Furanaphthoquinones are well known in medicinal chemistry for exhibiting relevant structural heterogeneity and bioactivities. In this work, it was synthesized a series of furanaphthoquinones through a tandem reaction between lawsone (8) and cyclic ketones in the presence of morpholine. This strategy provides an efficient and general method for synthesizing furanaphthoquinones with activity against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the parasite that causes Chagas disease. Compound 9b was the better prototype, and it exhibited high potency for causing parasite death, showed reduced acute toxicity towards mammalian cells, and was capable of rupturing the epimastigote plasma membrane and acting on sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51). Additionally, 9b reduced trypomastigote viability by 99% after 24 h. Candidate 9b demonstrated the best and most promising profile when bound to CYP51.

RESUMO: A co-digestão dos dejetos suínos associados a resíduos vegetais é uma alternativa que pode elevar as produções de biogás e metano alcançadas pela digestão isolada do dejeto. No entanto, recomendações que se baseiem na melhor proporção entre dejeto e forragem, assim como na idade de colheita ainda são escassas na literatura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar inclusões crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% dos sólidos totais (ST) de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) colhido em duas idades de corte mediana (MA) aos 45 dias de crescimento e avançada (AA) aos 90 dias, empregado em co-digestão com o dejeto suíno, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2. Foram utilizados biodigestores batelada de bancada, sendo as produções de biogás acompanhadas durante 12 semanas. Houve influência da idade da forragem (P<0,05) na degradação de sólidos e fibra em detergente neutro, com maiores valores para os substratos que continham a forragem MA. Os maiores rendimentos de CH4 foram alcançados pelos substratos que continham forragem MA na inclusão de 27,7 e 31,6 %, sendo de 253,7 e 222,2 L de CH4 por Kg de ST ou sólido volátil adicionado. A idade das forragens influenciou o início e a persistência das produções de biogás ao longo do período de digestão, sendo vantajosa apenas na inclusão de 25% de forragem com MA.

ABSTRACT: The co-digestion of swine manure with vegetable waste is an alternative that can increase the production of biogas and methane generated by the isolated digestion of manure. However, recommendations that are based on the best ratio between manure and forage, as well as the age of harvest, are still scarce in the literature. This study was conducted to evaluate inclusions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of the total solids (TS) of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) harvested at two ages medium age (MA) at 45 days of growth and advanced age (AA) at 90 days in co-digestion with swine manure, using an entirely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme. Batch digesters were used and biogas production was monitored for 12 weeks. There was influence of forage age (P <0.05) on the degradation of solids and neutral detergent fiber, with higher values for the substrates containing MA forage. The highest CH4 yields were obtained by the substrates containing MA forage in the inclusion of 27.7 and 31.6%, being 253.7 and 222.2 L of CH4 per Kg of total or volatile solids. The age of the forages influenced the onset and persistence of biogas production, being advantageous only in the inclusion of 25% of MA forage. The AA forage inclusion is not recommended for co-digestion with swine manure.

Abstract The banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, but it has little shelf life due to its high water activity. Drying is able to increase shelf life and pre-treatments can optimize the process. The objective was to study the solar drying kinetics and evaluate the effect of pre-treatments on the drying kinetics and physico-chemical quality of 'Prata' bananas. The drying was carried out in a solar dryer and the pre-treatments consisted of immersing the samples in solutions of water, citric acid (1%) and lemon juice (10%). Water loss, drying kinetics, mathematical models and physical-chemical and colorimetric characteristics of fresh and dried bananas were evaluated. The drying rate was higher at the beginning and stabilized after 20 hours. The mathematical model of Midilli and Kucuk was the one that best fit the experimental data. The water content, ascorbic acid and the parameters L *, b *, C * and h ° reduced after drying. Reducing sugars and a * coordinate increased and the acidity was not changed with drying. The solar drying of 'Prata' bananas is a sustainable and economical way to make a product available with a longer shelf life.

