ABSTRACT Acute wound dressings can be based on PVA hydrogels, which present many characteristics of an ideal dressing, e.g., fluid uptake, a moisturized environment, etc. The lack of antimicrobial properties leads to the addition of natural active agents. The present work aims to manufacture and compare PVA gels loaded with Barbatimão bark extract, Leucaena bark extract, Aloe vera, and Lavender essential oil. They were characterized by FTIR, swelling tests, SEM, actives release. There were interactions between PVA and the active agents. The addition of Leucaena and Barbatimão increased the PVA ability to swell, but the opposite was found for Aloe vera and Lavender essential oil. PVA-Lavender essential oil samples presented interconnected pores, while samples with essential oil or extracts presented high crystallinity. Lavender essential oil and Aloe vera presented the highest release. The Barbatimão and Leucaena samples’ release may be related to the samples’ swelling, but the initial release of Aloe vera and Lavender samples was diffusion controlled by swelling. Their long-term release was dose-dependent for Aloe vera, while it was a non-Fickian diffusion for Lavender essential oil related to the hydrogel’s relaxation step. There is a synergistic effect when Aloe vera and Lavender essential oil are loaded in PVA hydrogels. hydrogels dressing eg e g e.g. uptake environment etc agents extract FTIR tests SEM swell PVALavender pores crystallinity longterm long term dosedependent dose dependent nonFickian non Fickian hydrogel s step e.g

ABSTRACT Strategies for conserving natural resources and reducing agricultural inputs are the great challenge for agriculture, such as sustainable alternatives to control agricultural pests of high economic impact, e.g. plant-parasitic nematodes. This work aimed to evaluate phytonematode’s population dynamics in common bean cultivation grown under crop rotations and no-tillage system. The maize was seeded under pearl millet straw and intercropped with three different crops systems: i) exclusive maize system, ii) maize intercropped with brachiaria and, iii) maize intercropped with crotalaria. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three treatments (crops systems) and 4 blocks (5 subsamples each block). The common bean was seeded on the straw of exclusive or intercropped maize. The phytonematode population was evaluated in the soil and in the roots in seven moments: (i) fallow; (ii) pearl millet flowering; (iii) pearl millet maturity; (iv) maize flowering; (v) maize maturity; (vi) common bean flowering; and (vii) common bean maturity. The greatest control of the phytonematodes species described in the area was in the maize intercropped with crotalaria treatment, as the phytonematodes population decreased 2.49-fold in this treatment when compared to exclusive maize, resulting in an increase of 11.27% in common bean yield. Therefore, maize intercropped with crotalaria is a viable alternative to reduce phytonematodes infestation in common bean crop.

Seminal studies stated that bean proteins are efficient neuronal tracers with affinity for brain tissue. A low molecular weight peptide fraction (<3kDa) from Phaseolus vulgaris (PV3) was previously reported to be antioxidant, non-cytotoxic, and capable of reducing reactive oxygen species and increasing nitric oxide in cells. We evaluated the effects of PV3 (5, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 µg/kg) on behavior and the molecular routes potentially involved. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments were performed before testing Wistar rats: i) in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) to assess the anxiolytic-like effect; ii) in the open field (OF) to evaluate locomotion and exploration; and iii) for depression-like behavior in forced swimming (FS). Catecholaminergic involvement was tested using the tyrosine hydroxylases (TH) enzyme inhibitor, α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (AMPT). Brain areas of chronically treated groups were dissected to assess: i) lipid peroxidation (LPO); ii) carbonylated proteins (CP); iii) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) and argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. Acute treatment with PV3 increased the frequency and time spent in the EPM open arms, suggesting anxiolysis. PV3 increased crossing episodes in the OF. These PV3 effects on anxiety and locomotion were absent in the chronically treated group. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments reduced the immobility time in the FS test, suggesting an antidepressant effect. TH inhibition by AMPT reverted acute PV3 effects. PV3 decreased LPO and CP levels and SOD and CAT activities, whereas nNOS and ASS were reduced in few brain areas. In conclusion, PV3 displayed central antioxidant actions that are concomitant to catecholaminergic-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.

