ABSTRACT This work presents the morphology and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles crosslinked with lecithin in the form of nano-onions obtained by an easy, economical, and possibly scalable method from a polymeric precursor known as chitosan. The creation of new products by using shrimp waste is a fundamental factor in avoiding water pollution. These materials have a positive impact as they add value to waste, and they provide the opportunity to decrease pollution. Chitosan nano-onions were synthesized by an environmentally friendly, easy, and inexpensive method using chitosan as a natural source. Chitosan nano-onions (CSNO) were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and specific surface area (SSA). The nano-onions characterization obtained by FTIR shows the presence of carbonyl groups at a wavenumber of 1752.12 cm-1, while the phosphate groups attributed to lecithin are observed at 1156.88 cm-1. XRD analysis confirmed an amorphous structure, while SEM images presented a globular morphology with concave surfaces. TEM analysis showed that the nano-onions are congregated in a unique structure that includes nanotubes. The CSNO average diameter by DLS was 442.5 nm with an octagonal arrangement, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.532 and 31.9 mV. The average size of CSNO, the PDI, and the value of zeta potential were indicators of a stable dispersion with a specific superficial area measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method of 1.4 m2 g-1. The results of the chitosan-lecithin nano-onions characterization indicate changes in the surface of the material with a larger total surface area and pore structure, compared to that of pure chitosan. According to the results of the CHNO characterization, they could be used as adsorbents for contaminants and they also have a potential application in the biomedical area, mainly as drug encapsulation material.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta la morfología y caracterización de nanopartículas de quitosano entrecruzadas con lecitina en forma de nanocebollas obtenidas a partir de un proceso sencillo, económico y escalable a partir de un polímero precursor como es el quitosano. La creación de nuevos productos mediante el uso de desechos de camarón es un factor fundamental para evitar la contaminación del agua. Estos materiales tienen un impacto positivo al agregar valor a los desechos y brindan la oportunidad de disminuir la contaminación. La síntesis de nanocebollas de quitosano se logró con un método amigable con el medio ambiente, sencillo y económico, utilizando quitosano como fuente natural. Las nanocebollas de quitosano (CSNO, por su sigla en inglés) se caracterizaron por espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM), dispersión dinámica de luz (DLS) y área superficial específica (SSA). La caracterización de las nanocebollas obtenidas mediante FTIR muestra la presencia de grupos carbonilo a un número de onda de 1752.12 cm-1, mientras que los grupos fosfato atribuidos a la lecitina se observan a 1156.88 cm-1. El análisis XRD confirmó una estructura amorfa, mientras que las imágenes SEM presentaron una morfología globular con superficies cóncavas. El análisis TEM mostró que las nanocebollas se congregan en una estructura única que incluye nanotubos. El diámetro promedio de las CSNO por DLS fue de 442.5 nm con una disposición octagonal, un índice de polidispersión (PDI) de 0.532 y 31.9 mV. El tamaño promedio de las CSNO, el PDI y el valor del potencial zeta fueron indicadores de una dispersión estable con un área superficial específica (SSA) medida por el método Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) de 1.4 m2 g-1. Los resultados de la caracterización de nanocebollas de quitosano-lecitina indican cambios en la superficie del material con un área superficial total más grande y estructura de poros, en comparación con la de quitosano puro. De acuerdo con los resultados de la caracterización de las CSNO, éstas podrían usarse como adsorbentes de contaminantes y tienen aplicación potencial en el área biomédica, principalmente como material de encapsulación de medicamentos.

This research was aimed to obtain biodegradable polymeric films with antifungal action against Aspergillus niger, through the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in the commercial polymer (Ecoflex®) and to evaluate its mechanical, morphological, biodegradation, and copper release properties. The microbiological results showed that the films with 4 wt% CuO-NPs inhibited 97.57% the growth of the fungus growth of 1×105 spores·mL-1 compared to the control. The morphological characterization revealed that the CuO-NPs presented irregular form with particles size of 50 to 400 nm and the XRD showed characteristic peaks of copper oxide. The addition of CuO-NPs to Ecoflex® provided increased maximum and rupture tension, strain, and elasticity modulus the obtained films with 1 wt% CuO-NPs and did not alter the biodegradability of the films. It can be said that, through the addition of CuO-NPs to Ecoflex®, it was possible to add antifungal activity for Aspergillus niger without compromising its biodegradability, meeting the safety standards established by legislation regarding the release of copper.