This study searched for a new pre-formulation based on the natural compound from the class of the avermectins, named abamectin (ABA), in order to improve its action against Aedes aegypti larvae by complexation with β-cyclodextrin (βCD). Concerning the low aqueous solubility of ABA, even in the presence of βCD, it was also invoked the strategy of working with hydrophobic nanoprecipitates (HNPs). For these purposes, molecular and supramolecular characterizations of 1:1 ABA/βCD complex and evaluation of its toxicity against A. aegypti larvae were performed. In the physical-chemistry characterizations, changes in the infrared spectra and thermal profiles in relation to precursors confirmed the occurrence of interactions between ABA and βCD in solid state. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data suggest the inclusion of ABA in βCD via benzofuran ring. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments allowed to verify the formation of complex with a 1:1 stoichiometry, which was entropy driven. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential data from inclusion compounds demonstrated changes in the size of the ABA/βCD HNP if compared with the ABA HNP. Finally, the results for biological assays demonstrate that the strategy to prepare the inclusion compound led to an increase in the larvicidal activity in relation to free ABA.

RESUMO - A adoção de culturas tolerantes aos mimetizadores de auxina pode aumentar a ocorrência de deriva desses herbicidas interferindo no desenvolvimento de culturas naturalmente sensíveis, como o feijão. Objetivou-se avaliar a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de feijão, a partir de subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D. O delineamento do experimento I foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, exceto para a germinação, com oito repetições. As sementes foram embebidas em 100 mL de água com concentrações de 0.0; 1.12; 2.14; 4.18; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 e 67 g e.a. L-1 de 2,4-D. Foram avaliadas a germinação, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas e condutividade elétrica. O delineamento do experimento II foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. O feijão foi semeado em areia e em seguida foram pulverizadas concentrações de 0.0; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 e 67.00 g e.a L-1 de 2,4-D. Foram avaliadas emergência das sementes, injúria, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. De acordo com a análise de regressão, houve redução na germinação, independente da concentração utilizada, assim como no comprimento de plântulas. Sementes embebidas nessa solução apresentaram o sistema radicular e desenvolvimento prejudicados. Houve aumento da condutividade elétrica conforme o acréscimo das concentrações do herbicida, indicando menor potencial fisiológico das sementes. No experimento II, o aumento das concentrações do 2,4-D reduziu a emergência e aumentou a injúria nas plantas. Conclui-se que as subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D interferem negativamente na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de feijão.

ABSTRACT - The adoption of cultures tolerant to auxin mimics can increase the occurrence of drift of these herbicides, interfering in the development of naturally sensitive cultures, such as beans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination and initial development of bean seedlings, using sub-doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. The design of experiment I was completely randomized, with eight treatments and four replications, except for germination, with eight replications. The seeds were sowed in 100 mL of water with concentrations of 0.0; 1.12; 2.14; 4.18; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g a.e. L-1 of 2,4-D. Germination, length, seedling fresh and dry mass and electrical conductivity were evaluated. The design of experiment II was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The beans were sowed in sand and then sprayed at concentrations of 0.0; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g e.a. L-1 of 2,4-D. Seed emergence, injury, fresh and dry shoot mass were evaluated. According to the regression analysis, there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length. Seeds sown in this solution presented impaired root system and development, tending to mortality. Electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentrations increased, indicating lower physiological potential of seeds. In experiment II, increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants. It is concluded that the sub-doses of the 2,4-D herbicide negatively affect the germination and initial development of bean seedlings.

Abstract Composting of domestic residues to replace cattle manure was evaluated as a fertilization option for the cherry tomato crop. Two sources of organic compounds (CO) were used to prepare compost piles: Domestic residues (DR) and bovine manure (BM), used in 5 proportions (CO1 = 15% DR + 15% BM, CO2 = 10% DR + 20% BM, CO3 = 20% DR + 10% BM, CO4 = 30% BM (control) and CO5 = 30% DR). To compost the compost piles, the organic waste (carbon source) was mixed with remnants of tree pruning (filler) from the urban cleaning service in a ratio of 1: 3. After 90 days, the compost from each matured pile was mixed with 1: 1 coconut fiber substrate and filled into 15 L plastic bags where the cherry tomato plants were grown. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using the experimental design of randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 5 replicates (6 fruits per sample). The organic fertilization in the proportions of manure and food residue did not provide statistically significant differences in soluble solids, total sugars, lycopene, β-carotene and micronutrients Zn, Fe, N and P in cherry tomato fruits. Fertilization with CO1 and CO2 increased AT, Mn and decreased the SS / AT, K and Ca ratio. There was no nutritional deficiency of tomatoes in any of the proportions of the organic residues studied.

