Abstract Background: the Proximal Femur Fracture (PFF) is a serious public health concern, and the ABLEFIT Medical Device (MD) may be an added asset in the patient’s process of rehabilitation after PFF. Objectives: to assess usability and ergonomics of the ABLEFIT for patient rehabilitation after PFF. Methodology: a descriptive observational study, using a mixed methodology, with data sourcing through two focus groups and usability questionnaire. Focus groups made up of eight participants each, one group with end users and one with Nurses Specialized in Rehabilitation Nursing (NSRN). All ethical principals were met. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v25 software, in addition to content analysis technique for focus groups. Results: the descriptive analysis of the quantitative data shows a positive appreciation, with higher scores in group A. Overall, participants considered the device to be useful for patient rehabilitation after PFF. Some group B participants perceived the learning process and usability of the medical device as complex. Conclusion: this study allowed to assess usability and improvement of the ABLEFIT for patient rehabilitation after PFF, and to contribute to better quality in Rehabilitation Nursing care services.

Resumen Marco contextual: la Fractura de Fémur Proximal (FFP) es un grave problema de salud pública, el Dispositivo Médico, ABLEFIT, puede aportar un valor agregado en el proceso de rehabilitación de la persona después de la FFP. Objetivo: evaluar la usabilidad y la ergonomía de ABLEFIT para la rehabilitación post-FFP. Metodología: Estudio observacional de carácter descriptivo, con recurso a metodología mixta. La información fue recogida por medio de dos grupos focales y un cuestionario de usabilidad. Los grupos focales formados por ocho participantes, uno de usuarios finales y otro de Enfermera Especialista en Enfermería de Rehabilitación (EEER). Se respetaron todos los principios éticos. Para el análisis de los datos cuantitativos se utilizó el programa informático Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v25, y la técnica de análisis de contenido específica en el caso de grupos focales. Resultados: del análisis descriptivo realizado a los resultados cuantitativos fue posible observar a existencia de una apreciación positiva, con puntuaciones más altas en el grupo A. En general, consideran útil el dispositivo en la rehabilitación de la persona después de la PFC. Algunos de los participantes del grupo B perciben que el aprendizaje y uso del DM es complejo. Conclusión: este estudio permitió evaluar, por un lado, la usabilidad y la mejoría de ABLEFIT en la rehabilitación de personas después de un PFC y por otro, contribuye para la prestación de cuidados de Enfermería de Rehabilitación de mayor calidad.

Resumo Enquadramento: a Fratura do Fémur Proximal (FFP) é um grave problema de saúde pública, o Dispositivo Médico (DM), ABLEFIT, poderá trazer mais-valias no processo de reabilitação da pessoa pós FFP. Objetivos: avaliar a usabilidade e ergonomia do ABLEFIT para a reabilitação da pessoa pós FFP. Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo, metodologia mista. Recolha de informação através de dois grupos focais e questionário de usabilidade. Grupos focais de oito participantes, um de utilizadores finais, e outro de Enfermeiro Especialista de Enfermagem de Reabilitação (EEER). Foram cumpridos todos os princípios éticos. Para análise dos dados quantitativos foi utilizado o programa informático Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v25, e a técnica de análise de conteúdo para os grupos focais. Resultados: da análise descritiva dos resultados quantitativos, evidencia-se uma apreciação positiva, pontuações mais elevadas no grupo A. Globalmente, consideram o dispositivo útil na reabilitação da pessoa pós FFP. Alguns dos participantes do grupo B, tem perceção de que a aprendizagem e utilização do DM é complexa. Conclusão: este estudo permitiu aferir a usabilidade e aperfeiçoamento do ABLEFIT na reabilitação da pessoa pós FFP, e contribuir para a prestação de cuidados de Enfermagem de Reabilitação de maior qualidade.