ABSTRACT Soil chemical and physical analyses are the major sources of data for agriculture. However, traditional soil analyses are time-consuming, not cost-efficient, and not environmentally friendly. An alternative to traditional soil analyses is soil spectroscopy. This technique is a low-cost and quick analytical method, which can be implemented in a laboratory and/or in-situ. Nevertheless, some spectrometers are expensive and do not contemplate the entire spectrum. Despite this limitation, the main objective of the study was to create a soil spectral library of the Piauí State using only the 1000–2500 nm range. In this sense, it was evaluated and standardized the soil spectral library by accessing the combination of smoothing, standard normal variate, continuum removal, and Savitzky-Golay derivative spectral preprocessing procedures with partial least squares, random forest, and cubist machine learning algorithms. It was collected 262 geo-referenced soil samples at the layer of 0.00–0.20 m across the entire Piauí State, representing most of its soil variability. The soil properties evaluated were pH(H2O), sand, clay, and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. This study demonstrated that the Standard Normal Variate was one of the most promising preprocessing procedures to improve model predictions for pH(H2O), sand, and clay. For SOC and pH, the best overall results were without preprocessing the soil spectra. Moreover, the cubist model was the most accurate in predicting soil properties. Finally, our study showed evidence of the potential and feasibility of using this soil spectral library to estimate soil properties such as pH(H2O), sand, clay, and SOC.

ABSTRACT Centrifugal spinning is a new technique for producing of nano and microfibers that has a great differential: a higher production rate than those presented by traditional methods. Due to a great interest in using nano and microfibers in technological applications along with the environmental interest in polymer recycling, this research had the purpose of production fibers by centrifugal spinning from the expanded poly-styrene recycling and the evaluation of the influence of operational parameters such as the concentration of polymer solution and the speed of rotation in the average diameter and in the distribution of the diameters of fibers formed. The fibers obtained were characterized using the Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and they had their diameters measured using ImageJ software. The fibers obtained in this research were entangled, woven, fused, with a rough and porous surface, with bead formation and without directional ordering. The results obtained show that the polymer solution concentration was the most influential parameter in the fibers analyzed characteristics and, in general, its increase generates an increase in the average diameter. With the increase in rotation speed, there has been often a reduction in the presence of beads and microparticles due to the better stretching of the fibers. In less concentrated solutions, continuous fibers with more regular surfaces were obtained, however, promoting the higher production of beads. In the most concentrated solutions, we noticed the formation of porous fibers and very rough surfaces, as well as fused and woven fibers. Through the measurement of its diameters, it was possible to observe the obtaining of fibers with average diameters of 407,02 nm to 38113,20 nm, and the smallest value was obtained with the parameters of 5% w/w of polymer concentration and rotation speed of 15000 rpm and the highest value had 15% w/w concentration polymer and 10000 rpm.

RESUMO Óleos essenciais derivados de plantas têm chamado a atenção devido a uma série de propriedades físico-químicas e atividades biológicas. Entretanto, eles possuem diversas limitações, pois são voláteis e instáveis na presença de umidade, altas temperaturas, ar e luz e, assim, técnicas de encapsulamento surgem como alternativa para proteção das propriedades funcionais desses óleos fornecendo, ainda, uma liberação lenta e controlada. Devido a lenta degradação biológica dos materiais que compõem a parede da cápsula e a duração prolongada da ação de liberação do óleo, micro e nanocápsulas são de grande interesse científico e tecnológico. Neste trabalho, nanopartículas à base de bicamada foram desenvolvidas usando gelatina e poli-ε-caprolactona visando proteger o óleo essencial de Piper nigrum por meio de encapsulamento e analisadas por microscopia de força atômica. Nanopartículas com e sem óleo essencial de pimenta preta foram preparadas e gotejadas em lâminas de vidro para formar filmes que foram investigados por imagens com resoluções de 256 x 256 pixels com áreas de 5 x 5 mm2. O óleo foi obtido por meio de sementes de pimenta que foram trituradas e submetidas à hidrodestilação usando um aparelho do tipo Clevenger. Gelatina e poli-?-caprolactano foram usados como material de parede, cuja eficiência de encapsulamento foi de 98,50 %. Foram obtidas nanopartículas com diâmetros variando de 193,52 ± 40,14 até 295,54 ± 53,50 nm (sem e com óleo, respectivamente). Além disto, foram comparadas também as alturas, densidades e o desvio médio quadrático das rugosidades das amostras indicando uma tendência de aumento nestes parâmetros em função da incorporação de óleo essencial na síntese, exceto na densidade devido ao crescimento das outras dimensões.

