Abstract Ceramic compounds with complex cubic perovskite structures have shown to be promising materials for encapsulations for temperature sensors in the petroleum industry due to their high mechanical resistance and chemical inertness to the corrosive environment of crude oil. In this work, ceramic compounds were produced by solid-state calcination and the X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation of the compound Sr2NiZrO6 with the ordered complex cubic perovskite structure of the A2BB’O6 type. The sintered Sr2NiZrO6 compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers microhardness. The chemical stability of the compound was verified through the structural, microstructural, and mechanical characterization of the specimens after 60 days of immersion in crude oil. The results showed that the compound did not present changes in the structure and did not suffer a chemical attack on its surface, thus presenting suitable properties for use as encapsulation for temperature sensors in oil wells.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the ability of the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) as a prognostic marker for midterm clinical outcomes three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), to identify possible predictors of fall in 6MWD in the early postoperative period, and to establish the percentage fall in early postoperative 6MWD, considering the preoperative baseline as 100%. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG were included. The percentage fall in 6MWD was assessed by the difference between preoperative and postoperative day (POD) five. Clinical outcomes were evaluated three months after hospital discharge. Results: There was a significant decrease in 6MWD on POD5 compared with preoperative baseline values (percentage fall of 32.5±16.5%, P<0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an independent association of the percentage fall of 6MWD with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of percentage fall in 6MWD to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months was 34.6% (area under the curve = 0.82, sensitivity = 78.95%, specificity = 76.19%, P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicates that a cutoff value of 34.6% in percentage fall of 6MWD on POD5 was able to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months of follow-up after CABG. Use of CPB and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength were independent predictors of percentage fall of 6MWD in the postoperative period. These findings further support the clinical application of 6MWD and propose an inpatient preventive strategy to guide clinical management over time.

Abstract Aiming to produce an antimicrobial dressing for wound healing applications, in this work Tea Tree oil (TTO) was incorporated into PHBV nanofibers by absorption. It was observed increase in the nanofiber diameter due to 5% TTO absorption efficiency, which also led to a 54% decrease in the contact angle. The releasing assay indicates a 6.8% oil release in the first 24 h – being probably the oil deposited at the polymer surface – followed by a minimal release at 48 h. The set of antimicrobial assays performed suggests the incorporation of TTO optimized the antimicrobial activity of the polymer for E. coli and C. albicans, while against S. aureus no significant difference was observed. The MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity of PHBV, but the incubation of L929 fibroblast cells with PHBV-TTO reduced cell viability. Overall, the PHBV nanofibers containing TTO present great potential as an antimicrobial dressing.

The formation of a stable and adherent oxide layer on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy can improve the mechanical and corrosion resistance of this material. This work studied the creep behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after two different thermal oxidation conditions: at 650 °C for 12 h and at 800 °C for 2 h. In the XRD analysis of the oxidized samples, it was possible to observe the formation of rutile (TiO2) and a displacement of the peaks of α and β phases caused by the dissolution of oxygen. In the creep test at 550 °C, the material oxidized at 800 °C for 2 h showed a greater creep life at 125 MPa, the crack took longer to brake probably due to the greater thickness of the layer. At 550°C and 187.5 MPa the material oxidized at 650 °C for 12h has a better creep life, probably due to the layer more adhered.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to investigate the ability of the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) as a prognostic marker for midterm clinical outcomes three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), to identify possible predictors of fall in 6MWD in the early postoperative period, and to establish the percentage fall in early postoperative 6MWD, considering the preoperative baseline as 100%. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG were included. The percentage fall in 6MWD was assessed by the difference between preoperative and postoperative day (POD) five. Clinical outcomes were evaluated three months after hospital discharge. Results: There was a significant decrease in 6MWD on POD5 compared with preoperative baseline values (percentage fall of 32.5±16.5%, P<0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an independent association of the percentage fall of 6MWD with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of percentage fall in 6MWD to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months was 34.6% (area under the curve = 0.82, sensitivity = 78.95%, specificity = 76.19%, P=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicates that a cutoff value of 34.6% in percentage fall of 6MWD on POD5 was able to predict poorer clinical outcomes at three months of follow-up after CABG. Use of CPB and preoperative inspiratory muscle strength were independent predictors of percentage fall of 6MWD in the postoperative period. These findings further support the clinical application of 6MWD and propose an inpatient preventive strategy to guide clinical management over time.