About 3000 tons of beans are not used in human food due to hardening. Several studies on bean-derived bioactive peptides have shown potential to treat some diseases, including those relying on oxidative dysfunctions. We assessed the effects of peptides extracted from hardened bean Phaseolus vulgaris (PV) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells, and oxidonitrergic-dependent vasodilating effects. Extract was composed by peptide fraction <3 kDa (PV3) from hardened common bean residue. PV3 sequences were obtained and analyzed with bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 10, 20, 30, and 250 µg/mL PV3. Oxidative stress was provoked by 3% H2O2. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects were evaluated by MTT assay, whereas, ROS and NO were quantified using DHE and DAF-FM fluorescent probes by confocal microscopy. NO- and endothelium-dependent vasodilating effects of PV3 were assessed in isolated aortic rings. We found 35 peptides with an average mass of 1.14 kDa. There were no cell deaths with 10 and 20 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 30 μg/mL increased cell viability, while cytotoxicity was observed only with 250 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 10 μg/mL was able to protect cells from oxidative stress. PV3 also increased NO release without causing cell death. It also reduced relative ROS production induced by H2O2. PV3 vasodilating effects relied on endothelium-dependent NO release. PV3 obtained from low-commercial-value bean displays little cytotoxicity and exerts antioxidant effects, whereas it increases endothelial NO release.

El programa Tudo aos Direitos tuvo como objetivo estratégico incrementar la participación cívica de los niños y jóvenes que viven en hogares de acogida, en el ámbito de la Ciudadanía y los Derechos Humanos. La implementación piloto del programa implicó la realización de sesiones grupales de desarrollo personal, con 43 niños y jóvenes que residen en cuatro hogares de acogida. En una segunda fase se utilizó la metodología de educación entre pares. Los resultados obtenidos de niños y jóvenes sugieren un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el conocimiento percibido sobre Derechos Humanos (Z = -2.07, p = .03) así como en el número de Derechos Humanos designados (Z = -4.29, p = .000). También se sugirió una mejora estadísticamente significativa en la subescala de Autonomía Cognitiva del Cuestionario de Autonomía del Adolescente (Z = 2.85, p = .004). A partir de la implementación del programa surgieron nuevos mecanismos de participación institucional en hogares de acogida, entre los que destacan la creación de asambleas de niños y jóvenes y la implementación de libros de opinión.

O programa Tudo aos Direitos teve como objetivo estratégico aumentar a participação cívica de crianças e jovens residentes em casas de acolhimento, no âmbito da Cidadania e dos Direitos Humanos. A implementação piloto do programa compreendeu a condução de sessões de desenvolvimento pessoal em grupo, com 43 crianças e jovens, residentes em quatro casas de acolhimento. Numa segunda fase, recorreu-se à metodologia da educação de pares. Os resultados obtidos junto das crianças e jovens sugerem um aumento estatisticamente significativo dos conhecimentos percebidos sobre Direitos Humanos (Z=-2.07, p=.03), assim como do número de Direitos Humanos nomeados (Z=-4.29, p=.000). Foi ainda sugerida uma melhoria estatisticamente significativa na subescala de Autonomia Cognitiva do Questionário de Autonomia nos Adolescentes (Z= 2.85, p =.004). Da implementação do programa emergiram novos mecanismos de participação institucional nas casas de acolhimento, destacando-se a criação de assembleias de crianças e jovens a e implementação de livros de opinião.

