RESUMEN El papiloma invertido (PI) es una neoplasia relativamente rara de la cavidad nasal y los senos paranasales. Se la considera un tumor benigno, pero su comportamiento biológico no es tan benigno por su crecimiento local agresivo, tasa alta de recurrencia, y riesgo de transformación maligna con asociación a carcinoma. Por tanto, requiere una extirpación quirúrgica completa y seguimiento postoperatorio a largo plazo. El PI bilateral es infrecuente y lo es aún más cuando se asocia con extensión intraorbitaria e intracraneal simultáneas. Estos comportamientos extremadamente agresivos han sido reportados por separado, especialmente en casos recurrentes. Ha sido excepcional el informe de casos con enfermedad bilateral y compromiso multifocal, sin malignización asociada. En estos casos el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es el abordaje endoscópico endonasal combinado con abordajes externos (convencional o minitrepanación endoscópica). La radioterapia de intensidad modulada puede ser de gran utilidad en pacientes con enfermedad resecada de manera incompleta. Se presenta un caso de esta rara enfermedad.

SUMMARY Inverted papilloma (IP) is a relatively rare neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Although it is considered a benign tumor, its biological behavior is not so benign because of local aggressive growth, high recurrence rate, and risk of malignant transformation with associated carcinoma. Therefore, it requires complete surgical removal and long term postoperative follow-up. Bilateral IP is unusual and even more so when associated with simultaneous intra-orbital and intra-cranial extensions. These extremely aggressive behaviors have been separately reported in the literature, especially in recurrent cases. Report of cases with bilateral and multifocal involvement without malignancy has been exceptional. Surgical management in these cases includes an endonasal endoscopic approach combined with external approaches, either conventional or endoscopic minitrepanation. Intensity modulated radiation therapy can be useful in patients with incompletely resected disease. A case of this rare disease is reported.

RESUMO O papiloma invertido (PI) é uma neoplasia relativamente rara da cavidade nasal e os senos paranasais. Se a considera um tumor benigno, mas seu comportamento biológico não é tão benigno pelo seu crescimento local agressivo, taxa alta de recorrência, associação com carcinoma e risco de transformação maligna. Por tanto, requere uma extirpação cirúrgica completa e seguimento pós-operatório a longo prazo. O PI bilateral é infrequente e é ainda mais quando se associa com extensão intraorbitária e intracraniana simultâneas. Estes comportamentos extremadamente agressivos tem sido reportados por separado, especialmente no casos recorrentes. Há sido excepcional o informe de casos com doenças bilateral e compromisso multifocal, sem malignização associada. Nestes casos o tratamento cirúrgico recomendado é a abordagem endoscópico endonasal combinado com abordagens externos (convencional ou mini-trepanação endoscópica). A radioterapia de intensidade modulada pode ser de grande utilidade nos pacientes com doença ressecada de maneira incompleta. Se apresenta um caso desta rara doença.

Durante la década anterior la criminalidad organizada incrementó considerablemente la violencia contra los estados del norte en México, si se le compara con la relativa disminución en Brasil y Colombia. ¿Por qué difieren las políticas de seguridad al intentar reducir la violencia causada por el narcotráfico? ¿Repite México los mismos fenómenos de violencia que Colombia durante los años 90? ¿Qué diferencia los modelos de seguridad en Rio y la política de contención implementada en Medellín durante el gobierno del presidente Uribe? El análisis de la violencia criminal como subtipo de las guerras civiles provee pocas herramientas dadas las diferencias entre las organizaciones de la mafia y agrupaciones insurgentes. En este artículo se sustenta que los carteles de las drogas no luchan exclusivamente por territorio o por el control del poder político, sino que entre sus objetivos está condicionar a los actores estatales a trabajar por ellos. El medio preferido por los carteles de las drogas es la corrupción –amenazando funcionarios o sobornándolos. Nuestra lectura permite observar que una mayor represión incrementa los precios del soborno y promueve la guerra entre los mismos carteles, siempre que se cumplan dos condiciones (a) que la corrupción sea generalizada, y (b) que la represión obligue a los carteles a tomar retaliaciones como venganza. Analizar los cambios en las políticas de seguridad contribuye a explicar las diferencias entre los mismos carteles.

Over the past decade, organized crime greatly increases the violence against the northern states in Mexico, if compared with the relative decline in Brazil and Colombia. Why different security policies to try to reduce the violence caused by drug trafficking? Mexico repeats the same phenomena of violence that Colombia during the 90's? What difference security models in Rio and the containment policy implemented in Medellin during the government of President Uribe? The analysis of criminal violence and civil wars subtype provides few tools given the differences between mafia organizations and insurgent groups. This article is based on the proposal that drug cartels are fighting not only by territory or for control of political power, but that its objectives are conditional state actors to work for them. The preferred by drug cartels medium is -threatening corruption or bribing officials. Our reading can observe that greater repression increases prices of bribery and promotes war between the cartels themselves, provided that two conditions are met (a) that corruption is widespread, and (b) requiring the cartels repression taking retaliation and revenge. Analyze changes in security policies helps explain the differences between them posters.