Abstract Propolis is a resinous product collected by honeybees with a complex chemical composition. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a polymer commonly used in wound care. The goal of the present work was to produce and characterize NaCMC membranes loaded with extract of Brazilian brown propolis (CMC-P). Flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in the propolis extracts, where the main identified substance was kaempferide. The brown propolis extracted was active against S. aureus. The low swelling capacity and high gel fraction of CMC-P would be the consequence of propolis (responsible for a hydrophobic barrier) filling the pores of the membrane. Propolis could be anchoring the NaCMC chains (as observed by FTIR) due to interaction between components, which is corroborated by the CMC-P sample degrading less than the CMC sample (>400ºC). There was non-linear diffusion release kinetics for most phenolic substances of the propolis extract. The CMC-P sample presents potential as a dressing material.

Resumo O gráfico RMAX foi proposto para o monitoramento da matriz de covariâncias de duas características de qualidade. A estatística de monitoramento RMAX é o maior valor entre duas amplitudes amostrais padronizadas oriundas de observações bivariadas de duas características de qualidade. Neste artigo, investigou-se o desempenho de dois gráficos RMAX com regras especiais de decisão. O primeiro gráfico sinaliza quando um segundo ponto, não muito distante do primeiro, cai acima do limite de advertência. O segundo gráfico também sinaliza quando um ponto cai acima do limite de controle. O desempenho dos gráficos RMAX com regras especiais de decisão foram comparados com o gráfico RMAX tradicional e o gráfico da variância amostral generalizada S. Os gráficos propostos são melhores para detectar moderadas ou até mesmo pequenas perturbações na matriz de covariâncias. Para detectar grandes perturbações na matriz de covariâncias, não é necessário adicionar regras especiais de decisão. qualidade artigo investigouse investigou se advertência controle S

Abstract The RMAX chart was proposed to control the covariance matrix of two quality characteristics. The monitoring statistic of the RMAX chart is the maximum of two standardized sample ranges from bivariate observations of two quality characteristics. In this article, we investigate the performance of two synthetic RMAX charts. The first synthetic chart signals when a second point, not far from the first one, falls beyond the warning limit. The second synthetic chart additionally signals when a sample point falls beyond the control limit. The performance of the synthetic RMAX charts are compared with the performance of the standard RMAX chart and the generalized variance S chart. The proposed charts are the best option to detect moderate or even small changes in the covariance matrix. To detect large changes in the covariance matrix, additional run rules are not necessary. characteristics article one limit necessary

Abstract The aim was to identify the predominant variables in the differentiation of meat quality of cattle submitted to surgical castration, immunocastration, or non-castration and finished in a tropical pasture. Thirty-nine crossbred cattle were used and distributed in three treatments: i) surgical castration; ii) immunocastration; and iii) non-castration, with an initial mean age of 14.06±0.72 months and a mean weight of 284.10±31.40 kg. We used the principal component analysis to differentiate the qualitative meat characteristics between the treatments. Based on that analysis, we found that the first three principal components explained 71.44% of the total variation in the meat quality data, which ensures that the variation found is associated with the effect of the treatments. The characteristics correlated with the first three principal components and responsible for the discrimination between sexual conditions were subcutaneous fat thickness, instrumental meat color, cooking loss and shear force. These characteristics were similar among castrated animals, regardless of the methods. Therefore, immunological castration preserves the attributes of the meat and prevents possible damage to the physical and mental integrity of the animals. Finally, principal component analysis is an important methodology in the objective investigation of beef meat attributes.