Le programme Tudo aos Direitos avait pour objectif stratégique d'accroître la participation civique des enfants et des jeunes vivant dans des foyers d'accueil, dans le cadre de la citoyenneté et des droits de l'homme. La mise en œuvre pilote du programme a consisté à organiser des séances de développement personnel en groupe, avec 43 enfants et jeunes résidant dans quatre foyers d'accueil. Dans une deuxième phase, la méthodologie de l'éducation par les pairs a été utilisée. Les résultats obtenus auprès des enfants et des jeunes suggèrent une augmentation statistiquement significative de la connaissance perçue des droits de l'homme (Z = -2,07, p = 0,03) ainsi que du nombre de droits de l'homme nommés (Z = -4,29, p = 0,000). Une amélioration statistiquement significative a également été suggérée dans la sous-échelle de l'autonomie cognitive du questionnaire sur l'autonomie de l'adolescent (Z = 2,85, p = 0,004). Dès la mise en œuvre du programme, de nouveaux mécanismes de participation institutionnelle dans les foyers d'accueil sont apparus, notamment la création d'assemblées d'enfants et de jeunes et la mise en place de livres d'opinion

The Tudo aos Direitos programme aimed to improve the civic participation of children and teenagers living in foster homes, namely concerning Citizenship and Human Rights. The implementation of this pilot-programme included personal development sessions with 43 children and teenagers living in four foster homes. For the second stage of the project, the team resorted to a peer education methodology. The results achieved with the children and teenagers directly involved in the programme show a significant statistical increase of the knowledge about Human Rights (Z=-2.07, p=.03), together with a higher number of Human Rights mentioned (Z=-4.29, p=.000). A statistically significant improvement was also suggested in the Cognitive Autonomy subscale of the Adolescent Autonomy Questionnaire (Z= 2.85, p =.004). The implementation of the programme led to new and important mechanisms of institutional participation in foster homes e.g. the establishment of children and teenagers/ associations and the implementation of review books.

RESUMO Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade ambiental de duas áreas do complexo estuarino de São Marcos, utilizando-se as alterações branquiais em Sciades herzbergii como biomarcadores de contaminação aquática. Foram realizadas coletas no período de estiagem (setembro/dezembro de 2015) e no período chuvoso (março/junho de 2016). Foram capturados 40 exemplares de S. herzbergii em dois locais distintos do complexo estuarino: A1) Porto do Itaqui Bacanga (área potencialmente impactada); A2) Igarapé do Puca, Alcântara (área controle). Foram registradas as variáveis abióticas: salinidade, temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. No laboratório, as brânquias de cada espécime foram fixadas em formol a 10% e mantidas em álcool a 70% até a execução da técnica histológica usual. As alterações branquiais identificadas nos peixes da área potencialmente contaminada foram: deslocamento do epitélio (DE), congestão (CO), aneurisma (AN), fusão lamelar (FL), hiperplasia (HI), dilatação capilar (DC), necrose (NE) e proliferação de células epiteliais (PCE). As alterações na região controle foram: deslocamento do epitélio (DE), fusão lamelar (FL), necrose (NE) e proliferação de células epiteliais (PCE). As alterações branquiais foram mais frequentes na região portuária (84%) do que na região controle (16%). Esses resultados indicam que os peixes da área potencialmente contaminada estão apresentando respostas biológicas ao estresse local.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare an environmental quality of two areas of the estuarine complex of São Marcos using gills of changes in Sciades herzbergii as biomarkers of aquatic contamination. Samples were made during the dry season (September/ December 2015) and rainy season (March/ June 2016). They were captured 40 specimens of S. herzbergii at two different points of the estuarine complex: A1) Itaqui port (potentially contaminated area); A2) Igarapé do Puca, Alcântara (control area). Abiotic variables were recorded: salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. In the laboratory, the gills of each species were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and kept in 70% alcohol until the usual histological technique was performed. The gill alterations identified in the fish of the potentially contaminated area were: epithelial displacement (DE), congestion (CO), aneurysm (AN), lamellar fusion (FL), hyperplasia (HI), capillary dilation (DC), necrosis and epithelial cell proliferation (PCE). The changes in the control region were: epithelial displacement (DE), lamellar fusion (FL), necrosis (NE) and epithelial cell proliferation (PCE). Gill alterations were more frequent in the port region (84%) than in the control region (16%). These results indicate that fish from the potentially contaminated area are presenting biological responses to local stress.