Abstract Ceramic compounds with complex cubic perovskite structures have shown to be promising materials for encapsulations for temperature sensors in the petroleum industry due to their high mechanical resistance and chemical inertness to the corrosive environment of crude oil. In this work, ceramic compounds were produced by solid-state calcination and the X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation of the compound Sr2NiZrO6 with the ordered complex cubic perovskite structure of the A2BB’O6 type. The sintered Sr2NiZrO6 compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers microhardness. The chemical stability of the compound was verified through the structural, microstructural, and mechanical characterization of the specimens after 60 days of immersion in crude oil. The results showed that the compound did not present changes in the structure and did not suffer a chemical attack on its surface, thus presenting suitable properties for use as encapsulation for temperature sensors in oil wells.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the ability of the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) as a prognostic marker for midterm clinical outcomes three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), to identify possible predictors of fall in 6MWD in the early postoperative period, and to establish the percentage fall in early postoperative 6MWD, considering the preoperative baseline as 100%. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG were included. The percentage fall in 6MWD was assessed by the difference between preoperative and postoperative day (POD) five. Clinical outcomes were evaluated three months after hospital discharge. Results: There was a significant decrease in 6MWD on POD5 compared with preoperative baseline values (percentage fall of 32.5±16.5%, P<0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an independent association of the percentage fall of 6MWD with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of percentage fall in 6MWD to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months was 34.6% (area under the curve = 0.82, sensitivity = 78.95%, specificity = 76.19%, P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicates that a cutoff value of 34.6% in percentage fall of 6MWD on POD5 was able to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months of follow-up after CABG. Use of CPB and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength were independent predictors of percentage fall of 6MWD in the postoperative period. These findings further support the clinical application of 6MWD and propose an inpatient preventive strategy to guide clinical management over time.

Abstract Molecular tools have been employed to improve the knowledge about freshwater Neotropical fishes. Such approaches supporting studies of groups including species complexes such as Astyanax, one of the most diversified and taxonomically complex genus of the family Characidae. Here, we employed species delimitation analyses in four Astyanax species described for the upper Paraguaçu River basin, a drainage within Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion with high endemism. We implemented single and multilocus approaches based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear markers. Cytochrome c Oxidase I sequences previously available for Astyanax species were also added to our dataset. The single locus analyses showed A. epiagos, A. rupestris, and A. aff. rupestris as different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), while A. brucutu and A. lorien were grouped. However, the multilocus approach distinguished these two species and showed congruence for the remaining single locus results. Astyanax aff. rupestris was separated into two MOTUs using both approaches, highlighting the need for an integrative taxonomic revision including A. aff. rupestris. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of this fish group in the upper Paraguaçu, identifying hidden diversity and reinforcing the relevance of this hydrographic system as a notable hotspot for ichthyofauna biodiversity endemism.

Resumo Ferramentas moleculares têm sido empregadas para melhorar o conhecimento sobre os peixes Neotropicais. Tais abordagens apoiam estudos de grupos que incluem complexos de espécies, como Astyanax, um dos gêneros mais diversificados e taxonomicamente complexos dentro da família Characidae. Neste estudo, nós empregamos análises de delimitação de espécies em quatro espécies de Astyanax recentemente descritas da bacia do alto rio Paraguaçu, uma drenagem dentro da ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste que apresenta alto endemismo. Nós realizamos abordagens de loco único e multilocos baseadas em dois marcadores mitocondriais e um nuclear. Sequências de Citocromo c Oxidase I anteriormente disponíveis para espécies de Astyanax foram adicionadas ao nosso conjunto de dados. As análises de loco único mostraram A. epiagos, A. rupestris e A. aff. rupestris como diferentes Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais Moleculares (MOTUs), enquanto A. brucutu e A. lorien foram agrupadas. Entretanto, a abordagem multilocos distinguiu estas duas espécies e mostrou congruência com os demais resultados das análises de loco único. Astyanax aff. rupestris foi separada em duas MOTUs usando ambas as abordagens, sugerindo a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica integrativa incluindo A. rupestris e ambas A. aff. rupestris. Esses achados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade desse grupo de peixes na bacia do rio Paraguaçu, identificando diversidade oculta e reforçando a relevância desse sistema hidrográfico como um notável hotspot de endemismo da biodiversidade da ictiofauna.

