Abstract Objective To review, critically analyze and synthesize knowledge from the international literature regarding the association between allergic rhinitis (AR) and sleep disorders, the impact of AR treatment on children's sleep, and lay the foundation for future research on this topic. Source of data A literature search using PubMed database including original and review articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using keywords related to AR, sleep disorders and sleep-disordered breathing. Synthesis of data Sleep is fundamental to health, and its assessment and control of conditions that trigger or aggravate disturbances are of the uttermost importance. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is common in children and may interfere with both their quality of life and quality of sleep. It has emerged as one of the most important risk factors for habitual snoring in children and appeared to increase the risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), with AR severity exhibiting a significant and independent association with pediatric OSA severity. However, in some studies, those associations between AR and OSA in children are not very consistent. Conclusions A substantial level of controversy exists regarding the interactions between AR and OSA in children. Notwithstanding, identifying and treating AR in clinical settings is probably an important step toward improving symptoms and preventing deterioration of sleep quality in children and may improve the severity of underlying OSA. Considering the high prevalence, morbidity, economic and social implications of both AR and sleep problems, it is crucial that healthcare providers improve their understanding of the relationships between those conditions among children.

Analisou-se características clínicas e evolutivas em crianças menores de um ano internadas com infecção do trato respiratório inferior por vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR). Feito estudo transversal com 89 lactentes hospitalizados durante as épocas de maior incidência do VSR, em 1997 e 1998, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram pesquisados antígenos virais, nas secreções de nasofaringe, com anticorpos monoclonais anti-VSR, antiinfluenza A e B e antiparainfluenza tipo 3, por ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta. Formaram-se três grupos: bronquiolite ou bronquite sibilante (n=44), pneumonia (n=26) e bronquiolite e pneumonia (n=19). Houve positividade para o VSR em 42 (47,1%) pacientes. Em 1997 a média de dias de oxigenoterapia foi de 5,2 e em 1998, de 2,5 dias (p> 0,05). Não houve diferença de apresentação clínica entre os lactentes que apresentaram positividade para o VSR e aqueles cujo resultado foi negativo. A sensibilidade e especificidade da sibilância em relação ao isolamento de VSR foram 85% e 65%, respectivamente. O VSR foi o principal causador de infeções do trato respiratório inferior em lactentes que necessitaram de hospitalização.

For analysis of clinical features and outcome of hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection, was carried out. Cross-sectional study with 89 infants, hospitalized in two public hospitals during the 1997 and 1998 RSV seasons, in Rio de Janeiro city. Nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained and specimens processed for viral antigens detection by indirect immunofluorescence assay with the use of anti RSV, antiinfluenza A and B and anti parainfluenza type 3 monoclonal antibodies. Patients were allocated into three diagnostic groups: bronchiolitis or wheeze bronchitis (n = 44); Pneumonia (n = 26) and bronchiolitis or wheeze bronchitis and pneumonia (n = 19). Positivity for RSV was found in 42 (47.1%) patients. More days of hospitalization were seen in 1997 in comparison with the follow year (p >0.05). No clinical differences were found between RSV positive and negative children. The sensitivity and specificity for wheezing concerning the isolation of RSV were, respectively, 85% and 65%. RSV was the major cause of LRTI in hospitalized infants.

Objetivos: relatar um caso em que ocorreu falso trajeto de cateter venoso central, com fístula vásculo-pulmonar e graves conseqüências respiratórias correlatas em recém-nascido. Revisar a literatura sobre as complicações respiratórias e não respiratórias relacionadas à introdução de cateteres venosos centrais percutâneos em crianças. Descrição: dados clínicos evolutivos e diagnósticos foram obtidos após revisão do prontuário. O recém-nascido prematuro permaneceu em UTI neonatal após o parto para tratamento de doença da membrana hialina leve e de infecção manifestada posteriormente. No dia seguinte à introdução percutânea do cateter central, para a administração de nutrição parenteral, iniciou desconforto respiratório que progrediu rapidamente. Necessitou de ventilação mecânica para estabelecer troca gasosa adequada. A verificação da trajetória do cateter com o auxílio de contraste radiológico revelou a presença da complicação. Comentários: não são raras as complicações decorrentes da inserção de cateteres centrais, sendo a infecção a mais comum. É importante que os profissionais responsáveis pelos cuidados desses pacientes conheçam as várias outras complicações menos freqüentes, como a trombose vascular e a migração do cateter, com lesões de órgãos e coleções extravasculares de líquidos. Em recém-nascidos, existe apenas um único relato de complicação semelhante à verificada em nosso paciente. Sua raridade pode ter determinado dificuldades para o diagnóstico imediato. São enfatizados os aspectos relacionados aos cuidados, após a introdução destes cateteres, que poderiam facilitar o reconhecimento precoce destas complicações.

Objectives: to present a case of central venous line misplacement with vasculo-pulmonary fistula and severe respiratory consequences in a newborn. To review the literature concerning respiratory and non-respiratory complications related to the introduction of percutaneously placed central venous lines in children. Report: evaluative and diagnostic data were described after patient chart review. A premature newborn was admitted in a NICU after delivery for treatment of low-grade hyaline membrane disease and infection manifested afterwards. In the day after the introduction of the percutaneously placed central venous catheter, in order to provide parenteral nutrition, respiratory distress began with rapid progression. Mechanical ventilation was demanded to establish proper gas exchange. The complication was revealed after checking the catheter course using radiographic contrast. Comments: complications associated with central venous catheter insertion are not rare and infection is the most frequent one. It is essential that the caretakers be aware of the many less frequent ones like vascular thrombosis and catheter misplacement with organ injury and extravascular fluids collections. Only one description related to this kind of complication verified in our patient was found in newborns. This singular characteristic may have resulted in embarrassment for rapid diagnosis. Care related aspects, after catheter insertion, that could make easier the prompt recognition of these complications are emphasized.