Abstract Introduction: Based on the inverse relationship between the amount of weight lifted and the maximum number of repetitions (RM) performed, the intensity prescription method based on a percentage of maximum strength (%1RM) has been widely used in different populations, including older adults. However, considerable inter-individual variability in RM performed at a given %1RM has been reported in previous studies on this topic. Aim: To compare the number of repetitions performed at 60, 75, and 90%1RM in lower and upper limb resistance exercises in older adults. Methods: Fifteen men aged between 60 and 75 years performed two preliminary sessions (familiarization + and 1RM tests) and three experimental sessions (RM tests at 60, 75, and 90%1RM on knee extension and elbow flexion exercises). Movement velocity for each concentric and eccentric muscle action was 1.5-2 s. Statistical comparisons regarding the RM performed in each %1RM were tested using the Generalized Estimating Equations analysis. Results: The RM during knee extension exercise was significantly lower when compared to elbow flexion at 60% 1RM. On the other hand, the RM during knee extension exercise was significantly higher when compared to elbow flexion at 90%1RM. A similar number of repetitions at 75%1RM were performed in both exercises. Conclusion: Physically active older men can perform different RM at 60% and 90%1RM in knee extension and elbow flexion exercises, suggesting that the use of a specific RM range cannot be associated to the same percentage of 1RM in this individuals.

Resumo O inseto sugador, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), é de origem australiana e reduz a produtividade de cultivos do gênero Eucalyptus. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é o principal agente utilizado no manejo integrado de G. brimblecombei. Endossimbiontes, em insetos, são importantes na adaptação e proteção de seus hospedeiros ao ambiente que habitam. Wolbachia, um simbionte intracelular, induz alterações reprodutivas, como feminização, incompatibilidade citoplasmática, morte de machos e partenogênese. O objetivo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Wolbachia pipientis em populações de G. brimblecombei e de seu parasitoide P. bliteus em campo no Brasil. Ramos com adultos de G. brimblecombei e P. bliteus foram coletados em árvores de eucalipto em plantios comerciais em seis estados do Brasil e, após a emergência, os insetos obtidos foram congelados -20 °C. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi realizada para detectar o endossimbionte Wolbachia. Wolbachia pipientis foi identificado em indivíduos de G. brimblecombei e de seu parasitoide P. bliteus de populações de Agudos e Mogi-Guaçu (São Paulo), Itamarandiba (Minas Gerais) e São Jerônimo da Serra (Paraná), Brasil.

Abstract The sucking insect, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is originally from Australia and reduces the productivity of Eucalyptus crops. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main agent used in the integrated management of G. brimblecombei. Endosymbionts, in insects, are important in the adaptation and protection of their hosts to the environment. The intracellular symbionts Wolbachia, induces reproductive changes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male death and parthenogenesis. The objective of this study was to report the first record of Wolbachia pipientis in populations of G. brimblecombei and of its parasitoid P. bliteus in the field in Brazil. Branches with adults of G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus were collected from eucalyptus trees in commercial farms in six Brazilian states and, after emergence, the insects obtained were frozen at -20 °C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the Wolbachia endosymbiont. Wolbachia pipientis was identified in individuals of G. brimblecombei and its parasitoid P. bliteus from populations of the counties of Agudos and Mogi-Guaçu (São Paulo State), Itamarandiba (Minas Gerais State) and São Jerônimo da Serra (Paraná State) in Brazil.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o uso de monogenóideos parasitos das brânquias de Sciades herzbergii (Siluriformes/Ariidae) como bioindicadores de qualidade ambiental em ecossistemas estuarinos amazônicos. Os peixes foram capturados nos canais das marés em uma área impactada - IA, próxima ao porto de São Luís, e uma área de referência - RA, no estuário do Caeté, Bragança. A influência do local de captura e sazonalidade na abundância do parasita, variáveis ambientais e dados biométricos dos hospedeiros foram verificados. Um total de 416 espécimes de S. herzbergii foram analisados. O peso e o comprimento total dos peixes da RA foram maiores do que os dos IA. O fator de condição relativo foi influenciado pela sazonalidade. Um total de 4.265 espécimes de monogenóideos das seguintes espécies foram identificados: Chauhanellus boegeri, C. susamlimae, C. velum, Calceostomella herzbergii e Dactylogyridae gen. sp. A abundância parasitária média sazonal de C. susamlimae foi significativamente diferente, com os maiores valores registrados durante a estação seca. A abundância média de C. herzbergii foi influenciada pela sazonalidade e pelo local de captura. Durante o período chuvoso, os índices parasitários na RA foram superiores aos da IA. C. herzbergii é um bioindicador sensível à baixa qualidade da água, principalmente em relação à turbidez da água em estuários amazônicos.