O uso de fitoterápicos é uma alternativa de baixo custo e de fácil acesso para o tratamento de feridas cutâneas. Objetivou-se avaliar a ação do extrato oleoso de urucum na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas abertas. Inicialmente, identificaram-se os principais ácidos graxos do óleo de urucum. Foi realizado ensaio citotóxico para determinar as concentrações a serem utilizadas no ensaio in vivo. No experimento, feridas cutâneas em ratos Wistar foram diariamente tratadas com: extrato de urucum 0,1% (U 0,1%), extrato de urucum 0,01% (U 0,01%), vaselina (V) e solução fisiológica (SF), por até 21 dias. Aos quatro, sete, 14 e 21 dias, foi avaliada clinicamente a presença de exsudato, crosta e epitelização. Determinaram-se as áreas da lesão, e amostras de pele, fígado e rins foram coletadas para avalição histológica. Aos 21dias, amostras de pele foram coletadas para análise tensiométrica. Clinicamente, todos os grupos de tratamento apresentaram evolução cicatricial fisiológica. Os grupos U 0,1% e U 0,01% apresentaram maior presença de epitelização aos sete dias e maior retração cicatricial aos quatro dias. Na histologia, U 0,1% e U 0,01% apresentaram aos quatro e sete dias maior quantidade de fibrina e inflamação que V e SF, e, nos demais momentos, não houve diferenças entre os grupos. Quanto à fase cicatricial, aos quatro dias todos os grupos encontravam-se na fase inflamatória, aos sete dias U 0,1% e U 0,01% permaneciam na fase inflamatória, diferindo de SF e V, que se caracterizavam na fase proliferativa. Aos 14 dias, os grupos apresentavam-se em transição de fase proliferativa para maturação e, aos 21dias, estavam todos na fase de maturação. Os grupos tratados com urucum expressaram menor resistência à tensão que V e SF. Concluiu-se com este estudo que o extrato oleoso de urucum acelera o processo cicatricial nos primeiros dias, mas proporciona uma cicatriz de baixa qualidade.

Phytotherapies are a low cost, easily accessible alternative to traditional medicines in wound healing management. The purpose of this study was to assess the oil extract of Bixa orellana L. as a healing agent in the rat model of open wound healing. Initially, the oil was obtained and characterized through gas chromatography. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential of the oil was verified in cell cultures to determine the doses used in animal experiments. Wounds were surgically produced in Wistar rats, these were treated with the oil extract at 0.1% (U 0.1%), 0.01% (U 0.01%), petrol jelly (V) and saline (SF) for up to 21 days. At four, seven and 14 days of treatment the wounds were assessed clinically regarding the presence of exudate, crust and epithelialization. The wound area was also determined and skin, kidney and liver tissues were harvested for histopathology. At 21 days of treatment the skins were also harvested for tension resistance assessment. Clinically, all groups evolved similarly, however, those treated with U 0.1% and U 0.01% had a greater amount of epithelialized wounds by day seven, and grater shrinkage by day four. Histopathologicaly, the skin samples of oil treated wounds had more lesions in the inflammatory phase at seven days, when compared to the controls, which were majorly in the proliferation phase. By 14 days no difference was observed among groups, which were all in the transition from the proliferation to the maturation phase. By day 21, all wounds were in the maturation phase. Oil treated wounds also had more fibrin in the first two assessment dates, when compared to the controls. Tension resistance of the oil treated wounds was, however, inferior to that of the controls. This study shows that B. orellana L. oil will hasten the onset of the healing process and its initial phases, but will ultimately produce a scar of poorer quality.

