ABSTRACT Zinc is an essential micronutrient for plant metabolism and has been studied in several crops of economic interest. However, there is no evidence of its use in coconut crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of foliar zinc fertilization with doses of zinc on dwarf green coconut seedlings based on their nutritional status, growth attributes, and gas exchange. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of different zinc doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g per plant) with five replicates. Seedlings were positively influenced by zinc dose, mainly in terms of growth variables and gas exchange. Zinc fertilization reduced iron and manganese content and increased zinc concentrations in the leaf tissue. Zinc fertilization promoted an increase in leaf area, height, shoot dry mass, and total dry mass. Furthermore, zinc fertilization improved photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic water use efficiency. The improvement in these growth indices and gas exchange, in most variables, was up to an estimated dose of approximately 16 g of zinc per plant and decreased with increasing doses.

RESUMO O zinco é um micronutriente de importância essencial para o metabolismo vegetal, é estudado para diversas culturas de interesse econômico, porém sem evidências de estudo para a cultura do coqueiro. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a influência da fertilização com doses de zinco via foliar em mudas de coqueiro anão verde, por meio do estado nutricional, atributos de crescimento e trocas gasosas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, e os tratamentos foram constituídos por doses de zinco (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 g por planta), com cinco repetições. As mudas foram influenciadas positivamente pelas doses de zinco principalmente nas variáveis de crescimento e nas trocas gasosas. No estado nutricional afetou de maneira decrescente o ferro e o manganês e aumentou o zinco no tecido foliar. O zinco proporcionou incrementos na área foliar, altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca total. Além disso, melhorou a fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca do uso da água. A melhora nesses índices de crescimento e trocas gasosas, na maioria das variáveis, foi até a dose estimada de aproximadamente 16 g de zinco por planta e diminuiu com o aumento das doses.

Resumo Objetivos As estruturas capsulo-ligamentares do ombro funcionam como estabilizadores estáticos, juntamente com os músculos do bíceps e do manguito rotador, aumentando a superfície de contato da cavidade glenoide. Terminações nervosas livres e mecanorreceptores foram identificados no ombro; no entanto, existem alguns estudos que descrevem a presença desses nervos na inserção do bíceps. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfologia e distribuição de terminações nervosas utilizando imunofluorescência com protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) e microscopia confocal. Métodos Foram estudados seis complexos labrum-bíceps de seis cadáveres congelados frescos. Os espécimes foram cortados coronalmente e preparados pelo método de imunofluorescência. Tanto em hematoxilina e eosina (H&E) quanto em imunofluorescência, foi descrita a organização do tecido conjuntivo com fibras paralelas de colágeno. Resultados No estudo de H&E, foram visualizadas estruturas vasculares e algumas estruturas nervosas, que foram identificadas pela presença alongada da célula nervosa. Todas as amostras analisadas com imunofluorescência e microscopia confocal demonstraram baixa ocorrência de morfotipos de corpúsculos sensoriais e terminações nervosas livres. Identificamos terminações nervosas livres localizadas no labrum, inserção bicipital e terminações nervosas esparsas ao longo do tendão. Terminais corpusculares com aspecto fusiforme, cuneiforme e oval foram identificados no tendão. Conclusão Esses achados corroboram a hipótese de que a geração de dor nas lesões labrais superiores de anterior a posterior (SLAP, na sigla em inglês) deriva da parte mais proximal do cabo longo do bíceps e ainda mais do labrum superior. Estudos quantitativos futuros com um número maior de espécimes podem fornecer mais informações sobre esses sistemas sensoriais.