El autor sistematiza y analiza la contribución de las investigaciones promovidas y publicadas por el PIEB sobre desarrollo urbano en Bolivia. Más de noventa estudios abordan desde distintas perspectivas temáticas, teóricas y metodológicas, el problema del crecimiento urbano, imaginarios e identidades, los nuevos actores urbanos, políticas públicas, entre otros temas.

The author of this article systematizes and analyses the contribution made by the research on urban development in Bolivia sponsored and published by PIEB. From different thematic, theoretical and methodological approaches, more than ninety studies examine issues including the problem of urban growth, imaginaries and identities, new urban actors, and public policies.

Onze diferentes espécies de Fusarium foram isoladas a partir de vários materiais vegetais infectados e selecionados para escolher uma espécie potencialmente importante para a síntese de nanopartículas de prata. Todos os isolados foram identificados com base nas características de cultivo e microscópicas usando as chaves de identificação de Fusarium. Para a confirmação e identificação preliminar dos isolados de espécies de Fusarium, a análise BLAST on-line foi utilizada. Das espécies isoladas onze mostraram a capacidade para a síntese de nanopartículas de prata. A síntese de nanopartículas de prata foi confirmada por espectroscopia de UV-Vis que monstrou um pico característico em torno de 420 nm. Além disso, a confirmação da síntese de nanopartículas de prata foi realizada utilizando a análise de rastreamento de nanoparticulas (nanoparticle tracking analysis-NTA), medidas de potencial zeta, espectroscopia de correlação de fótons (PCS), difratometria de raios X de pó (XRD), e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). As menores nanopartículas de prata foram sintetizadas por F. oxysporum (3-25 nm), enquanto as maiores foram obtidas com F. solani (3-50 nm).

Eleven different Fusarium species were isolated from various infected plant materials and screened to select a potential species for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. All the isolates were identified on the basis of cultural and microscopic characteristics using Fusarium identification keys. For the confirmation of preliminary identified isolates of Fusarium species, online BLAST analysis was carried out. All the eleven species demonstrated the ability for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which gave characteristic peak around 420 nm. Further confirmation of silver nanoparticles was carried out using nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA), zeta potential, photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The smallest size of silver nanoparticles was synthesized by F. oxysporum (3-25 nm) and largest size silver nanoparticles were synthesized by F. solani (3-50 nm).

El absceso encefálico es una infección focal localizada que puede afectar cualquier parte del sistema nervioso central, se caracteriza histopatológicamente por presentar un centro necrótico y un área perilesional de infiltrado inflamatorio mixto de linfocitos y polimorfonucleares en su etapa tardía. Entre los múltiples mecanismos etiopatogénicos se consideran como más importantes la diseminación por continuidad, por vía hematógena y la inoculación directa por trauma o por procedimientos quirúrgicos. Su sintomatología es inespecífica y depende de la localización, tamaño, número de lesiones, relación entre la virulencia del germen y el estado inmunológico del paciente, edema y grado de hipertensión asociado en dicha patología. El diagnóstico de absceso encefálico que se realiza mediante imágenes radiológicas como la tomografía axial computarizada o la resonancia magnética no resulta fácil debido a que puede confundirse con cualquier otra lesión ocupante de espacio, como por ejemplo un tumor cerebral. Se presenta un caso de absceso encefálico en un paciente masculino adulto mayor en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga y se realiza correlación entre las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos patológicos y radiológicos. (MÉD.UIS. 2012;25(3):259-63)

Brain abscess is a localized focal infection that can affect any part of the central nervous system, is characterized histopathologically by presenting a necrotic center and an area of perilesional inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear late stage. Among the multiple pathogenetic mechanisms are considered most important for continuity spread by hematogenous and direct inoculation by trauma or surgical procedures. Its symptoms are nonspecific and depends on the location, size, number of lesions, relation between the virulence of the organism and the patient's immune status, edema and hypertension associated degree in this pathology. The diagnosis of brain abscess is performed by radiological imaging such as computerized tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging is not easy because it can be confused with any other space-occupying lesion such as a brain tumor. We report a case of brain abscess in an elderly male patient at the Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga and performs correlation between the clinical and pathological and radiological findings. (MÉD.UIS. 2012;25(3):259-63)

The amount of papers in the literature describing reactions catalyzedby enzymes and microorganisms as a method for obtaining enantiomericallypure compounds is increasing considerably. The usefulness of these biocatalystsin organic chemistry is now well documented and has greatly increased inthe last decade. This review describes the most relevant recent papers on the subject and also some very successful applications of the enzymesand microorganisms as biocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry from the 1996 literature up till now

This paper shows the assembly of an ozonization system to be used in laboratory scale, mainly to study effluent treatability. The system is simple, practical and provides easy acquisition of data when interfaced to a microcomputer. The performance of ozone generation and K La values are also described.