O presente estudo investiga os fatores que influenciam a entrada de novas empresas na indústria transformadora portuguesa no período de 1996-2007. Confirma-se de uma forma global as conclusões de estudos anteriores, designadamente Fotopoulos e Spence (1998), Nystrom (2007), entre ouros. A dimensão do mercado e as condições macroeconómicas do período anterior são fatores importantes na decisão de entrada. O estudo confirma ainda uma forte relação positiva entre entradas e saídas de empresa do período anterior. Foram encontradas evidências de que as barreiras à entrada são pouco significativas. Este facto associado à elevada rotação empresarial sugere uma fraca capacidade de adaptação das empresas ao mercado, designadamente pela sua incapacidade de realizar os investimentos necessários para a sobrevivência e crescimento. Os resultados sugerem ainda uma relação não linear, na forma de "U" invertido, entre lucros da indústria e novas entradas, facto que introduz uma nova linha de investigação sobre o tema.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of new firm entry in the Portuguese manufacturing industries over the period 1996-2007. Estimation results generally confirm previous studies findings (see, e.g. Fotopoulos & Spence, 1998; Nystrom, 2007). Our findings indicate that market size and past macroeconomic conditions are important determinants of entry rates. Results also indicate a significant positive effect of past exit on actual entry. It is also found evidence of low barriers to new entry which associated with high firm turnover suggests companies’ inability to compete in the market, mainly due to difficulties in raising capital for required investments to operate efficiently. Results also reveal evidence of an inversed “U” shaped relationship between industry profit and entry. This result brings new line of investigation in the empirical literature on industry dynamics.

Este trabalho avaliou o isolamento de fungos em Musca domestica através da busca direta e por meio de iscas químicas e também a influência desta isca química para o crescimento de fungos encontrados nessas moscas. Foram realizadas coletas usando armadilhas com iscas químicas, compostas do inseticida Imidacloprid e outra por busca direta. Verificou-se que em 71,73% das moscas coletadas por busca direta apresentaram crescimento fúngico, enquanto as moscas capturadas usando iscas químicas apresentaram apenas 28,26% de crescimento fúngico. No teste realizado adicionando a isca química em meio de cultura BDA, não foi observado crescimento fúngico. Para estudos de fungos residentes em M. domestica, o uso do inseticida Imidacloprid como isca química não é recomendado, pois este produto pode inibir determinados microrganismos, inclusive possíveis biocontroladores de M. domestica.

This study evaluated the isolation of fungi from Musca domestica captured through direct search and chemical baits and also the influence of chemical bait for the growth of fungi found on these flies. Collection using traps with chemical bait, composed of the insecticide Imidacloprid, and a direct search were carried out. It was verified that 71.73% of the flies collected from the direct search presented fungi growth, whereas only 28.26% of the flies captured using chemical bait showed fungi growth. In the test carried out with the addition of chemical bait to the BDA media culture, fungal growth was not observed. For studies of fungi resident on M. domestica, the use of the insecticide Imidacloprid with chemical bait is not recommended, as this product can inhibit some microorganisms, including potential biocontrols for M. domestica.

O ferro participa de várias funções vitais do organismo, como o transporte de oxigênio e de elétrons e a síntese do DNA. Desequilíbrios do metabolismo do ferro podem estar relacionados a sua deficiência ou sobrecarga, porém a deficiência é rara em equinos adultos. Apesar disso, criadores e veterinários de cavalos de esporte utilizam frequentemente suplementos contendo ferro com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho atlético. Até o momento, nenhum estudo comprovou que o exercício induz deficiência de ferro nessa espécie ou que a suplementação de ferro melhora o seu desempenho. O diagnóstico de deficiência ou sobrecarga de ferro depende de uma avaliação laboratorial criteriosa. A suplementação em equinos não deficientes pode induzir o acúmulo excessivo de ferro, com graves consequências para o animal. Este trabalho revisa as alterações do metabolismo do ferro em equinos submetidos ao exercício, os métodos laboratoriais de avaliação dos estoques de ferro e as consequências da suplementação indevida.

