Species of howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) generally are parapatric. However, many areas of sympatry between different species of this genus have been recorded in recent years. We report the discovery of a new contact zone and probable hybridization between black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in São Vicente do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (29° 46’ 07” S; 54° 47’ 53” W). We report two sightings of heterospecific groups of black-and-gold and brown howler monkeys, each composed of eight individuals, including three probable hybrids (two subadult males and one adult female). We also observed monospecific groups of phenotypically pure individuals of both species. The most plausible explanation for the occurrence of this contact zone is that brown howlers may be using the riparian forest of the Ibicuí River and its tributaries as a dispersal route towards areas of the Pampa biome, typically inhabited by black-and-gold howlers.

Las especies de monos aulladores (género Alouatta) generalmente se distribuyen de una manera parapátrica. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han registrado muchas áreas de simpatría entre distintas especies del género. En este estudio describimos el descubrimiento de una nueva zona de contacto y la probable hibridación entre monos aulladores negros y dorados (Alouatta caraya) y monos aulladores marrones (Alouatta guariba clamitans) en São Vicente do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (29° 46’ 07” S; 54° 47’ 53” W). Reportamos dos avistamientos de grupos heteroespecíficos de monos aulladores negros y dorados y marrones, cada uno de estos compuesto por ocho individuos, entre ellos tres híbridos probables (dos machos subadultos y una hembra adulta). También se observaron grupos monoespecíficos con individuos fenotípicamente puros de ambas especies. La explicación más plausible para la ocurrencia de esta zona de contacto es que los aulladores marrones están utilizando las matas ribereñas del río Ibicuí y sus afluentes como una ruta de dispersión hacia zonas del bioma Pampa, típicamente habitadas por aulladores negros y dorados.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influencia de cimentos endodonticos a base de eugenol e estrategia de cimentacao resinosa na resistencia a tracao de pinos de fibra de vidro a dentina. Sessenta e quatro incisivos bovinos foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos com 32 especimes para cada procedimento de obturacao, com o cimento a base de eugenol Pulp Canal Sealer EWT ou somente com guta percha pela tecnica termoplastificada. Apos, realizou-se o prepare do conduto radicular para o pino de fibra Reforpost e posteriormente, as amostras de cada procedimento obturador foram separadas em quarto grupos (n=8), considerando as estrategias para cimentacao do pino: A) Adper Single Bond 2 e RelyX ARC; B) All Bond 2 e C&B cement; C) All Bond 2 e RelyX ARC; D) Adper Single Bond 2 e C&B Cement. Os pinos foram imediatamente cimentados apos o tratamento endodontico. Dessa maneira, o teste de pull-out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0.5 mm/min em maquina de ensaio universal (EMIC DL2000). Os dados (Kgf) A analise estatistica foi realizada pelos testes ANOVA de dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). O cimento endodontico contend eugenol nao influenciou a resistencia de uniao a tracao (pull-out) dos pinos de fibra, independente da estrategia de cimentacao. O RelyX ARC ofereceu maior resistencia de uniao do pino a dentina, comparado ao C&B Cement quanto utilizado com o Adper Single Bond 2, na presenca do cimento endodontico contendo eugenol. O All Bond 2 quando associado a todos os cimentos estudados promoveram uma resistencia de uniao semelhante, independente do conteudo de eugenol na cimentacao endodontica. Em conclusao, o cimento endodontico a base de eugenol nao influenciou na resistencia a tracao de pinos de fibra a dentina. A associacao de sistema adesivo e cimento resinoso do mesmo fabricante apresentou valores de resistencia de uniao semelhantes na cimentacao de pinos de fibra.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of eugenolcontaining endodontic sealers and luting strategy on the pull-out bond strength of glass fiber posts to dentin. Sixty-four bovine incisors were randomly assigned into two groups of 32 specimens each for obturation procedure with gutta-percha only, or with Pulp Canal Sealer EWT. Subsequently, the roots were prepared for the fiber post Reforpost and all specimens of each endodontic sealing procedure were allocated to four groups (n=8), according to the strategies for post cementation: A) Single Bond 2 and RelyX ARC; B) All Bond 2 and C&B cement; C) All Bond 2 and RelyX ARC; D) Single Bond 2 and C&B Cement. The posts were cemented immediately after the endodontic treatment. The pull-out test was performed at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine (EMIC). Data (Kgf) were submitted to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The eugenol-based sealer did not influence the pull-out bond strength of fiber posts regardless of the luting strategy. RelyX ARC showed higher bond strength than C&B Cement when used with Single Bond 2 adhesive system, when the eugenol-based sealer was present. All Bond 2, when associated to all cements studied, promoted similar bond strength, regardless of the eugenol-containing endodontic sealer. In conclusion, eugenolcontaining sealer did not influence the pull-out bond strength values of the resin luting systems for glass fiber post cementation. The bond system and resin cement association from the same manufacturer had similar bond strength values for dentin.