ABSTRACT Essential oils derived from plants have attracted attention due to a several physico-chemical properties and biological activities. However, they have several limitations, as they are volatile and unstable in the presence of humidity, high temperatures, air and light and, thus, encapsulation techniques appear as an alternative to protect the functional properties of these oils while still providing a slow and controlled release. Due to the slow biological degradation of the materials that make up the capsule wall and the prolonged duration of the oil release action, micro and nanocapsules are of great scientific and technological interest. In this work, bilayer-based nanoparticles were developed using gelatin and poly-?-caprolactone to protect the essential oil of Piper nigrum through encapsulation and analyzed by atomic force microscopy. Nanoparticles with and without black pepper essential oil were prepared and dripped onto glass slides to form films that were investigated by images with resolutions of 256 x 256 pixels with areas of 5 x 5 mm2. The oil was obtained through pepper seeds that were crushed and subjected to hydro distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus. Gelatin and poli-ε-caprolactane were used as wall material to increase the size of the nanoparticles and to obtain greater protection from the OE, resulting in an encapsulation efficiency of 98.50%. Nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 193.52 ± 40.14 to 295.54 ± 53.50 nm (without and with oil, respectively) were obtained. In addition, heights, densities and, average and root mean square roughness of the sample images were also compared, indicating a tendency of increase in these parameters due to the incorporation of essential oil in the synthesis, except in density due to the growth of other dimensions.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 different fluences of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in intermediate period of spinal cord repair using an experimental model in rats. Thirty two rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Control Group (CG); Laser treated group 500 J/cm² (L-500); Laser treated group 750 J/cm² (L-750) and Laser treated group 1000 J/cm² (L-1000). Spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed by an impactor equipment (between 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae), with a pressure of 150 kdyn. Afterwards, the injured region was irradiated daily for 14 consecutive sessions, using an 808 nm laser, at the respective fluence of each experimental groups. Locomotor function and tactile sensitivity were performed on days 1 and 15 post-surgery. Animals were euthanized 15 days post-surgery and samples were retrieved for histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. Functional behavior and tactile sensitivity were improved after laser irradiation. Moreover, higher fluencies of LLLT reduced the volume of injury. Additionally, LLLT produced a decreased CD-68 expression. These results demonstrated that, for an intermediate period of SCI repair, LLLT at higher fluences, was effective in promoting functional recovery and modulating the inflammatory process in the spinal cord of rats after traumatic SCI.

RESUMO Dada a potencialidade das nanopartículas (NP) de serem empregadas como vetores para administração de drogas, cosméticos e alimentos, tem-se procurado aumentar a sua produção. Particularmente no setor agroindustrial, os subprodutos são fontes de compostos ativos que precisam ser estabilizados para garantir sua aplicação. No entanto, dado o volume de subproduto gerado, é preciso estudar o encapsulamento em escalas maiores. Assim, visando determinar a influência do escalonamento nas propriedades da NP, a vitamina C (extraída do resíduo do processamento de acerola) e polifenóis (obtido do resíduo do processamento de uva) foram nanoencapsulados em NP de quitosana a partir de três volumes reacionais diferentes: 0,1; 1,0 e 10,0 dm3. As NP foram caracterizadas em relação ao rendimento, tamanho de partícula, morfologia e perfil de liberação. De forma geral, o aumento de escala não influenciou os parâmetros estudados. Assim, os valores de tamanho das NP entre os volumes reacionais de 0,1 e 10,0 dm3 foram muito similares. Por exemplo, para o controle (não encapsulado), o tamanho foi 155±6 e 227±118 nm, respectivamente, para os volumes reacionais de 0,1 e 10,0 dm3. O mesmo padrão foi observado para o extrato do subproduto de acerola encapsulado (373±44 e 400±83 nm) e o ácido ascórbico (279±29 e 217±29 nm). Para o extrato da casca de uva encapsulado, houve um decréscimo de tamanho, variando de 1040 a 308 nm. A razão rendimento por volume ficou em torno de 1,3 mg cm-3. Análises adicionais para NP com extrato da casca de uva encapsulado, por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, mostrou estruturas esféricas uniformemente distribuídas e o perfil de liberação foi independente do volume reacional. Desta forma, o sistema é adequado para o escalonamento.