Abstract This study evaluated the use of gill parasitic monogenoideans from Sciades herzbergii (Siluriformes: Ariidae) as bioindicators of environmental quality in Amazonian estuarine ecosystems. Fish were caught in the tidal channels in an impacted area - IA, near the port of São Luís and a reference area - RA, in the Caeté estuary, Bragança. The influence of the capture site and seasonality on parasite abundance, environmental variables and biometric data of hosts were verified. A total of 416 S. herzbergii specimens were analyzed. The weight and total length of fish from the RA were greater than those of the IA. The relative condition factor was influenced by seasonality. A total of 4,265 monogenoidean specimens from the following species were identified: Chauhanellus boegeri, C. susamlimae, C. velum, Calceostomella herzbergii and Dactylogyridae gen. sp. The seasonal mean parasitic abundance of C. susamlimae was significantly different, with the highest values recorded during the dry season. The mean abundance of C. herzbergii was influenced by seasonality and by the capture site. During the rainy period, the parasite indices in the RA were higher than those of IA. C. herzbergii is a bioindicator sensitive to low water quality, especially in relation to water turbidity in Amazon estuaries.

Abstract The Itapessoca estuary is part of the Itamaracá-Itapessoca Estuarine System, a ria-type estuary located on the northeast Brazilian shore, in the state of Pernambuco. Here we present an assessment of the estuarine circulation, suspended sediment dynamics, and its main transport mechanisms. We carried out a field survey where water level, currents, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded at 10-minute intervals during two complete semi-diurnal tidal cycles under spring tide conditions. The field survey was conducted in September (2012), which is a transitional period between wet and dry seasons. The water level displayed symmetrical ebb-flood phases; however, currents were ebb-dominated. The freshwater contribution was negligible, and the mean salinity was ~35 g/kg, which is slightly lower than the adjacent shelf values (36.5 g/kg). The SSC transport was driven by the ebb-dominated tidal currents, with the highest values of ~30 mg/l occurring during the peak current during the ebb. The source of the suspended sediment was the erosion from the bottom, and the concentration was much lower than other similar estuaries (e.g., Caravelas). This observation suggests this system is a ‘sediment starved system’ in the sense that it presents a low concentration of suspended sediment.

Resumo História de vida, barreiras geográficas e barramento dos rios podem moldar a diversidade genética de grandes peixes migratórios de água doce, que são particularmente vulneráveis a impactos antrópicos. Nós investigamos a diversidade genética de Salminus brasiliensis, uma espécie migratória de longa distância que é reconhecida como um importante provedor de serviços ecossistêmicos. Realizamos análises de microssatélites para avaliar a diversidade genética e simular cenários futuros, possibilitando estimar a viabilidade em longo prazo de populações situadas em regiões com e sem represas do rio Uruguai. Altos níveis de diversidade genética foram detectados para todas as populações amostradas. Contudo, os tamanhos populacionais efetivos foram menores nos trechos superiores do rio, onde a paisagem é altamente fragmentada. A análise da estrutura populacional indicou duas populações genéticas espaciais. Sugere-se que esta estrutura genética preserva populações parcialmente isoladas por uma antiga barreira natural, ao invés de ser resultado da presença de barragens. Os cenários genéticos simulados indicaram que a variabilidade genética das populações de S. brasiliensis situadas a montante das barragens entraria em colapso ao longo dos anos, principalmente como resultado da redução do número de alelos. Portanto, além de ajudar a entender melhor questões relacionadas à influência de barragens na diversidade genética de peixes migradores, nossos resultados são especialmente relevantes para a condução de políticas pesqueiras locais e ações de manejo para a conservação das espécies.