Resumen Con el objetivo de desarrollar un sistema de irrigación con ultra baja caudal (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos con derivación y operando en régimen laminar, se inició este trabajo buscando irrigación eficiente y de bajo costo. El experimento se compuso de dos etapas. La primera parte experimental fue conducida en el laboratorio, siendo realizada la determinación del diámetro real de los microtubos y dimensionamiento del sistema de riego. La segunda etapa del experimento fue realizada en una huerta ubicada en el área experimental, donde se realizaron los ensayos para obtener la uniformidad de aplicación de agua a la cual fue evaluada por medio del coeficiente de uniformidad estadística que tuvo valor inicial superior a 90%. El sistema de riego propuesto presentó ventajas económicas para pequeños productores. Sin embargo, el mismo presentó problemas de acumulación de aire y obstrucción de emisores durante el período evaluado, ocasionando la reducción de la uniformidad estadística siendo, por lo tanto, necesaria la realización de más estudios para obtener resultados más concluyentes.

Abstract With the goal of developing an irrigation system with ultra low flow rate (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in a laminar regime, this work began by seeking efficient irrigation and low costs. The experiment consisted of two stages. The first experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the actual diameter of the microtubes and irrigation system design. The second stage of the experiment was conducted in an experimental area, where tests were carried out to obtain the uniformity of water application which was evaluated by the coefficient of uniformity statistic that had an initial value exceeding 90%. The proposed irrigation system had economic advantages for small-scale producers. However, the system evaluated presented problems with accumulation of air and emitters obstruction during the study period, causing a reduction in statistical uniformity. It is therefore necessary to conduct further studies to obtain more conclusive results.

RESUMO O objetivo desta rápida revisão sistemática é analisar a prevalência de características clínicas, socioeconômicas e demográficas, achados laboratoriais e de imagem, testes de diagnóstico e informações de tratamento de idosos com COVID-19. Para conduzir esta revisão sistemática, serão seguidas as recomendações do Manual Cochrane. Pacientes com 60 anos ou mais com diagnóstico confirmado de infecção por Sars-CoV-2 serão incluídos. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica abrangente será realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Central), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol em Ciências da Saúde (Ibecs) e Epistemonikos Plataforma COVID-19 L · OVE. Nenhuma restrição de idioma será aplicada. Para avaliar a qualidade metodológica e a certeza das evidências dos estudos incluídos, serão utilizadas a Escala Newcastle-Ottawa e a abordagem Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (Grade). A meta-análise será realizada no software R. Acreditamos que esta revisão sistemática rápida será capaz de resumir as evidências atualmente disponíveis sobre as características clínicas, socioeconômicas e sobre o manejo de idosos com COVID-19. Portanto, ajudará a implementar estratégias adequadas para combater a pandemia e ajudará a entender o perfil clínico de pacientes idosos com COVID-19, fornecendo dados com o devido apoio científico sobre o qual basear futuras escolhas de procedimentos e intervenções.

SUMMARY The aim of this rapid systematic review is to analyze the prevalence of clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics, laboratory and imaging findings, diagnostic tests, and treatment information of older adults with COVID-19. To conduct this systematic review, the Cochrane Handbook recommendations will be followed. Patients aged 60 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be included. A comprehensive literature search will be performed in the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Spanish Bibliographic Index on Health Sciences (IBECS) and Epistemonikos COVID-19 L·OVE platform. No language restrictions will be applied. To assess the methodological quality of the included studies and the certainty of the evidence, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used. The meta-analysis will be performed using R software. We believe this rapid systematic review will be able to summarize the currently available evidence on clinical, socioeconomic characteristics, and management of COVID-19 in older adults. Therefore, it will help implement adequate strategies to fight the pandemic and assist in understanding the clinical profile of older patients with COVID-19, providing data with due scientific support upon which to base future choices of procedures and interventions.

