RESUMEN La uchuva (Physalisperuviana L.) es una fruta de gran interés por su alto contenido nutricional y potencial medicinal. En el cultivo, la marchitez vascular, enfermedad ocasionada por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph), genera pérdidas hasta del 100%, siendo necesario identificar cultivares resistentes. Para contribuir con procesos de fitomejoramiento, se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente frutos de 33 genotipos de uchuva con 18 descriptores cuantitativos. Los genotipos fueron sembrados en campo, bajo condiciones de alta presión del patógeno Foph y sin presencia de este. El test de Student detectó diferencias estadísticas (P<0.05) entre las dos condiciones para rendimiento, rajado del fruto y pH. El análisis de componentes principales explicó con cinco factores el 84.96% de la varianza total, donde las variables físicas del fruto fueron las de mayor contribución para el primer componente (41.65%). Mediante un análisis de conglomerados, se clasificaron genotipos con y sin presencia del patógeno, en siete y ocho grupos, respectivamente. Sobre dos genotipos constrastantes por su respuesta diferencial al patógeno, se realizó un análisis de capacidad antioxidante de frutos, en donde los métodos DPPH y ORAC presentaron diferencias (P<0.05) entre los dos genotipos siendo mayor la actividad antioxidante en el material suceptible.

ABSTRACT Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a fruit of great interest, due to its high nutritional and potential medicinal value. Vascular wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Physali (Foph) is responsible for crop losses of up to 100% which makes necessary to identify resistant cultivars. To contribute to crop improvement processes, a physicochemical characterization was performed on fruits of 33 cape gooseberry genotypes using 18 quantitative descriptors. The genotypes were planted in the field under high and no pressure of Foph. The Student's t test detected statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the two conditions for yield, fruit cracking (%) and fruit juice pH. The principal component analysis explained in five factors 84.96% of the total variance, in which the fruit physical variables were the major contributor to the first component (41.65%). Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes under high and no pressure in seven and eight clusters, respectively. Two contrasting genotypes showing differential resistance response to the pathogen were analyzed for fruit antioxidant capacity, in which DPPH and ORAC methods presented significant differences (P<0.05) between the two genotypes with greater antioxidant activity in the susceptible material.

En la zona bananera del Magdalena en Colombia se ha reportado una disminución del 30% en la producción del cultivo de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) como consecuencia de la muerte de unidades productivas causadas por la enfermedad secadera o marchitez vascular, a la cual está asociada el hongo Fusarium solani. Con el objeto de contribuir al manejo del problema sanitario, se evaluó bajo condiciones de invernadero el efecto biocontrolador de la cepa nativa TCN-014 y la cepa comercial TCC-005 de Trichoderma harzianum contra F. solani. Para el estudio se utilizaron plantas de dos meses de edad, establecidas en invernadero. Se ensayaron dos tiempos de aplicación del antagonista: 1. inoculando las plantas con el patógeno y cinco días después el antagonista. 2. inoculando primero el antagonista y cinco días después el patógeno. El experimento se estableció bajo un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3, y los resultados fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y comparación de promedios mediante la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan, obteniéndose que al inocular primero el antagonista se presenta un mejor efecto biocontrolador de F. solani utilizando concentraciones de 106 y 108 conidias/mL tanto de la cepa nativa como comercial. Los resultados sugieren una acción efectiva de T. harzianum como biocontrolador de F. solani, mostrando que se pueden realizar estudios en campo que permitan desarrollar un bioproducto para el manejo ecológico de la marchitez en el cultivo de maracuyá.

In the banana zone of Magdalena in Colombia has been reported a 30% decrease in crop production of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Flavicarpa) due to the death of plants caused by the Dryer or vascular wilt disease, which is associated with the fungus Fusarium solani. In order to help manage of the disease was evaluated under greenhouse conditions the effect of the biocontrol strain native TCN-014 and CCL-005 commercial strain of Trichoderma harzianum against F. solani. For the evaluation were used plants with two months of age, set in the greenhouse; were tested two times of application of the antagonist: (1) inoculating the antagonist five days after of pathogen agent, and (2) inoculating the antagonist five days before the pathogen. The experiment was established under an experimental design of randomized blocks with 2x3 factorial arrangement, and data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of averages using the multiple range test of Duncan. Results indicated that to inoculate the antagonist before the pathogen is obtained a better biocontrol effect of F. solani using concentrations of 106 and 108 conidia/ mL of both native and commercial strains. The results suggest an effective action of T. harzianum as a biocontrol of F. solani, showing that it can perform field studies in order to develop a byproduct for ecological management of wilt in cultivation of passion fruit.