The formation of a stable and adherent oxide layer on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy can improve the mechanical and corrosion resistance of this material. This work studied the creep behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after two different thermal oxidation conditions: at 650 °C for 12 h and at 800 °C for 2 h. In the XRD analysis of the oxidized samples, it was possible to observe the formation of rutile (TiO2) and a displacement of the peaks of α and β phases caused by the dissolution of oxygen. In the creep test at 550 °C, the material oxidized at 800 °C for 2 h showed a greater creep life at 125 MPa, the crack took longer to brake probably due to the greater thickness of the layer. At 550°C and 187.5 MPa the material oxidized at 650 °C for 12h has a better creep life, probably due to the layer more adhered.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the ability of the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) as a prognostic marker for midterm clinical outcomes three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), to identify possible predictors of fall in 6MWD in the early postoperative period, and to establish the percentage fall in early postoperative 6MWD, considering the preoperative baseline as 100%. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG were included. The percentage fall in 6MWD was assessed by the difference between preoperative and postoperative day (POD) five. Clinical outcomes were evaluated three months after hospital discharge. Results: There was a significant decrease in 6MWD on POD5 compared with preoperative baseline values (percentage fall of 32.5±16.5%, P<0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an independent association of the percentage fall of 6MWD with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of percentage fall in 6MWD to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months was 34.6% (area under the curve = 0.82, sensitivity = 78.95%, specificity = 76.19%, P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicates that a cutoff value of 34.6% in percentage fall of 6MWD on POD5 was able to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months of follow-up after CABG. Use of CPB and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength were independent predictors of percentage fall of 6MWD in the postoperative period. These findings further support the clinical application of 6MWD and propose an inpatient preventive strategy to guide clinical management over time.

ABSTRACT Synthetic insecticides used in the management of the mealybug Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) can contaminate co-products from this plant. The use of Agave extracts and/or mineral oil is a sustainable alternative to reduce the residual effect of these chemicals in the palm production chain. The objective here was to determine the effectiveness of Agave genotype extracts applied alone or mixed with mineral oil against the cactus scale mealybug D. echinocacti. Two experiments were carried out to achieve this goal. The first one aimed to select the most promising Agave genotype extract concentration (CL80) to kill 80% of the first instar mobile nymphs of D. echinocacti (Experiment 1), and the second to determine the effectiveness of the selected extract against nymphs, pupae, and adults of different ages of this mealybug in laboratory and greenhouse (Experiment 2). The extract of the genotype Agave fourcroydes cv. Cabinho with lethal concentration (LC80) of 10.9 mL/10 mL is the most efficient in causing mortality of D. echinocacti. The lethal concentration of the A. fourcroydes cv. Cabinho killed 80% of the first instar motile nymphs and more than 74% of the nymphs, pupae, and adults of different ages of D. echinocacti in the laboratory and greenhouse followed by Agave sisalana cv. Tatuí 3. Furthermore, the mortality of this scale mealybug was higher with applications of mineral oil (Assist), alone or mixed with sisal extracts.

Abstract Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder characterized by reduced or absent activity of the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Due to systemic accumulation of glycolipids, FD phenotype is diverse, and diagnosis may be challenging. Clinical manifestations include small fiber neuropathy, renal dysfunction, cardiac involvement, cerebrovascular disease, among others. In the present study, we describe biopsy proven small fiber neuropathy and subclinical cardiac involvement in two cousins diagnosed with FD secondary to a recently described pathogenic variant, highlighting the importance of diagnostic tools to document organ damage and allow early treatment. (FD Xlinked X linked αgalactosidase α galactosidase A glycolipids diverse challenging dysfunction others study variant treatment