The importance of the protein ingestion during the adult stage on the mating success of males of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann was evaluated in experiments of laboratory and field cage. In laboratory, the effects of protein ingestion during the first four or 12 days of the male adult life was assessed by the following parameters: mating success (capacity of being chosen by the female) and the number of males that give out pheromonal signals. Some experiments of mating success had been carried through with males in different ratios. In these tests, the number of males which had ingested protein (an unique male) was remained constant and the number of males fed without protein was gradually increased from 1:1 to 1:5. In the field cages, the mating success experiments were done using a 1:1 ratio. The results showed that the protein ingestion in the first four days of life did not influence any of the analyzed parameters. When the period of ingestion of protein was extended to 12 days, protein-fed males fed produced more pheromonal signals and had a higher mating success when at a 1:1 ratio in laboratory and field cage assays. In laboratory, females randomly chose males in any other tested ratio (1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5), indicating that the female may lose the perception to identify the male who ingested protein in the first 12 days.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da senescência no sucesso de cópula e na secreção de feromônio sexual por machos de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). O efeito do envelhecimento do macho sobre o acasalamento foi analisado utilizando-se machos com cinco e 21 dias de idade, através do seu sucesso de copula (escolha dos machos pela fêmea para cópula) e pela quantidade de machos que emitiram feromônio sexual. O sucesso de cópula foi avaliado através de várias proporções de machos jovens em relação a machos velhos pelo aumento do número de machos velhos:machos jovens de 1:1 até 5:1. O sucesso de cópula na proporção de 1:1 também foi avaliado em gaiola de campo. A avaliação do sucesso de cópula (na proporção 1:1) demonstrou clara preferência das fêmeas pelos machos jovens. A emissão de feromônio sexual foi mais comum em machos jovens do que em machos velhos. Mesmo em casos onde os machos velhos foram mais abundantes (proporções 2:1 e 3:1), as fêmeas continuaram escolhendo os machos jovens. Entretanto, as fêmeas não distinguiram mais os machos jovens em relação aos machos velhos nas proporções 4:1 ou 5:1. Os resultados indicam que o envelhecimento dos machos de C. capitata tem considerável efeito negativo sobre seu sucesso reprodutivo, especialmente se eles são encontrados em proporção menor do que 3:1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of male ageing on male pheromone release and mating success of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The effects of male ageing on mating were evaluated on five and 21 d-old males by assessing their mating success (males chosen by a female for copulation) and the amount of males releasing the sex pheromone. The mating success was evaluated by using several ratios of young to older males by increasing the number of older males:young males from 1:1 to 5:1. The mating success of the 1:1 ratio was also evaluated in field cages. The evaluation of the mating success (in the 1:1 ratio) showed a clear preference of the females for young males. Sex pheromone emission was much more common on young than older males. Even in cases were older males were more abundant (ratios 2:1 and 3:1), females still chose the young males. However, females could not distinguish young from older males in ratios of 4:1 or 5:1. Our data indicate that the ageing of C. capitata males has a considerable negative effect on their reproductive success, especially if they are found in a proportion any lower than 3:1.