RESUMO A cebola é a terceira hortaliça mais consumida no mundo, ao lado da batata e do tomate. Sua conservação é influenciada pela umidade e temperatura e, as maiores perdas pós-colheita ocorrem devido à falta de infraestrutura no armazenamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do resfriamento parcial de silo vertical na conservação pós-colheita de bulbos curados de cebola, cultivar ‘Bola Precoce’. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, com seis repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas de duas condições de armazenamento [bulbos de cebola armazenados em silo 1 com temperatura ambiente (T1) e bulbos armazenados em silo 2 resfriado (T2)] e as subparcelas foram consideradas dois períodos de retirada dos bulbos do armazenamento (0 e 14 dias). Foram avaliados a cor da casca, a partir do croma (C*) e luminosidade (L*) interna e externa; teor relativo de água (TRA) da casca e da polpa dos bulbos e perda de massa fresca (PMF) no momento de instalação do experimento e após 14 dias para ambos os experimentos e aos 21 dias para o T2. As médias de temperaturas obtidas em ambos os silos foram 30,4 e 16,4°C, respectivamente. A vida de prateleira dos bulbos do T1 foi 14 dias enquanto do T2 foi 21 dias. Os bulbos do T1 apresentam-se com casca mais clara no dia 0. O tempo de 14 dias de armazenamento tornou os bulbos mais claros no T2. Em relação à cor da polpa, o tempo de armazenamento tornou a polpa mais clara em ambos tratamentos. No dia 14 os bulbos do T1 apresentaram polpa mais clara que os do T2. Os tratamentos apresentaram comportamento semelhante no dia zero para croma interno. Após quatorze dias de armazenamento, o croma interno e externo foi maior nos bulbos do T2. O tempo de armazenamento reduziu o Hue interno apenas no T2 que apresentou menor Hue interno que o T1 em ambos os períodos de avaliação. O TRA foi maior no T1 que no T2 em ambos os períodos de avaliação. A PMF foi maior com tempo de armazenamento, no entanto, não diferiu entre tratamentos. O armazenamento de bulbos de cebola em silo resfriado aumentou em 7 dias a viabilidade dos mesmos, em relação ao silo sem refrigeração.

ABSTRACT Onion is the third most consumed vegetable worldwide, such as potatoes and tomatoes. Its conservation is influenced by temperature and humidity, and greatest losses occur at postharvest due to lack of storage infrastructure. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial cooling in vertical silo on postharvest conservation of cured onion bulbs cultivar Bola Precoce. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replicates, arranged in split plot scheme. Plots consisted of two storage conditions: onion bulbs stored in silo 1 at room temperature (T1) and bulbs stored in silo 2 with artificial cooling (T2). Subplots were two periods of bulb removal from storage (0 and 14 days). We evaluated peel color, using chroma (C*) and internal and external luminosity (L*); relative water content (TRA) of peel and pulp of bulbs and fresh mass loss (PMF) when the experiment was installed and after 14 days for both experiments and at 21 days for T2. The average temperatures obtained in both silos were 30.4 and 16.4°C, respectively. Bulbs of T1 had 14 days shelf life whereas, bulbs of T2 had a shelf life of 21 days. Bulbs of T1 showed lighter peel on day zero. The 14-day storage made the bulbs lighter in T2. In relation to pulp color, storage period made pulp lighter in both treatments. On day 14, bulbs of T1 showed lighter pulp color comparing to bulbs of T2. Both treatments showed similar behavior on day zero for internal chroma. After 14 days storage, internal and external chroma was higher in bulbs of T2. Storage period reduced internal hue only in bulbs of T2 which showed lower internal hue in both evaluation periods. TRA was higher in T1 in both evaluation periods. PMF was higher according to storage period; however loss did not differ between treatments. Storage of onion bulbs in cooled silos increased their viability in 7 days, in relation to storage without refrigeration.