Resumo O inseto sugador, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), é de origem australiana e reduz a produtividade de cultivos do gênero Eucalyptus. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é o principal agente utilizado no manejo integrado de G. brimblecombei. Endossimbiontes, em insetos, são importantes na adaptação e proteção de seus hospedeiros ao ambiente que habitam. Wolbachia, um simbionte intracelular, induz alterações reprodutivas, como feminização, incompatibilidade citoplasmática, morte de machos e partenogênese. O objetivo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Wolbachia pipientis em populações de G. brimblecombei e de seu parasitoide P. bliteus em campo no Brasil. Ramos com adultos de G. brimblecombei e P. bliteus foram coletados em árvores de eucalipto em plantios comerciais em seis estados do Brasil e, após a emergência, os insetos obtidos foram congelados -20 °C. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi realizada para detectar o endossimbionte Wolbachia. Wolbachia pipientis foi identificado em indivíduos de G. brimblecombei e de seu parasitoide P. bliteus de populações de Agudos e Mogi-Guaçu (São Paulo), Itamarandiba (Minas Gerais) e São Jerônimo da Serra (Paraná), Brasil.

Abstract The sucking insect, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is originally from Australia and reduces the productivity of Eucalyptus crops. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main agent used in the integrated management of G. brimblecombei. Endosymbionts, in insects, are important in the adaptation and protection of their hosts to the environment. The intracellular symbionts Wolbachia, induces reproductive changes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male death and parthenogenesis. The objective of this study was to report the first record of Wolbachia pipientis in populations of G. brimblecombei and of its parasitoid P. bliteus in the field in Brazil. Branches with adults of G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus were collected from eucalyptus trees in commercial farms in six Brazilian states and, after emergence, the insects obtained were frozen at -20 °C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the Wolbachia endosymbiont. Wolbachia pipientis was identified in individuals of G. brimblecombei and its parasitoid P. bliteus from populations of the counties of Agudos and Mogi-Guaçu (São Paulo State), Itamarandiba (Minas Gerais State) and São Jerônimo da Serra (Paraná State) in Brazil.

Aim: describe the methodological approach adopted to build a Brazilian database of LCTFs in the country. Methods: This exploratory research was conducted between August 2020 and 2021 based on primarily publicly accessible data. First, the database of the Sistema Único de Assistência Social for 2019 was adopted as the primary source of information. In addition, public agencies and managers were consulted and invited to share their databases. Likewise, researchers and private entities also collaborated by making their spreadsheets available. The information collected was placed in individual spreadsheets for each Brazilian state. LTCFs not catering to older adults (aged 60 and over) were excluded. Duplicate data were excluded when overlaps were identified for each new aggregated source. Results amp; Discussion: This brief communication describes the methodology adopted for mapping the current status of Brazilian LTCFs. Despite its caveats, this study represents an important advance in the identification, characterization, and monitoring of these services nationwide. A total of 5769 facilities were found in the 2019 SUAS census. After excluding facilities not caring for residents aged 60 or over, this total decreased to 2381 LTCFs. Consolidating and filtering the information from multiple data sources led to the identification of 7029 LTCFs for the country as a whole.

Abstract The Itapessoca estuary is part of the Itamaracá-Itapessoca Estuarine System, a ria-type estuary located on the northeast Brazilian shore, in the state of Pernambuco. Here we present an assessment of the estuarine circulation, suspended sediment dynamics, and its main transport mechanisms. We carried out a field survey where water level, currents, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded at 10-minute intervals during two complete semi-diurnal tidal cycles under spring tide conditions. The field survey was conducted in September (2012), which is a transitional period between wet and dry seasons. The water level displayed symmetrical ebb-flood phases; however, currents were ebb-dominated. The freshwater contribution was negligible, and the mean salinity was ~35 g/kg, which is slightly lower than the adjacent shelf values (36.5 g/kg). The SSC transport was driven by the ebb-dominated tidal currents, with the highest values of ~30 mg/l occurring during the peak current during the ebb. The source of the suspended sediment was the erosion from the bottom, and the concentration was much lower than other similar estuaries (e.g., Caravelas). This observation suggests this system is a ‘sediment starved system’ in the sense that it presents a low concentration of suspended sediment.

