® software. A one cm thick layer of wax was used as a simulator of the muscular soft tissue. Animal fat samples of different thicknesses - 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm - were used as a simulator of the fat soft tissue. Results showed that the fat soft tissue simulator influenced the gray level values in pixels of the mandibular retromolar region when analyzed in different thicknesses using the Digora® digitized image software.