Abstract Life-history, geographical barriers, and damming can shape the genetic diversity of freshwater migratory fish, which are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. We investigated the genetic diversity of Salminus brasiliensis, a long-distance migratory species that is recognized as an important provider of ecosystem services. We implemented microsatellite analyses to assess genetic diversity and simulate future scenarios for evaluating the long-term viability of dammed and non-dammed populations from the Uruguay River. High levels of genetic diversity were detected for all sampled populations. However, effective population sizes were lower in the uppermost river stretches, where the landscape is highly fragmented. Population structure analysis indicated two spatial genetic populations. It is suggested that this genetic structure preserves populations partially isolated by an ancient natural barrier, instead of being a result of the presence of dams. The simulated genetic scenarios indicated that genetic variability of S. brasiliensis populations from upstream dams could collapse over the years, mainly due to the reduction in the number of alleles. Therefore, besides helping to better understand issues related to the influence of dams on the genetic diversity of migratory fish, our results are especially relevant for driving local fishery policies and management actions for the species conservation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o impacto da Covid-19 durante o internato dos alunos de medicina em escolas públicas e particulares no Brasil, além de estimar a qualidade das medidas tomadas pelas respectivas universidades diante do agravo e da disponibilização de equipamento de proteção individual. MÉTODO Um estudo de análise quantitativa transversal, com caráter descritivo, foi realizado com 317 alunos cursando o internato médico durante o período de 31 de março de 2020 a 12 de abril de 2020. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um questionário on-line com 20 perguntas pela ferramenta SurveyMonkey. Os internos do 4o ao 6o ano das faculdades de medicina do País foram incluídos no estudo de forma randômica ao receberem a pesquisa pelo aplicativo WhatsApp. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do Qui-quadrado, considerando p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS Quatro temas principais foram identificados na pesquisa: dados demográficos dos alunos; como as aulas e estágios do curso estão sendo ministrados; a utilização e facilidade de aquisição do equipamento de proteção individual e medos e perspectivas futuras dos estudantes. CONCLUSÕES O estudo mostrou que apesar de metade dos alunos continuarem tendo algum grau de conteúdo e, na maioria, estarem satisfeitos, ainda há muita dificuldade em se obter equipamento de proteção individual, o que impede que os alunos retornem com segurança aos seus campos de estágio, além de causar medo de contaminação e de continuar atendendo os pacientes.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Assess the impact of COVID-19 on medical students’ internships in public and private institutions in Brasil, in addition to estimating the quality of the measures taken by their respective Universities in the face of the problem and the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative analysis study carried out with 317 students undergoing medical internship from March 31, 2020, to April 12, 2020. The survey was conducted through an online questionnaire using the SurveyMonkey tool with 20 questions. Interns from the fourth to the sixth year of medical schools in the country were randomly included in the study through a survey sent by Whatsapp application. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square, considering p <0.05 as significant. RESULTS Four main topics were identified in the research: student demographic data; how classes and courses are being taught; the use and ease of access to personal protective equipment and the students’ fears and perspectives for the future. CONCLUSION The study clarified that although half of the students still have some degree of content and, in their majority, they are satisfied, there is still a lot of difficulty in obtaining personal protective equipment, which prevents students from returning safely to their internships.