Resumo A compostagem é uma alternativa para reciclagem de resíduos orgânicos biodegradáveis, transformando-os em adubo orgânico que podem ser utilizados como aporte de nutrientes para fins agrícolas, evitando sua deposição em aterros sanitários. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a compostagem de resíduo orgânico doméstico em substituição ao esterco de bovino, com vista a sua aplicação na adubação do tomateiro cereja (Solanum lycopersicum Mill., var. cesariforme). Nesse sentido, foram construídas pilhas de compostagem com 30% de resíduos orgânicos (fonte de carbono) e 70% resíduos de podas de árvores (material de enchimento). Foram testadas duas fontes de resíduo orgânico: resíduos alimentares de origem doméstica (FW) e esterco bovino (CM), em cinco proporções (15% FW + 15% CM, 10% FW + 20% CM, 20% FW + 10% CM e os controles 30% CM e 30% FW). Após 90 dias, o composto maturado de cada pilha foi misturado com substrato de fibra de coco na proporção de 1:1 e acondicionado em vasos plásticos de 15 L, onde as plantas de tomateiro cereja foram cultivadas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações de crescimento e composição mineral do tecido foliar do tomateiro cereja. Os resultados indicam que o esterco bovino pode ser substituído por resíduos alimentares como material orgânico para construção das pilhas de compostos. A adubação com composto orgânico oriundo de resíduos alimentares influenciou positivamente no crescimento e assimilação dos nutrientes no tecido foliar do tomateiro cereja.

Abstract Composting is an alternative for recycling biodegradable organic waste, transforming it into organic fertilizer that can be used as agricultural nutrients, avoiding its disposal in landfills. This study evaluated the composting of household organic waste as a substitution for cattle manure, with a view to its application in the fertilization of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill., Var. Cesariforme). Thus, compost piles were set up using 30% organic waste (carbon source) and 70% tree-pruning residues (filling material). Two sources of organic waste were tested: household food waste (FW) and cattle manure (CM), at five proportions (15% FW + 15% CM, 10% FW + 20% CM, 20% FW + 10% CM and the controls 30% CM and 30% FW). After 90 days, the mature compost from each pile was mixed with coconut fibre in a 1:1 ratio and used as substrate filled in 15 L plastic pots, where the cherry tomato plants were grown. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design, with five treatments and five replicates. Assessments of growth and leaf mineral composition were performed for the cherry tomato plants. The results indicate that cattle manure can be replaced by household food waste as the organic material used in compost piles. Fertilization with organic compost from household food waste positively influenced the growth and nutrient assimilation in the leaf tissue of cherry tomato.

RESUMO: A doença de Petri é complexa, ataca plantas jovens de videira e é difícil de ser controlada. O fungo Phaeomoniella chlamydospora é o principal agente causal dessa doença. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar o local prevalente dos fungos da doença de Petri, em diferentes partes de plantas de videira; avaliar a suscetibilidade de porta-enxertos de videira para o fungo P. chlamydospora; avaliar o efeito da solarização e da biofumigação seguido de tratamento com água quente sobre a desinfecção de estacas do porta-enxerto IAC 766 infectadas com o fungo P. chlamydospora; avaliar o efeito da solarização e da biofumigação seguido de tratamento com água quente sobre o enraizamento de estacas do porta-enxerto IAC 766. Para o teste de colonização, as espécies de fungos detectadas e identificadas em Niagara Rosada enxertada em dois porta-enxertos diferentes foram P. chlamydospora e Phialemoniopsis ocularis. Este é o primeiro relato de P. ocularis em parrerais jovens de videira no Brasil. Ambos os fungos, em particular P. chlamydospora, colonizaram somente a parte basal das plantas, destacando-se os porta-enxertos como foco para medidas de controle. Medidas das estrias escuras no sistema vascular revelaram que Golia foi o porta-enxerto menos suscetível, e o IAC 572 foi o mais suscetíveis para P. chlamydospora. Além disso, a biofumigação ou a temperatura de 37ºC aplicadas por 7 e 14 dias seguidas de tratamento com água quente eliminaram P. chlamydospora em estacas do porta-enxerto IAC 766 sem afetar o enraizamento. No entanto, novos estudos são necessários ainda para validar a eficiência dessas técnicas de desinfecção.