Iron participates in many vital functions, e.g. oxygen and electron transport, and DNA synthesis. Iron metabolism imbalances can be related to deficiency or overload; however, the deficiency is rare in adult horses. Despite this, breeders and veterinarians usually supplement horses with iron, aiming to improve athletic performance. Until now, no study proved that exercise induces iron deficiency in this species or that iron supplementation improves its performance. Diagnosis of iron deficiency or overload depends on a comprehensive laboratorial evaluation. Supplementation in horses without disabilities can induce excessive iron storage, with serious consequences for the animal. This study reviews the iron metabolism alterations in equine submitted to exercise, laboratorial methods for the evaluation of iron storage, and consequences of improper supplementation.

No presente trabalho é analisado o efeito do enrelvamento, comparativamente à mobilização do solo, na composição, estrutura e dinâmica das infestantes vitícolas. O estudo de três anos (2002-2004) decorreu numa vinha de encosta, não regada, casta ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, na região Vitícola da Estremadura, Portugal. Foram comparadas três modalidades: mobilização do solo (testemunha), enrelvamento semeado permanente (Lolium perenne ‘Nui’, L. multiflorum ‘Bartíssimo’, Festuca ovina ‘Ridu’, F. rubra ssp. rubra ‘Echo’, Trifolium incarnatum ‘Red’, T. repens ‘Huie’ e T. subterraneum ‘Claire’), e enrelvamento permanente natural. Não se registaram diferenças significativas na biomassa total da vegetação da entrelinha na primavera entre modalidades mas o valor absoluto variou com o ano. As práticas de gestão aplicadas em cada modalidade, designadamente época e número de mobilizações do solo e corte do enrelvamento foram determinantes na evolução da biomassa. A análise canónica de correspondências revelou efeitos significativos entre modalidades nas espécies inventariadas, com implicações nas comunidades residentes. Três anos após o início do ensaio a composição florística na modalidade mobilizada era dominada por espécies dicotiledóneas anuais, designadamente cinco espécies de Geraniaceae, Medicago polymorpha e Sonchus oleraceus. No enrelvamento natural houve um aumento de espécies perenes como Rumex crispus Veronica anagallis-aquatica e Polypogon monspeliensis e de algumas anuais tal como Melilotus indica e Avena sterilis. O aumento daquelas espécies perenes, consideradas como competitivas com a videira implica uma maior frequência dos cortes no verão. No enrelvamento semeado as espécies L. perenne e T. repens mantiveram a sua capacidade de regeneração e a sua abundância reduziu a dominância ou eliminou a maioria das infestantes anuais e perenes inventariadas no enrelvamento natural.

The influence of two sward treatments and soil cultivation on the composition, the structure, and the evolution of the biomass of vineyard weed communities was examined. The 3-year study (2002-2004) was carried out in a sloping, non-irrigated vineyard, cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, in the Estremadura winegrowing region of Portugal. The experimental treatments were: soil tillage (control); permanent sown cover crop - Lolium perenne ‘Nui’, L. multiflorum ‘Bartíssimo’, Festuca ovina ‘Ridu’, F. rubra ssp. rubra ‘Echo’, Trifolium incarnatum. ‘Red’, T. repens ‘Huie’ and T. subterraneum ‘Claire’; and permanent resident vegetation. Total weed biomass in the spring did not reveal significant differences between treatments, but varied annually. The management practices - e.g. time and number of soil cultivations and inter-row mowing - were determinant in weed biomass evolution. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed significant treatment effects on community structure. Three years after the experiment was set up, in the soil tillage treatment weed composition was dominated by annual broad-leaved species, namely five Geraniaceae species, Medicago polymorpha and Sonchus oleraceus. The perennial broad-leaved species Oxalis pes-caprae was also a dominant species in soil tillage. In both sward treatments there was an increase in the perennial broad-leaved and grass species. Compared to soil tillage, in the resident vegetation treatment there was a significant increase in perennial species, such as Rumex crispus, Veronica anagallis-aquatica and Polypogon monspeliensis, and in the annuals Melilotus indica and Avena sterilis. The increase in these perennial species, which are considered to compete with vines, requires more frequent mowing in the summer. In the permanent sown cover crop treatment, L. perenne and T. repens displayed the ability to re-establish successfully, and their abundance decreased or suppressed most of the annual and perennial weed species.