ABSTRACT Given the potentiality of nanoparticles (NP) to load substances as active principle of drugs, cosmetics and food, there is interest in increasing its production. Particularly in the agroindustrial area, the byproducts are source of functional compounds that must be stabilized by encapsulation, for example, to allow its application. Considering the amount of generated byproducts, it is necessary to understand the encapsulation synthesis in a high scale dimension. In this way, the active compounds vitamin C (from the byproduct of the acerola processing) and polyphenols (from the byproduct of grape processing) were nanoencapsulated into chitosan NP at three reactional volumes: 0.1; 1.0 and 10.0 dm3. The NP were characterized for yield, particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and release profile. In general, the increase in scale did not influence these parameters. It is found a close similarity for NP size value between the 0.1 and 10.0 dm3 reactional volumes. For example, for the blank control, the size was 155±6 and 227±118 nm respectively for 0.1 and 10.0 dm3 reactional volumes. Similarly for the encapsulated acerola byproduct extract (373±44 and 400±83 nm) and ascorbic acid (279±29 and 217±29 nm). For the encapsulated skin grape extract, the size decreased sharply from 1040 to 308 nm. The yield per volume ratio was about 1.3 mg cm-3. Additional analysis for NP with encapsulated skin grape extract, by Scanning Electronic Microscopy, showed uniformly distributed spherical structures and the release profile was similar for all reactional volumes. Thus, the system is suitable for scale-up for NP production.

Resumo Membranas de compósitos Pd/α-Al2O3 com uma e duas camadas de Pd foram preparadas pelo processo electroless plating sobre tubos cerâmicos porosos. A análise de espectroscopia por dispersão de energia confirmou a composição química do suporte cerâmico (Al e O) e da membrana com Pd (Al, O e Pd), bem como a espessura da camada de Pd de 0,8 μm (uma camada) e 1,3 μm (duas camadas). As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram que a superfície da membrana foi mais uniforme com uma camada do que duas camadas de Pd. O difratograma de raios X registrou picos referentes à fase α-alumina. A porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio apresentou diâmetro de poro em torno de 5 nm e volume máximo de Hg intrudado de 0,0081 cm3.g-1. Os testes de permeabilidade aos gases mostraram que as membranas possuem seletividade α de 3,79 para o par H2/CO2 com um camada de Pd e de α=3,43 para o par H2/CH4 com duas camadas de Pd.