ABSTRACT: Petri disease is complex, attacks young vine plants and it is difficult to be controlled. The fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Phc) has been identified as the main causative agent of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalent colonization of the Petri disease fungi in different portions of vine plants; to assess the susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to the fungus P. chlamydospora; to assess the effect of solarization and biofumigation, followed by hot-water treatment (HWT), on the disinfection of cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766 infected with P. chlamydospora, and assess the effect of solarization and biofumigation, followed by HWT, on the rooting of cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766. For the prevalent colonization test, the fungus species detected and identified in ‘Niagara Rosada’ grafted on two rootstocks different were Phc and Phialemoniopsis ocularis. This is the first report of P. ocularis in a young vineyard in Brazil. Both fungi, in particular Phc, colonized only the plant’s basal part, drawing attention to the rootstock as target for control measures. Measurement of the dark streaks in the vascular system revealed that Golia was the least susceptible rootstock, and IAC 572 was the most susceptible to Phc. Moreover, biofumigation or temperature of 37°C applied for 7 and 14 days, both followed by HWT, suppressed Phc in cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766 without hampering their rooting. Meanwhile, new studies are needed to validate the efficiency of these disinfection techniques.

RESUMO O nitrogênio e o potássio são os nutrientes mais requeridos pelo algodoeiro. O algodão, cultivado em segunda safra, após a colheita da soja, tem sido uma opção dentro dos sistemas de produção do cerrado brasileiro. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito das adubações nitrogenada e potássica sobre o estado nutricional, os componentes de produção e a produtividade do algodoeiro, cultivado em sistema adensado, semeado em segunda safra. O experimento foi conduzido após a colheita da soja e em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repetições. O fator A foram quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1) e o fator B foram quatro doses de K2O (0, 40, 80 e 160 kg ha-1), aplicadas em cobertura. Os teores foliares de nitrogênio e de magnésio aumentaram linearmente com as doses de N, enquanto os teores de enxofre e ferro diminuíram (efeito quadrático). As doses de K2O resultaram em efeitos positivo e negativo sobre os teores de K e de Mg, respectivamente. A adubação nitrogenada promove resposta em produtividade de fibra maior do que a adubação potássica, sendo que a taxa de incremento de produtividade de fibra por quilo de nitrogênio foi o dobro da taxa de incremento por quilo de K2O. As maiores produtividades de fibra foram alcançadas com 148 kg ha-1 e 107 kg ha-1 de N e K2O, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen and potassium are the most required nutrients for cotton crop. Cotton grown as a second crop, after soybean harvesting, has been an option for crop system in the Brazilian savanna. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N and K fertilization on the nutritional status and the yield components of cotton grown as a second crop, after soybean, and in a narrow planting system. The experiment was carried out adopting a completely randomized block experimental design. The treatments were set up in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with four replications. Factor A was the four N doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha-1) and factor B was four K2O doses (0, 40, 80, and 160 kg ha-1), applied as side-dressing. The N and Mg concentration levels in the leaf increased linearly with the N doses, while the concentration levels of S and Fe decreased (quadratic effect). The K2O doses resulted in positive and negative effects on K and Mg, respectively, in the leaf. The N fertilization promoted higher lint yield response when compared with K fertilization, as lint yield rate per kg of N was twice the yield rate per kg of K2O. The highest lint yields were reached with 148 kg ha-1 and 107 kg ha-1 of N and K2O, respectively.

Introduction: The safety of inpatients is a priority in the health care system. The Global Trigger Tool seems to be suitable to estimate the incidence of adverse events (AE) in pediatric inpatients. Objectives: To describe the incidence and categories of AE in pediatric inpatients using the Global Trigger Tool and to identify risk factors associated to their development. Population and methods: Retrospective study. Medical records of 200 patients hospitalized at Hospital Elizalde during 2013 were included. Outcome measures: number of AE/100 admissions and distribution of harm. A chi² test, Student's t test and Pearson's correlation test were carried out. Significance level = p < 0.05. Results: The study detected 289 triggers (1.4/patient); 52 AEs (26 AEs/100 patients, 95% CI: 20.4-32.5). There was at least one AE every 36 patients; 7 patients had more than one AE; 45 AEs were in the E and F categories (temporary harm). Medical care triggers were associated to AEs (OR 8.1; 95% CI: 3.7-17.3, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between the number of triggers and the number of AEs per patient (R= 0.46; p < 0.001). Being hospitalized in a closed unit (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2-6.5; p= 0.03) and a longer hospital stay were associated to AEs (p < 0.001). Conclusion: An AE frequency of 26% was identified, and most AEs resulted in temporary harm. The presence of AEs was associated to hospitalization in a closed unit, longer hospital stay, higher number of triggers and general care triggers.