Resumo: O Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), coordenado pelo Ministério da Saúde, de forma compartilhada com as secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde, vem se consolidando como uma das principais e mais relevantes intervenções em saúde pública, com a conquista de resultados importantes, como a certificação de área livre da circulação do poliovírus selvagem, a eliminação da circulação do vírus da rubéola e pelo importante impacto na redução dos casos e mortes pelas doenças imunopreveníveis, a partir da sua criação em 1973. O Brasil é um dos países que oferece o maior número de vacinas, de forma gratuita, com 15 vacinas para crianças, 9 para os adolescentes, cinco para os adultos e idosos. A partir dessa expansão do programa e da manutenção de elevadas coberturas vacinais, foi possível observar o rápido impacto na diminuição das doenças imunopreveníveis, mudando completamente o cenário epidemiológico dessas doenças no país, ao longo destas últimas quatro décadas. Atualmente, o país vive um contexto em que aumenta a parcela da população sem vacinação adequada. Na medida em que as doenças passam a não circular mais, justamente porque se mantiveram elevadas coberturas vacinais principalmente a partir dos anos 2000, muitas doenças tornaram-se desconhecidas, fazendo com que algumas pessoas não tenham noção do perigo representado por elas. É necessário, portanto, entender os múltiplos fatores que estão contribuindo para essa diminuição, criando, dessa forma, o risco de ressurgimento de doenças graves já controladas ou eliminadas na população.

Abstract: The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI, in Portuguese) is coordinated by the Ministry of Health in cooperation with state and municipal health departments. Since the program’s creation in 1973, it has become one of the country’s most relevant public health interventions, having produced important results such as certification of Brazil as free of wild poliovirus circulation, the elimination rubella virus circulation, and an important reduction in cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Brazil is one of the countries that offers the most vaccines free of cost to the population, with 15 vaccines for children, 9 for adolescents, and 5 for adults and the elderly. The program’s expansion and the maintenance of high vaccination coverage rates led to a rapid decrease in vaccine-preventable diseases, completely changing the epidemiological scenario of these diseases in Brazil in the last four decades. The country is currently witnessing an increasing share of the population without adequate vaccination. To the extent that these diseases are no longer circulating, precisely because of the high vaccination coverage rates, especially since the early 2000s, many of them are now unknown to the population. As a result, many people have no notion of the danger these diseases represent. We thus need to understand the multiple factors contributing to this decrease in coverage, which has created the risk of resurgence of serious diseases that had already been controlled or eliminated in Brazil.

Resumen: El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones de Brasil (PNI), coordinado por el Ministerio de la Salud, de forma compartida con Las secretarías estatales y municipales de salud, se ha consolidando como una de las principales y más relevantes intervenciones en salud pública, con la conquista de resultados importantes, como la certificación de área libre de la circulación del poliovirus salvaje, la eliminación de la circulación del virus de la rubeola, además de por el importante impacto en la reducción de los casos y muertes por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, a partir de su creación en 1973. Brasil es uno de los países que ofrece el mayor número de vacunas, de forma gratuita, con 15 vacunas, 9 para adolescentes, 5 para adultos y ancianos. A partir de esta expansión del programa y del mantenimiento de elevadas coberturas de vacunación fue posible observar el rápido impacto en la disminución de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, cambiando completamente el escenario epidemiológico de esas enfermedades en el país, a lo largo de estas últimas cuatro décadas. Actualmente, el país vive un contexto en que aumenta la proporción de la población sin vacunación adecuada. A medida que las enfermedades pasan a no circular más, justamente porque se mantuvieron elevadas, principalmente a partir de la década del 2000, muchas enfermedades se convirtieron en desconocidas, provocando que algunas personas no tengan noción del peligro representado por ellas. Es necesario, por tanto, entender los múltiples factores que están contribuyendo a esta disminución, creando, de esta forma, el riesgo de resurgimiento de enfermedades graves ya controladas o eliminadas de la población.