Abstract Composite membranes Pd/α-Al2O3 with one and two Pd layers were prepared by electroless plating process on porous ceramic tubes. The analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the chemical composition of the ceramic support (Al and O) and of the membrane with Pd (Al, O and Pd), as well the thickness of Pd layer of 0.8 μm (one layer) and 1.3 μm (two layers). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the surface membrane was more uniform with one layer than two Pd layers. The X-ray diffraction pattern recorded peaks assigned to α-alumina phase. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed a pore diameter around 5 nm and maximum intruded Hg volume of 0.0081 cm³.g-1. Gas permeability tests showed that the membranes had selectivity α of 3.79 for H2/CO2 pair with one Pd layer and α=3.43 for H2/CH4 pair with two Pd layers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o perfil de liberação, no humor aquoso, de moxifloxacino encapsulado em lipossomas como um sistema de liberação controlada para aplicação intracameral. Métodos: Lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino foram obtidos através do método de hidratação do filme lipídico e caracterizados por tamanho da partícula e eficiência de encapsulação. Utilizaram-se coelhos fêmeas foram para o estudo do perfil de liberação in vivo. Lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino foram injetados na câmara anterior do olho direito de cada animal. Os coelhos foram divididos em cinco grupos, e uma amostra de humor aquoso foi coletada 2, 4, 8, 24 e 48 h após a administração de lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino. As concentrações de moxifloxacino no humor aquoso foram analisadas usando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Resultados: O tamanho médio dos lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino foi de 60,5 ± 0,72 nm com uma distribuição de tamanho de partícula de 0,307. A eficiência de encapsulação de moxifloxacino nos lipossomas foi de 92,24 ± 0,24. Os resultados de um estudo de liberação in vivo de lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino, mostraram que a concentração máxima de moxifloxacino foi atingida dentro das primeiras 2 h após sua administração (5,27 ± 1,09 mg/mL) e foi seguida de um decréscimo na concentração intracameral (0,35 ± 0,05 mg/mL) até a marca de 24 h. Conclusão: Os experimentos in vivo resultaram em lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino que eram homogêneos em tamanho e exibiam alta eficiência de encapsulação do fármaco. Os resultados indicam que lipossomas contendo moxifloxacino oferecem um perfil de liberação de humor aquoso satisfatório após a aplicação intracameral.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the release profile of moxifloxacin encapsulated in liposomes in the aqueous humor as a controlled release system for intracameral application. Methods: Liposomes containing moxifloxacin were obtained using the lipid film hydration method and were characterized by particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Female rabbits were used for the in vivo profile release study. Liposomes containing moxifloxacin was injected into the anterior chamber of the right eye of each animal. The rabbits were divided into five groups, and a sample of aqueous humor was collected 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after administration of liposomes containing moxifloxacin administration. Moxifloxacin concentrations in the aqueous humor were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The average size of the liposomes containing moxifloxacin was 60.5 ± 0.72 nm with a particle size distribution of 0.307. The encapsulation efficiency of moxifloxacin in liposomes was 92.24 ± 0.24%. The results of an in vivo release study of liposomes containing moxifloxacin, showed that the maximum moxifloxacin concentration was achieved within the first 2 h after administration (5.27 ± 1.09 mg/mL) and was followed by a decrease in intracameral concentration (0.35 ± 0.05 mg/mL) until the 24 h mark. Conclusions: The in vivo experiments resulted in liposomes containing moxifloxacin that were homogenous in size and exhibited high drug encapsulation efficiency. The results indicate that liposomes containing moxifloxacin offers a satisfactory aqueous humor release profile after intracameral application.

RESUMEN Se determinaron las propiedades ópticas no lineales en función de la potencia del láser para el aceite multígrado 20W-50 para motores. Estas fueron obtenidas empleando la técnica Z-scan por transmisión en configuraciones de celda cerrada y abierta. Se utilizó un láser de Nd:YAG operando en modo de onda continua (CW), emitiendo en 532 nm y regulado en corriente. Para el control de la técnica se implementó una interfaz en LabVIEW que permite monitorear en tiempo real el desarrollo de la medida. Se estimaron valores del coeficiente de absorción no lineal (β), del índice de refracción no lineal (n 2) y de la susceptibilidad eléctrica de tercer orden , encontrándose ordenes de magnitud de 10-3 cm/W, 10-9 cm2/W y 10-5 esu respectivamente. Estos resultados muestran que el aceite lubricante para automóvil tiene propiedades ópticas no lineales significativas.

ABSTRACT Non-linear optical properties were obtained as a function of laser power for the 20W-50 multi-grade oil for engines. These properties were obtained by using the Z-scan technique for transmission in closed and open cell configurations. A Nd:YAG laser operating in continuous wave (CW) was used, emitting in 532 nm and regulated in electric current. To control the technique, an interface in LabVIEW was implemented, which allows monitoring real-time during the measurement process. The values of the non-linear absorption coefficient (β), non-linear refractive index (n 2), and third-order electrical susceptibility were estimated, finding orders of magnitude of 10-3 cm/W, 10-9 cm2/W, and 10-5 esu, respectively. These previous results show that an automobile lubricating oil has significant non-linear optical properties.

The reactive anti-CD45 is useful for the diagnostic and the study of T or B cells immunodeficiency. In this works were assayed three protocols with the purpose to obtain this reagent for the production, each one modifying the relation among the fluorochrome and the antibody (F:P) to conjugate, referred to the proposal of 1:2 recommended. The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography with 99,3 % of purity; was evaluated the relation FITC/Protein to 495 nm and 280 nm; and also, was obtained the leukocyte recognition percent through cytometry of flow by three tried protocols which evidence good biological activity (90,7 % - 96,8 %). The best protocol was P-2, with the lowest production cost and highest profits compared with product imported usually used in health system. This study permitted establishes the process to obtain anti-CD45 - FITC conjugated in LABEX laboratories.