Abstract Objectives The capsuloligamentous structures of the shoulder work as static stabilizers, together with the biceps and rotator cuff muscles, increasing the contact surface of the glenoid cavity. Free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors have been identified in the shoulder; however, there are a few studies that describe the presence of these nerves in the biceps' insertion. The present study aimed to describe the morphology and distribution of nerve endings using immunofluorescence with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and confocal microscopy. Methods Six labrum-biceps complexes from six fresh-frozen cadavers were studied. The specimens were coronally cut and prepared using the immunofluorescence technique. In both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunofluorescence, the organization of the connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers was described. Results In the H&E study, vascular structures and some nerve structures were visualized, which were identified by the elongated presence of the nerve cell. All specimens analyzed with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy demonstrated poor occurrence of morphotypes of sensory corpuscles and free nerve endings. We identified free nerve endings located in the labrum and in the bicipital insertion, and sparse nerve endings along the tendon. Corpuscular endings with fusiform, cuneiform, and oval aspect were identified in the tendon. Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that the generation of pain in the superior labral tear from Anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions derives from the more proximal part of the long biceps cord and even more from the upper labrum. Future quantitative studies with a larger number of specimens may provide more information on these sensory systems.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) separate papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Objective: Depression is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients, but few studies have evaluated older hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression, its associated factors and its impact on quality of life in an older population on hemodialysis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 173 hemodialysis patients aged 60 years or older in Recife, Brazil. Depression was evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview when depressive symptoms (according to the 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale) were present. Quality of life was assessed with the Control, Autonomy, Self-realization and Pleasure Questionnaire (CASP-16). Data were also collected on sociodemographic, laboratory (albumin, parathormone, hemoglobin, and phosphorus) and dialysis (dialysis vintage, vascular access and hemodialysis adequacy) characteristics. Results: Depression was present in 22.5% of the sample. Depressed patients presented low CASP-16 quality of life scores (31.6 vs. 24.2, p < 0.001), twice the odds of albumin levels < 3.8 g/dL (OR 2.36; 95%CI 1.10-5.07; p = 0.027) and higher parathormone levels (OR 1.06; 95%CI 1.00-1.13; p = 0.05). Conclusion: Older hemodialysis patients have a high prevalence of depression. Depressed patients presented poor quality of life, lower serum albumin and higher parathormone levels. Teams dealing with older hemodialysis patients should include depression and quality of life assessments in care protocols.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) successive papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis by helminths and protozoa is still today a global public health problem mainly affecting people living in conditions of social vulnerability, including rural communities. Objective: Describe human intestinal parasitosis and environmental contamination with helminths and protozoa in the Quilombola community of Quartel do Indaiá (of African descent) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of stool and soil samples by spontaneous sedimentation, and of plant samples by centrifugation sedimentation, to detect intestinal helminths and protozoa. Water samples were analyzed for total and fecal coliforms. Results: Helminths and protozoa were found in 45.5% of the people (n = 66). The species detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (18.2 %), Entamoeba coli (18.2%), Endolimax nana (18.2 %), ancylostoma (6.1 %), Iodamoeba butschlii (4.6 %), Giardia duodenalis (3%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.5 %). More than one species were present in 19.7 % of the samples. In 18 of the 39 sites sampled, the soil was contaminated with E. coli, E. nana, A. lumbricoides, I. butschlii and/or Enterobius vermicularis. Vegetables (n = 135) were contaminated in 75 samples with 7 of the 8 species analyzed. The contaminants were E. coli cysts, A. lumbricoides eggs and ancylostoma. All water samples were contaminated with total and fecal coliforms. Conclusions: The Quilombola community of Quartel do Indaiá had high levels of human infection and high environmental contamination with intestinal parasites or protozoa, probably due to lack of appropriate sanitary conditions. It is necessary to improve the access to treated water and sanitation.

RESUMEN Introducción: El parasitismo intestinal por helmintos y protozoarios todavía es un problema de salud pública mundial, que afecta sobre todo personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad social, incluso las comunidades rurales. Objectivo: Describir la infección humana y la contaminación ambiental por parásitos/comensales intestinales en una comunidade ‘quilombola’ Quartel do Indaiá (descendentes de esclavos) del Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con análisis de muestras fecales y de tierra por sedimentación espontánea, y de vegetales por sedimentación con centrifugación para detección de parásitos o comensales intestinales. Se analizaron muestras de agua para detección de coliformes totales y fecales. Resultados: Se observó la ocurrencia de parásitos o comensales en 45.5 % de las personas (n = 66). Las especies detectadas fueron Ascaris lumbricoides (18,2 %), Entamoeba coli (18,2 %), Endolimax nana (18,2 %), anquilostomas (6.1 %), Iodamoeba butschlii (4,6 %), Giardia duodenalis (3 %), and Trichuris trichiura (1,5 %). Para 19,7 % de las muestras se detectaron más de una especie. El suelo estuvo contaminado en 18 de los 39 sitios muestreados, con presencia de E. coli, E. nana, A. lumbricoides, I. butschlii y/o Enterobius vermicularis. Los vegetales (n = 135) presentaron contaminación en 75 muestras de 7, entre 8 especies analizadas. Sus contaminantes fueron quistos de E. coli y huevos de A. lumbricoides y anquilostoma. Todas las muestras de agua estaban contaminadas por coliformes totales y fecales. Conclusiones: La comunidad ‘quilombola’ Quartel do Indaiá presentó alta infección humana y alta contaminación ambiental por parásitos o comensales intestinales, lo que se debe probablemente a la falta de condiciones sanitarias. Se necesita mejorar el acceso para agua tratada y estructuras de saneamiento.