Introducción: La seguridad del paciente hospitalizado es prioritaria para el sistema de salud. La herramienta de disparadores globales parecería ser adecuada para estimar la incidencia de eventos adversos (EA) en niños hospitalizados. Objetivos: Describir la incidencia y la categorización de EA en niños hospitalizados utilizando la herramienta de disparadores globales e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición. Población y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 200 historias clínicas de pacientes internados en el Hospital Elizalde en el año 2013. Variables de resultado: número de EA/100 ingresos y distribución del dano. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado, la prueba de t y la correlación de Pearson. Nivel de significación de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se detectaron 289 disparadores (1,4/paciente); 52 EA (26 EA cada 100 pacientes, IC 95%: 20,4-32,5). Presentaron, al menos, un EA 36 pacientes; 7 pacientes sufrieron más de uno; 45 EA fueron categoría E y F (dano temporario). Los disparadores de cuidados médicos se asociaron con EA (OR 8,1; IC 95%: 3,7-17,3; p < 0,001). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el número de disparadores y el número de EA por paciente (R= 0,46; p < 0,001). Los pacientes internados en unidad cerrada (OR 2,8; IC 95%: 1,2-6,5; p= 0,03) y el mayor promedio de días de internación se asociaron a EA (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Se identificó una frecuencia de 26% de EA; la mayoría fue dano temporario. La internación en una unidad cerrada, la mayor cantidad de días de internación, el mayor número de disparadores y los disparadores de cuidados generales se asociaron con la presencia de EA.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de substâncias húmicas (ácido húmico e fúlvico) aplicadas via fertirrigação com e sem extratos vegetais a base de saponinas nas variáveis de crescimento e produção da bananeira BRS Princesa (Musa sp.). O pomar foi instalado em espaçamento de 2,0 m x 2,5 m, em Latossolo Amarelo Distrocoeso, sob regime de fertirrigação por gotejamento, no Recôncavo da Bahia, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses de substância húmicas (0,0; 21,14; 31,71; 42,28 e 63,42 L ha-1ciclo-1) com e sem aplicação de extratos vegetais, a base de saponinas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no espaço com cinco repetições. Foram efetuadas análises biométricas na ocasião da floração e da colheita, sendo avaliados o crescimento e a produção acumulada, respectivamente. Mediante análise estatística foi verificado que, quando as substâncias húmicas foram associadas aos extratos vegetais, ocorreram influências significativas sobre a produtividade de pencas, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos e quando as substâncias húmicas foram aplicadas de forma isolada ocorreram efeitos significativos, apenas, sobre a altura de plantas.

ABSTRACT The use of humic substances and plant extract has been increasing mainly in organic crop systems without scientific-based recommendations. Research is necessary to evaluate the feasibility and the recommendations of these substances. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of humic substances (humic and fulvic acids) applied by fertigation with and without saponin-based plant extracts on growth and yield of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana. The experiment was carried out using the banana cultivar ‘BRS Princesa’, at a spacing of 2.0 × 2.5 m, fertigated by drip irrigation in a Dystric Densic Xantic Ferralsol, at the Recôncavo da Bahia, Brazil. Treatments consisted of five doses of humic substances (0.0; 70; 105; 140, and 210 L ha-1cycle-1) applied with and without a saponin-based plant extract in a randomized block design in split-plot scheme. The following growth variables were evaluated: number of leaves, pseudostem height, pseudostem diameter, and length and width of the third leaf. The number of fruits/hand and hands/bunch, hand and bunch yield, and length and fruit diameter of the second central hand were evaluated during harvest. The doses of humic substances influenced only pseudostem height. Hand yield, as well as fruit length and diameter of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana were higher in plants fertigated with humic substance and plant extract in comparison with plants fertigated with only humic substance.