El reactivo anti-CD45 conjugado con Isotiocianato de Fluoresceína (FITC) es útil para el diagnóstico y estudio de inmunodeficiencias de células T y B; en este trabajo para su obtención se modificó la relación entre el fluorocromo y el anticuerpo a conjugar mediante tres protocolos, partiendo de la proporción 1:2 recomendada. El anticuerpo fue purificado por cromatografía de afinidad, a una pureza de 99,3 %. Se evaluó la relación FITC/Proteína mediante la lectura del conjugado a 495 nm y 280 nm; y el porciento de reconocimiento leucocitario para citometría de flujo. El producto mostró buena actividad biológica con porcentaje de reconocimiento leucocitario en el rango de 90,7 % - 96,8 %, destacando el P-2 que permite del reactivo a un menor costo de producción, en comparación con el precio del producto importado; quedando establecido el proceso de conjugación para el anti-CD45 con FITC en el Laboratorio de Anticuerpos y Biomodelos Experimentales (LABEX).

Two simple and efficient procedures have been developed for the rapid simultaneous determination of compounds with mutual spectral interference (rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH)). The first method was based on the UV–Vis spectral signal (190–600 nm) of synthetic RIF and INH aqueous solutions, whereas the second method involved the visible spectral signal registered between 350 and 800 nm after the reaction of INH with a Cu2+/neocuproine complex. Both multivariate spectrophotometric methods show excellent prevision capacity, providing results that are statistically equivalent with those provided by the standard chromatographic procedure. The methods were validated according to criteria established by ANVISA, showing precision, accuracy and robustness compatible with the requirements for new analytical methods, additionally allowing the reduction of waste generation.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment in a free-range chicken production system on live performance as a function of microclimate, physiological parameters, and performance parameters. Four production modules were divided into four pens with 10 birds each, totaling 60 birds. The following treatments were applied: access to a paddock (TEST), access to a paddock with perches (PER), access to a paddock with artificial shade (SHA), and access to the paddock with perches and artificial shade (PESH). The PESH production module presented the best globe temperature (Tbg,ºC) and enthalpy (h, kJ/kg), and thereby, the best thermal environmental conditions, which ensured the longest permanence time of the birds in the paddock. The SHA and PESH modules promoted the lowest respiratory rate and shank and comb temperatures. Live performance was influenced by the presence of environmental enrichment (modules SHA and PESH), with the highest live weight (LW) and weight gain (WG) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI). Parts yield, such as giblets, were not influenced by production modules, except for PESH, which promoted higher offal weight. In general, chickens reared in enriched production modules presented greatest performance and comfort results and were considered close to optimal rearing conditions.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo bidimensional do olho humano para investigar a evolução da temperatura em estado transitório e o dano térmico associado nas camadas do olho e, principalmente, no melanoma de coroide. A modelagem e simulação computacional foram executadas para um paciente portador de um melanoma de coroide, submetido a um tratamento por irradiação com laser. Para determinar o campo de temperaturas, foi desenvolvido um modelo que utiliza a equação da biotransferência de calor de Pennes (BHTE - Bioheat Transfer Equation) que possui um termo de fonte/sumidouro que responde pelo calor transferido através da perfusão sanguínea. O modelo de Birngruber foi utilizado para determinar a função dano térmico durante a termoterapia transpupilar a laser (TTT). A análise foi efetuada a partir de uma imagem de ultrassom do paciente. Este tipo de exame forneceu as dimensões do olho e do tumor. O software comercial de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) FLUENT, que emprega o Método dos Volumes Finitos (MVF), foi utilizado nas análises do modelo. Foram calculadas as temperaturas em estado estacionário para o olho não irradiado e estes resultados foram utilizados como condição inicial para a simulação de estado transitório para o olho irradiado, durante 60 segundos, com um laser de diodo (810 nm e potências de saída de 178, 222, 400 e 500 mW) cujos feixes apresentavam diâmetros de 2,0 e 3,0 mm e intensidades de 56.588 W/m² e 70.736 W/m² sobre a córnea. Para validar o modelo, os resultados das temperaturas, em estado estacionário para o olho não exposto à radiação do laser, foram comparados com outros mostrando uma boa concordância entre eles. Os resultados das temperaturas e do dano térmico, estado transitório, para o olho irradiado com o laser estão, qualitativamente, em acordo com a literatura disponível.