Resumo: O Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), coordenado pelo Ministério da Saúde, de forma compartilhada com as secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde, vem se consolidando como uma das principais e mais relevantes intervenções em saúde pública, com a conquista de resultados importantes, como a certificação de área livre da circulação do poliovírus selvagem, a eliminação da circulação do vírus da rubéola e pelo importante impacto na redução dos casos e mortes pelas doenças imunopreveníveis, a partir da sua criação em 1973. O Brasil é um dos países que oferece o maior número de vacinas, de forma gratuita, com 15 vacinas para crianças, 9 para os adolescentes, cinco para os adultos e idosos. A partir dessa expansão do programa e da manutenção de elevadas coberturas vacinais, foi possível observar o rápido impacto na diminuição das doenças imunopreveníveis, mudando completamente o cenário epidemiológico dessas doenças no país, ao longo destas últimas quatro décadas. Atualmente, o país vive um contexto em que aumenta a parcela da população sem vacinação adequada. Na medida em que as doenças passam a não circular mais, justamente porque se mantiveram elevadas coberturas vacinais principalmente a partir dos anos 2000, muitas doenças tornaram-se desconhecidas, fazendo com que algumas pessoas não tenham noção do perigo representado por elas. É necessário, portanto, entender os múltiplos fatores que estão contribuindo para essa diminuição, criando, dessa forma, o risco de ressurgimento de doenças graves já controladas ou eliminadas na população.

Abstract: The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI, in Portuguese) is coordinated by the Ministry of Health in cooperation with state and municipal health departments. Since the program’s creation in 1973, it has become one of the country’s most relevant public health interventions, having produced important results such as certification of Brazil as free of wild poliovirus circulation, the elimination rubella virus circulation, and an important reduction in cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Brazil is one of the countries that offers the most vaccines free of cost to the population, with 15 vaccines for children, 9 for adolescents, and 5 for adults and the elderly. The program’s expansion and the maintenance of high vaccination coverage rates led to a rapid decrease in vaccine-preventable diseases, completely changing the epidemiological scenario of these diseases in Brazil in the last four decades. The country is currently witnessing an increasing share of the population without adequate vaccination. To the extent that these diseases are no longer circulating, precisely because of the high vaccination coverage rates, especially since the early 2000s, many of them are now unknown to the population. As a result, many people have no notion of the danger these diseases represent. We thus need to understand the multiple factors contributing to this decrease in coverage, which has created the risk of resurgence of serious diseases that had already been controlled or eliminated in Brazil.

Resumen: El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones de Brasil (PNI), coordinado por el Ministerio de la Salud, de forma compartida con Las secretarías estatales y municipales de salud, se ha consolidando como una de las principales y más relevantes intervenciones en salud pública, con la conquista de resultados importantes, como la certificación de área libre de la circulación del poliovirus salvaje, la eliminación de la circulación del virus de la rubeola, además de por el importante impacto en la reducción de los casos y muertes por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, a partir de su creación en 1973. Brasil es uno de los países que ofrece el mayor número de vacunas, de forma gratuita, con 15 vacunas, 9 para adolescentes, 5 para adultos y ancianos. A partir de esta expansión del programa y del mantenimiento de elevadas coberturas de vacunación fue posible observar el rápido impacto en la disminución de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, cambiando completamente el escenario epidemiológico de esas enfermedades en el país, a lo largo de estas últimas cuatro décadas. Actualmente, el país vive un contexto en que aumenta la proporción de la población sin vacunación adecuada. A medida que las enfermedades pasan a no circular más, justamente porque se mantuvieron elevadas, principalmente a partir de la década del 2000, muchas enfermedades se convirtieron en desconocidas, provocando que algunas personas no tengan noción del peligro representado por ellas. Es necesario, por tanto, entender los múltiples factores que están contribuyendo a esta disminución, creando, de esta forma, el riesgo de resurgimiento de enfermedades graves ya controladas o eliminadas de la población.

Abstract Electrospun fibers find a number of biomedical applications, like scaffolds for tissue engineering, as polymer nanofiber mats can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the body. In this research, non-woven mats composed of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) fibers were obtained by low voltage (6 kV) electrospinning of PLLA/chloroform (CL)/sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) solution. Tests were performed in two different collector/capillary distances and the produced fibers were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cell viability. The results show the formation of three dimensional mats composed of porous fibers created by the addition of small amounts of aqueous solution of SLES surfactant; a higher crystallinity degree for longer collector/capillary electrospun distance and positive cell proliferation.