Resumo: O Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), coordenado pelo Ministério da Saúde, de forma compartilhada com as secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde, vem se consolidando como uma das principais e mais relevantes intervenções em saúde pública, com a conquista de resultados importantes, como a certificação de área livre da circulação do poliovírus selvagem, a eliminação da circulação do vírus da rubéola e pelo importante impacto na redução dos casos e mortes pelas doenças imunopreveníveis, a partir da sua criação em 1973. O Brasil é um dos países que oferece o maior número de vacinas, de forma gratuita, com 15 vacinas para crianças, 9 para os adolescentes, cinco para os adultos e idosos. A partir dessa expansão do programa e da manutenção de elevadas coberturas vacinais, foi possível observar o rápido impacto na diminuição das doenças imunopreveníveis, mudando completamente o cenário epidemiológico dessas doenças no país, ao longo destas últimas quatro décadas. Atualmente, o país vive um contexto em que aumenta a parcela da população sem vacinação adequada. Na medida em que as doenças passam a não circular mais, justamente porque se mantiveram elevadas coberturas vacinais principalmente a partir dos anos 2000, muitas doenças tornaram-se desconhecidas, fazendo com que algumas pessoas não tenham noção do perigo representado por elas. É necessário, portanto, entender os múltiplos fatores que estão contribuindo para essa diminuição, criando, dessa forma, o risco de ressurgimento de doenças graves já controladas ou eliminadas na população.

Abstract: The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI, in Portuguese) is coordinated by the Ministry of Health in cooperation with state and municipal health departments. Since the program’s creation in 1973, it has become one of the country’s most relevant public health interventions, having produced important results such as certification of Brazil as free of wild poliovirus circulation, the elimination rubella virus circulation, and an important reduction in cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Brazil is one of the countries that offers the most vaccines free of cost to the population, with 15 vaccines for children, 9 for adolescents, and 5 for adults and the elderly. The program’s expansion and the maintenance of high vaccination coverage rates led to a rapid decrease in vaccine-preventable diseases, completely changing the epidemiological scenario of these diseases in Brazil in the last four decades. The country is currently witnessing an increasing share of the population without adequate vaccination. To the extent that these diseases are no longer circulating, precisely because of the high vaccination coverage rates, especially since the early 2000s, many of them are now unknown to the population. As a result, many people have no notion of the danger these diseases represent. We thus need to understand the multiple factors contributing to this decrease in coverage, which has created the risk of resurgence of serious diseases that had already been controlled or eliminated in Brazil.

Resumen: El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones de Brasil (PNI), coordinado por el Ministerio de la Salud, de forma compartida con Las secretarías estatales y municipales de salud, se ha consolidando como una de las principales y más relevantes intervenciones en salud pública, con la conquista de resultados importantes, como la certificación de área libre de la circulación del poliovirus salvaje, la eliminación de la circulación del virus de la rubeola, además de por el importante impacto en la reducción de los casos y muertes por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, a partir de su creación en 1973. Brasil es uno de los países que ofrece el mayor número de vacunas, de forma gratuita, con 15 vacunas, 9 para adolescentes, 5 para adultos y ancianos. A partir de esta expansión del programa y del mantenimiento de elevadas coberturas de vacunación fue posible observar el rápido impacto en la disminución de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, cambiando completamente el escenario epidemiológico de esas enfermedades en el país, a lo largo de estas últimas cuatro décadas. Actualmente, el país vive un contexto en que aumenta la proporción de la población sin vacunación adecuada. A medida que las enfermedades pasan a no circular más, justamente porque se mantuvieron elevadas, principalmente a partir de la década del 2000, muchas enfermedades se convirtieron en desconocidas, provocando que algunas personas no tengan noción del peligro representado por ellas. Es necesario, por tanto, entender los múltiples factores que están contribuyendo a esta disminución, creando, de esta forma, el riesgo de resurgimiento de enfermedades graves ya controladas o eliminadas de la población.