This paper presents a two-dimensional model of the human eye to investigate the evolution of temperature in transient state and the associated thermal damage in the layers of the eye and, especially in the choroidal melanoma. The computer modeling and simulation were performed for a patient with a choroidal melanoma, undergoing treatment by laser irradiation. To determine the temperature field, we developed a model that uses the Pennes Bioheat Transfer Equation (BHTE) that has a term of source/sink that responds to the heat transferred through the blood perfusion. The Birngruber model was used to determine the function of thermal damage during the laser transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT). The analysis was carried out from an ultrasound image of the patient. This type of examination provided the dimensions of the eye and the tumor. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) commercial software FLUENT&®, which uses the Finite Volume Method (FVM) was used in the analysis of the model. The temperatures, steady-state, were calculated for the normal eye, i.e, without laser irradiation and these results were used as initial condition for the simulation of transient state to the eye irradiated for 60 seconds with a diode laser (810 nm and output power of 178, 222, 400 and 500 mW) whose beam had a diameter of 2.0 to 3.0 mm and irradiance of 56,588 and 70,736 W/m² on the cornea. To validate the model, the results of temperatures, in steady state to the eye not exposed to laser radiation, were compared with others showing a good agreement between them. The results of thermal damage and transient state, for the eye irradiated by the laser, show that the values of damage depth are in agreement with the literature.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise comparativa dos resultados da avaliação isocinética de força entre jogadores de futebol masculino profissional de campo e de salão e correlacioná-los aos índices de maior risco de lesão descritos na literatura. MÉTODOS: Analisamos 16 atletas jogadores de futebol de campo e 15 atletas jogadores de futsal. Todos os profissionais eram do sexo masculino e tiveram seus joelhos submetidos à avaliação isocinética da força muscular. RESULTADOS: A média de peso foi de 81,81kg para futebol de campo e 80,33kg para o futsal. Os picos de torque extensor direito e esquerdo para o futebol de campo e salão foram, respectivamente, 302,50 e 313,31Nm e 265,20 e 279,80Nm e, para flexores, 178 e 184,88Nm e 158,27 e 154Nm. Os índices de pico de torque por peso corpóreo dos extensores direito e esquerdo para o futebol de campo e salão foram, respectivamente, 3,84 e 3,7Nm/kg e 3,32 e 3,52Nm/ kg e, para flexores, 2,17 e 2,26Nm/kg e 1,98 e 1,93Nm/kg. A relação de equilíbrio entre músculos flexores e extensores dos lados direito e esquerdo para o futebol de campo e futsal foram, respectivamente, 59,81 e 59,44% e 60,47 e 54,80%. Os índices da relação de extensores entre os lados direito e esquerdo do futebol de campo e salão foram, respectivamente, 11,44 e 9,20% e, para os flexores, 7,31 e 8,80%. CONCLUSÕES: De acordo com parâmetros internacionais, a análise comparativa dos resultados da avaliação isocinética de força entre jogadores de futebol masculino profissional de campo e de salão na pré-temporada mostra que existe equilíbrio muscular e baixa probabilidade de lesão. Não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os parâmetros analisados dos jogadores das duas modalidades.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis on isokinetic strength assessments between field and indoor male professional soccer players and correlate the findings with the higher levels of injury risk described in the literature. METHODS: We analyzed 16 field soccer players and 15 indoor soccer players. All these professionals were male. Isokinetic muscle strength assessments were made on their knees. RESULTS: The mean weight was 81.81 kg for field soccer and 80.33 kg for indoor soccer. The right and left peak extensor torque left and rightfor field soccer and indoor soccer were, respectively, 302.50 and 313.31 Nm and 265.20 and 279.80 Nm, and for flexors, 178 and 184.88 Nm and 158.27 and 154 Nm. The peak torque rates according to body weight for the left and right extensors for field soccer and indoor soccer were, respectively, 3.84 and 3.7 Nm/kg and 3.32 and 3.52 Nm/kg, and for flexors, 2.17 and 2.26 Nm/kg and 1.98 and 1.93 Nm/kg. The balance relationships between flexors and extensors on the right and left sides for field soccer and indoor soccer were, respectively, 59.81 and 59.44% and 60.47% and 54.80%. The relationships for extensors between the right and left sides for field soccer and indoor soccer were, respectively, 11.44 and 9.20%, and for the flexors, 7.31 and 8.80%. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with international parameters, comparative analysis on isokinetic strength assessments between field and indoor male professional soccer players before the season showed that there was muscle balance and low probability of injury. There were no statistically significant differences in the parameters analyzed between the players of the two types of soccer.