A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) é uma espécie oleaginosa tropical, sendo o óleo extraído de suas sementes um dos mais versáteis da natureza e com inúmeras aplicações industriais. Embora ainda seja uma espécie rústica, ela está sujeita a diversas doenças, dentre elas o mofo-cinzento, causada pelo fungo Amphobotrys ricini. O melhoramento genético seria a melhor alternativa para o controle da doença, mas demanda tempo para se obter cultivares resistentes. Dessa maneira, o uso de métodos de controle baseado em métodos químicos, alternativos ou biológicos mostra-se viável no curto prazo. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a eficiência do controle do mofo-cinzento, na cultura da mamoneira, utilizando-se de métodos químico, alternativo e biológico. Assim, procurou-se avaliar, tanto in vitro, quanto in vivo a eficiência de controle do patógenos utilizando-se de fungicidas, óleos essenciais e agentes de controle biológico. Quanto a inibição do crescimento micelial do patógeno in vitro os melhores tratamentos com os óleos essenciais foram os com a base de Cymbopogon martini e Cynnamomum zeylanicum, nas cinco concentrações testadas. Em ambos os óleos, o diâmetro médio das colônias ficou em 0,7 cm contra a média de 4,79 cm da testemunha. Com os fungicidas, nas quatro concentrações testadas, os mais eficientes foram os ingredientes ativos tiofanato metílico, carbendazim, tebuconazole e iprodione. O ED50 destes fungicidas ficou < 1uL/L, atestando 100% de inibição do crescimento micelial em todas as concentrações. Quanto à inibição da germinação dos conídios de A. ricini, os fungicidas tebuconazole e clorotalonil foram os melhores em todas as concentrações testadas, sendo a média dos conídios germinados destes fungicidas de 0,0 e 0,15%, respectivamente, contra 100% da testemunha. No campo, o tratamento com o fungicida iprodione foi o melhor quanto ao controle da doença quando comparados com os tratamentos biológico e alternativo. Em condições de campo, a severidade média da doença com o tratamento com iprodione foi de 15,76% contra 95,81% na testemunha inoculada.

The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a tropical oilseed species, and the oil extracted from its seeds is one of the most versatile oils in the nature, showing various industrial uses. Even though it is a rustic species, the castor bean is subjected to several diseases such as the gray mold, caused by the fungus Amphobotrys ricini. Genetic breeding would be the best alternative for the disease control, but a long time is required to obtain resistant cultivars. Thus, the use of control strategies based on chemical, alternative or biological methods shows viable in the short term. The aim of this study was to investigate gray mold control efficiency, in castor bean crop, using chemical, alternative and biological methods. The pathogen control efficiency was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using fungicides, essential oils and biological control agents. As regards the in vitro inhibition of the pathogen mycelial growth, the best treatments with essential oils were those based on C. martini and C. zeylanicum at all five tested concentrations. For both oils, the average diameter of colonies was 0.7 cm against 4.79 cm for the control treatment. For the fungicides, at all four tested levels, the most efficient active ingredients were methyl tiophanate, carbendazim, tebuconazole and iprodione. The ED50 of these fungicides was <1uL/L, yielding 100% mycelial growth inhibition at all concentrations. As to the inhibition of A. ricini conidium germination, the fungicides tebuconazole and chlorotanolyl were the best at all tested concentrations, and the average of germinated conidia with these fungicides was 0.0 and 0.15%, respectively, against 100% for the control treatment. In the field, treatment with the fungicide iprodione was the best for the disease control when compared to biological and alternative treatments. Under field conditions, the average disease severity for the treatment with iprodione was 15.76% against 95.81% for the inoculated control.

O registro brasileiro dos Xenacanthiformes inclui dentes e espinhos cefálicos encontrados nas bacias do Parnaíba, Amazonas e Paraná. Este trabalho descreve uma nova espécie de Xenacanthidae, coletada em um afloramento do Membro Serrinha da Formação Rio do Rasto (Wordiano ao Wuchiapingiano), Bacia do Paraná, Município de Jacarezinho, Estado do Paraná. Os dentes da nova espécie são bi ou tricuspidados e a superfície aboral apresenta uma suave concavidade e um tubérculo basal arredondado. A superfície coronal apresenta um botão coronal semi-esférico e subcircular, além de duas cúspides laterais principais e uma central (quando presente) com menos de um quinto do tamanho das cúspides laterais em sua porção labial. As cúspides laterais são assimétricas ou simétricas, arredondadas em corte transversal, lanceoladas em corte longitudinal, carenas laterais e serrilhas laterais ausentes, e com suaves cristas de enamelóide. Em microscopia óptica os dentes apresentam base composta por dentina trabecular (osteodentina), enquanto que as cúspides são compostas por ortodentina, e os canais pulpares não são obliterados por dentina trabecular. A assembléia fóssil no mesmo nível estratigráfico e na Formação Rio do Rasto como um todo indica mais um registro de água doce para os tubarões xenacantídeos.

The Brazilian records on Xenacanthiformes include teeth and cephalic spines from the Parnaíba, Amazonas and Paraná basins. This work describes a new species of Xenacanthidae, collected in an outcrop of Serrinha Member of Rio do Rasto Formation (Wordian to Wuchiapingian), Paraná Basin, municipality of Jacarezinho, State of Paraná. The teeth of the new species are two or three-cuspidated and the aboral surface show a smooth concavity and one rounded basal tubercle. The coronal surface presents one semi-spherical and subcircular coronal button, and also two lateral main cusps and one central (when present) with less than one fifth of the size of the lateral cusps in the labial portion. The lateral cusps are asymmetric or symmetric, rounded in transversal section, lanceolate in longitudinal section, devoid of lateral carinae and lateral serrations, and with few smooth cristae of enameloid. In optical microscope the teeth show a trabecular dentine (osteodentine) base, while the cusps are composed by orthodentine, and the pulp cavities are non-obliterated by trabecular dentine. The fossil assemblage in the same stratigraphical level and in the whole Rio do Rasto Formation indicates another freshwater record for xenacanthid sharks.