This paper investigates the feasibility of using grey-box neural models (GNM) in Real Time Optimization (RTO). These models are based on a suitable combination of fundamental conservation laws and neural networks, being used in at least two different ways: to complement available phenomenological knowledge with empirical information, or to reduce dimensionality of complex rigorous physical models. We have observed that the benefits of using these simple adaptable models are counteracted by some difficulties associated with the solution of the optimization problem. Nonlinear Programming (NLP) algorithms failed in finding the global optimum due to the fact that neural networks can introduce multimodal objective functions. One alternative considered to solve this problem was the use of some kind of evolutionary algorithms, like Genetic Algorithms (GA). Although these algorithms produced better results in terms of finding the appropriate region, they took long periods of time to reach the global optimum. It was found that a combination of genetic and nonlinear programming algorithms can be use to fast obtain the optimum solution. The proposed approach was applied to the Williams-Otto reactor, considering three different GNM models of increasing complexity. Results demonstrated that the use of GNM models and mixed GA/NLP optimization algorithms is a promissory approach for solving dynamic RTO problems.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in order to identify, document and assess suspect of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) that are report to pharmacovigilance program of Suba Hospital. METHODOLOGY: It was carried out an observational, descriptive and longitudinal study, in all the patients that consulted to the services of Urgencies and External Consultation, in the Hospital of Suba of the Bogotá city. RESULTS: During the period of study 46 reports of suspicion of ADR were received, from those which 26 (56,6 %) corresponded to consultation reason, the 20 remaining it was indoor patient . In the classification for Organ-System, the gastrointestinal system presents the highest percentage of reports (30,4 %), followed by the cardiovascular (17,4 %), nervous central system (13 %), Skin (13 %), Obstetric (10,9 %), renal system (4,3 %). The therapeutic Groups with more reported percentages of suspicion of ADR were Antipsychotic (30,4 %), Nutritional Supplements (17,4 %), Anti-infective (10,9 %), the other pharmacological groups present similar or inferior percentages to those mentioned previously. The incidence of ADR as consultation reason was 3 ADR consultation reason/10 000 consultations / month. CONCLUSIONS: It was identify to pregnant, children and young people as a risk group to development an ADR. A low proportion it was clasificated as a serious and less than half as a possible according World Health Organization algoritm.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar, documentar y analizar las sospechas de reacciones adversas que son reportadas al programa de fármacovigilancia del Hospital de Suba, de segundo nivel de complejidad. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Se realizó un seguimiento a todos los pacientes que acudieron a los servicios de Urgencias y Consulta Externa, en el Hospital de Suba segundo nivel de la ciudad de Bogotá por un periodo de tres meses. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 46 reportes de sospecha de reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) de los cuales 26 (56,6 %) correspondieron a motivo de consulta, los 20 restantes se produjeron intrahospitalariamente. El sistema gastrointestinal presentó el mayor porcentaje de reportes (30,4 %), seguido del cardiovascular (17,4 %), sistema nervioso central (13 %) y la piel (13 %), Los Grupos farmacológicos sospechosos fueron los antipsicóticos (30,4 %), suplementos nutricionales (17,4 %), y antiinfecciosos (10,9 %). La incidencia de RAM como motivo de consulta fue de 3 RAM/10 000 consultas/mes. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificaron las gestantes, niños, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes como principales grupos de riesgo para presentar RAM. Un bajo porcentaje fue clasificado como serias y al menos la mitad se estableció que su causalidad era posible de acuerdo al algoritmo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).

This work presents the use of a hybrid-neural model for predictive control of a plug flow polymerisation reactor. The hybrid-neural model (HNM) is based on fundamental conservation laws associated with a neural network (NN) used to model the uncertain parameters. By simulations, the performance of this approach was studied for a peroxide-initiated styrene tubular reactor. The HNM was synthesised for a CSTR reactor with a radial basis function neural net (RBFN) used to estimate the reaction rates recursively. The adaptive HNM was incorporated in two model predictive control strategies, a direct synthesis scheme and an optimum steady state scheme. Tests for servo and regulator control showed excellent behaviour following different setpoint variations, and rejecting perturbations. The good generalisation and training capacities of hybrid models, associated with the simplicity and robustness characteristics of the MPC formulations, make an attractive combination for the control of a polymerisation reactor.

DL50 of total alkaloids, as well as of two individual alkaloids (spartein and lupanin) found in bitter lupine seeds were determined for ISAbrown and Shavercross pullets. Three hundred chickens were used for each genetic line: 100 to calculate the dosification of the alkaloids administered, 100 for the spartein dossification and 100 for the lupanin dosification. In order to determine the DL50, the maximal and minimal lethal dose had to be determined first. The three types of products were administered with a catheter directly to the crop. After alkaloids were administrated, birds were kept under observation for several hours. The results showed that DL50 for spartein was 655 (509-856) mg/kg for the ISAbrown line and 425 (303-544) mg/kg for the SHAVERcross line. DL50 for lupanin was 1.131 (929-1378) mg/kg (ISAbrown line) and 1.271 (1027-1573) mg/kg (SHAVERcross line). DL50 for total alkaloids in lupine seeds was 958 (854-1070) mg/kg (ISAbrown line) and 961 (890-1037) mg/kg (SHAVERcross line). As a conclusion lupanin was the alkaloid that presented the highest DL50 values followed by the total alkaloids and finally spartein

Se determinó en pollas de reposición, líneas ISA brown y SHAVER cross, la DL50 tanto de alcaloides totales como de esparteína y lupanina en forma individual, presentes en las semillas de lupinos amargos. Se emplearon 300 pollos por cada línea genética: 100 para los cálculos de las dosis administrando alcaloides totales, 100 para la dosis de esparteína y 100 para lupanina. En la determinación de la DL 50 hubo que calcular la DLmáx y la DLmin, realizándose administraciones de los 3 tipos de productos, con sonda directamente a la ingluvia y observándose las aves por un período de horas post administración. Los resultados de estos estudios establecieron una DL50 de esparteína de 655 (509-856) mg/kg (línea ISAbrown) y 425 (303-544) mg/kg (línea SHAVERcross). En el caso de la lupanina la DL50 fue de 1,131 (929-1378) mg/kg (línea ISAbrown) y 1,271 (1027-1573)mg/kg (línea SHAVERcross). Para los alcaloides totales de la semilla de lupino, se obtuvo una DL50 de 958 (854-1070) mg/kg (línea ISAbrown) y 961 (890-1037) mg/kg (línea SHAVERcross). Se concluye que la lupanina fue el alcaloide que presentó los valores de DL50 más altos, seguido por los alcaloides totales y finalmente por la esparteína