Abstract Compressors operating in refrigeration systems, typically with built-in induction motors, represent an important energy demand. The applicability of standard methods for efficiency determination of induction motors is limited in this context by the constructive characteristics of these motors, such as the shared compressor frame and the inaccessibility of the shaft. The main contributions of this paper are to provide an overview of standard and alternative methods for efficiency testing of single and polyphase motors, according to technical standards and to the state of the art, and to offer guidelines for the method selection. The options cover dynamometer tests, loss segregation and equivalent circuit methods, some even applicable without direct access to the motor. Experimental application examples in single and three- phase motors are presented. Beyond the context of compressors, the discussion is relevant for inaccessible motors in general.

ABSTRACT The milk and meat from animals with a pasture-based diet have higher proportions of CLA and C18:3 and lower omega-6:omega-3 ratios than products from animals with diets based on corn silage and concentrate. However, most of the published studies have evaluated fatty acid profiles in temperate climate grasses and the literature with tropical grasses is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and fatty acid compositions in the vertical strata of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) swards subjected to grazing heights (90 or 120 cm pre-grazing heights) and levels of defoliation (50% or 70% removal of the initial pre-grazing height). There were no interactions among pre-grazing height, the level of defoliation and grazing stratum. However, higher proportion of C18:3 (58% and 63%) was found in the 90-cm swards and in the half upper stratum. A higher proportion of C18:3 was associated with a higher leaf proportion and crude protein content. Thus, the upper stratum of sward or a grazing management scheme (e.g. first-last stocking) resulting in a higher proportion of leaves and crude protein both provide higher proportions of C18:3 to animals grazing in elephant grass swards.

As plantas de cobertura têm recebido atenção adicional em função da liberação de ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular capazes de formar complexos orgânicos com alumínio, cálcio e magnésio. Dessa forma, além de neutralizarem o alumínio tóxico, esses ácidos podem aumentar a mobilidade, no perfil do solo, dos produtos originados da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram (a) identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular presentes nos resíduos de plantas de cobertura e na solução do solo; (b) avaliar o efeito desses resíduos, juntamente com a aplicação superficial de calcário, na correção da acidez das camadas subsuperficiais do solo no sistema plantio direto, e (c) verificar a relação dos ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular, liberados na decomposição de resíduos vegetais, com os efeitos, na profundidade do solo, da aplicação superficial de calcário. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em colunas de PVC com amostras indeformadas de um Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico Léptico argiloso há cinco anos no sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de resíduos (10 Mg ha-1) de aveia preta (1), ervilhaca (2) e nabo forrageiro (3), calcário (13 Mg ha-1) (4), calcário mais resíduo de aveia preta (5), de ervilhaca (6) e de nabo forrageiro (7) calcário mais ácido cítrico (0,91 Mg ha-1) (8) e uma testemunha (9), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. O uso da cromatografia líquida permitiu identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular nos resíduos vegetais utilizados. Na aveia preta, houve predomínio do ácido transaconítico, na ervilhaca predominou o ácido málico e no nabo forrageiro os ácidos cítrico e málico. Não foi possível detectar nenhum tipo de ácido orgânico de baixo peso molecular tanto na solução percolada como na solução do solo. Os resíduos vegetais não tiveram efeito na correção da acidez do solo em profundidade. Seus efeitos restringiram-se na camada de 0-2,5 cm, tanto isoladamente como junto com o calcário.

Cover plants have received extra attention due to their release of low molecular weight organic acids that form organic complexes with aluminum, calcium and magnesium. Besides neutralizing toxic aluminum, such compounds can increase the mobility in the soil profile of the dissolution products of lime applied on the soil surface. Objectives of this research were (a) to identify the low molecular weight organic acids found in different cover plant species and in soil solution, (b) to evaluate the effects of the residues, alone or together with surface lime application, in relation to acidity neutralization of subsoil layers in no-tillage systems, and (c) to verify the relation between organic acids of low molecular weight, released during the decomposition of plant residues, with the effect on soil acidity properties in the soil profile due to surface lime application. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in undisturbed Inceptisol (Haplumbrept) soil samples in columns, collected in a field experiment under no-tillage for five years. Nine treatments were applied: residue (10 Mg ha-1) of black oat (1), common vetch (2), oil seed radish (3), lime (13 Mg ha-1) (4), lime plus residue of black oat (5), of common vetch (6), of oil seed radish (7), and lime plus citric acid (0.91 Mg ha-1), (8) and no treatment (9), arranged in randomized blocks. The liquid chromatography method (HPLC) allowed an identification of the main low molecular weight organic acids in the plant residues. Trans-aconitic acid was the most important in black oat, malic acid in common vetch, and citric and malic acids in oil seed radish. It was not possible to detect organic acids in the percolate or soil solution. Plant residues had no effect on acidity neutralization in the deeper soil since the effects, alone or with lime application on the soil surface, were restricted to the soil surface layer (0-2.5 cm).