Estudou-se o perfil de variação das imunoglobulinas em lavados das regiões traqueobrônquica e broncoalveolar do trato respiratório de bezerros neonatos sadios. Vinte bezerros da raça Holandesa, recém-nascidos e clinicamente sadios, receberam o colostro e foram distribuídos em dois grupos de dez animais cada. O Grupo 1 foi submetido à técnica de sondagem nasotraqueal para obtenção de lavado bronco-alveolar (LBA) e o Grupo 2, à traqueocentese para colheita de lavado traqueobrônquico (LTB), sendo estes procedimentos realizados em intervalos semanais, iniciando-se nos primeiros dias pós-nascimento até, aproximadamente, um mês de vida. Verificaram-se maiores teores de IgG que IgA ao longo do trato respiratório e estas imunoglobulinas sofreram influências da região do trato respiratório lavado, bem como influência do tempo de vida dos bezerros. Pôde-se detectar maiores teores de imunoglobulinas no LTB, assim como as maiores taxas de IgM e IgA em comparação com aquelas do LBA. As imunoglobulinas do LBA tenderam a aumentar seus teores com a evolução das semanas de vida dos bezerros, enquanto tenderam a diminuir no LTB.

The immunoglobulin variation profile in lavages from the broncoalveolar and tracheo-bronchial regions of 20 healthy newborn Holstein male calves was studied. They were fed with colostrum and distributed into 2 groups, 10 animals each. Group 1 underwent the nasotracheal catheterization technique to get the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and Group 2 underwent the tracheocenthesis to collect the tracheobronchial lavage (TBL), both procedures being carried out at a 7-day-interval, starting on the first days up to about one month of life. Higher IgG contents, as compared to IgA, were noted across the respiratory tract. These immunoglobulins were impacted by the site of the respiratory tract washed, as well as by the calves' life time in weeks. Higher immunoglobulin contents were detected in TBL, as well as higher IgM and IgA rates, as compared to BAL. The BAL immunoglobulins showed a tendency to be reduced in TBL.

A amônia é originada da decomposição da matéria orgânica dos efluentes, como restos de rações e fezes dos peixes. Sua forma não ionizada pode atingir concentrações tóxicas, pois difunde-se facilmente através das membranas respiratórias causando danos ao epitélio branquial, dificultando as trocas gasosas entre o animal e a água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a CL50 para 96 horas de exposição a amônia não ionizada de larvas recém-eclodidas de peixe-rei Odontesthes bonariensis. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento completamente casualizado, usando três diferentes concentrações de amônia não ionizada (0,57, 0,94 e 1,45 mg L-1 NH3-N) e um controle (n = 3). As unidades experimentais constaram de aquários de 20 litros, aerados, povoados com 20 larvas (peso médio 3,9 mg). Larvas de peixe-rei expostas por 96 horas à amônia não ionizada apresentam mortalidade de 50% na concentração de 0,71 mg L-1 NH3-N.

Ammonia results from decomposition of effluents organic matter, e.g. feed wastes and fish faeces. Its un-ionized form can be toxic because diffuses easily through fish respiratory membranes, damaging gill epithelium and impairing gas exchanges. The objective of this work was determining the 96-hour CL50 of un-ionized ammonia for newly hatched pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis larvae. Trials were set up completely randomized design, with three different concentration of un-ionized ammonia (0.57, 0.94, and 1.45 mg L-1 NH3-N) and a control treatment (n = 3). Experimental units were 20-L, aerated aquaria stocked with 20 larvae (average weight 3.9 mg). Pejerrey larvae exposed to un-ionized ammonia during 96 hours present 50% mortality at 0.71 mg L-1 NH3-N.