O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência do volume de calda e da altura de voo na deposição em aplicações aéreas de herbicidas em áreas de pastagens. Para a montagem das parcelas experimentais, foi escolhida uma área com pastagens no município de Porto Esperidião-MT. Em todos os tratamentos, as aplicações foram realizadas utilizando os herbicidas aminopiralide e fluroxipir (Dominum) na dose de 2,5 L p.c. ha-1, incluindo o adjuvante óleo mineral (Joint Oil) na dose de 1,0 Lha-1 e um traçante para determinação da deposição por cromatografia HPLC (rodamina, na concentração de 0,6%). O ensaio considerou nove tratamentos que consistiram nas combinações de três volumes de calda (20, 30 e 50Lha-1) e três alturas de voo (10, 30 e 40 m). Os resultados mostraram que, em média, houve tendência de maiores depósitos para as menores alturas de voo, com diferença significativa entre 10 e 40 m de altura. Não houve diferença significativa entre os depósitos obtidos com os diferentes volumes de calda.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of spray mixture volume and flight height on herbicide deposition in aerial applications on pastures. The experimental plots were arranged in a pasture area in the district of Porto Esperidião (Mato Grosso, Brazil). In all of the treatments, the applications contained the herbicides aminopyralid and fluroxypyr (Dominum) at the dose of 2.5 L c.p. ha-1, including the adjuvant mineral oil (Joint Oil) at the dose of 1.0 L and a tracer to determine the deposition by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (rhodamine at a concentration of 0.6%). The experiment consisted of nine treatments that comprised the combinations of three spray volumes (20, 30 and 50 L ha-1) and three flight heights (10, 30 and 40 m). The results showed that, on average, there was a tendency for larger deposits for the smallest flight heights, with a significant difference between the heights of 10 and 40 m. There was no significant difference among the deposits obtained with the different spray mixture volumes.

Foi padronizado um ensaio imunoenzimático do tipo indireto para detecção de imunoglobulina A (ELISA IgA) anti- Campylobacter fetus subp. venerealis em muco cérvico- vaginal bovino utilizando um extrato protéico de Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis produzido pelo método de extração ácida pelo tampão de glicina (0,2M; pH2,2). A média dos valores de densidade ótica (DO450) foi de 0,143±0,09. As bandas protéicas dos antígenos de Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis e de Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus melhor reconhecidas pela IgA do muco cérvico- vaginal migraram em 42,6 kDa mas a proteina evidenciada em 93 kDa foi reconhecida exclusivamente pelo Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Os anticorpos presentes na amostra de muco vaginal testada no "immunoblotting" que apresentou resultado positivo no ELISA IgA, reconheceu antígenos de C. jejuni subsp. jejuni e C. fetus subsp. fetus.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect antigen-specific secretory IgA antibodies to Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in bovine vaginal mucus with a protein extract of the Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis by the acid glycine extraction method. Mean optical density measurement (λ=450 nm) was 0.143±0.9. The most immunoreactive protein bands of the Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis or Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus recognized by IgA in immunoblotting, using bovine vaginal mucus samples, migrate at 42.6 kDa. The protein that migrates at 93 kDa was recognized exclusively for C. fetus subsp. venerealis. A positive vaginal mucus sample of a cow from negative herd recognized antigens of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni e C. fetus subsp. fetus.

Avaliou-se o fracionamento dos carboidratos e das proteínas das gramíneas tropicais tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon cv Tiffon 85), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu) e tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Tanzânia), cortadas aos 28, 35 e 54 dias de idade. Determinaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDN CP), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN) e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA). Para PB determinaram-se as frações A, B1+B2, B3 e C, e para os carboidratos as frações A+B1, B2 e C. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo em parcelas (gramíneas) subdivididas (idades de corte). Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) da idade de corte sobre os teores de MS, FDN CP, NIDN e NIDA. Os teores de PB apresentaram declínio com o avanço da idade. O capim-marandu apresentou teores elevados para as frações A+B1 e B2 dos carboidratos (25,5 e 34,8% dos carboidratos totais, respectivamente) e para as frações A e B1+B2 das proteínas (28,1% aos 35 dias e 53,8% da PB aos 28 dias, respectivamente).

The carbohydrates and proteins fractions of tropical grasses Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton 85), brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu), and Tanzania (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Tanzania) were evaluated at cut ages of 28, 35, and 54 days. Contents of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), fiber in neutral detergent corrected for ashes and protein (NDF CP), fiber in acid detergent (ADF), lignin (LIG), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) were determined. For CP, the A, B1+B2, B3, and C fractions were determined. For carbohydrates, the fractions A+B1, B2, and C were measured. A completely randomized split-plot design was used. Effect of cut age on DM, NDF CP, NDIN and ADIN was observed. The CP contents decreased with the progress of the age for the three grasses. The Marandu grass presented high percentage of the fractions A+B1 and B2 for the total carbohydrate (25.5 and 34.8%, respectively) and of the fractions A and B1+B2 for the proteins (28.1% CP at 35 days and 53.8% CP at 28 days, respectively).

The frequency of bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) in 157 cows from nine herds from the microregion of Varginha - Minas Gerais - Brazil was evaluated. Farmers use either artificial insemination and natural breeding after two insemination procedures or natural breeding. The diagnosis of BGC was performed by the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) using vaginal mucus. All studied herds showed C. fetus infected animals and, of 157 animals, 40 (25.5%) were positive in DFAT: 7 (26.9%) from herds with natural breeding and 33 (25.1%) from herds with both artificial insemination and natural breeding after the second-to-third insemination. The high frequency of BGC found in this study shows that this disease is present among herds which have reproductive problems and the use of natural breeding after the second-to-third unsuccessful insemination could be a risk factor for the disease.

High magnesium concentration inhibits the effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation and also influences hepatocyte AVP receptor binding. The aim of this study was to determine the role of magnesium concentration [Mg2+] in AVP-stimulated water transport in the kidney collecting duct. The effect of low and high peritubular [Mg2+] on the AVP-stimulated osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) was evaluated in the isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting duct (CCD). Control tubules bathed and perfused with standard Ringer bicarbonate solution containing 1 mM Mg2+ presented a Pf of 223.9 ± 27.2 µm/s. When Mg2+ was not added to the bathing solution, an increase in the AVP-stimulated Pf to 363.1 ± 57.2 µm/s (P<0.05) was observed. An elevation of Mg2+ to 5 mM resulted in a decrease in Pf to 202.9 ± 12.6 µm/s (P<0.05). This decrease in the AVP-stimulated Pf at 5 mM Mg2+ persisted when the CCDs were returned to 1 mM Mg2+, Pf = 130.2 ± 20.3 µm/s, and was not normalized by the addition of 8-[4-chlorophenylthio]-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a cAMP analogue, to the preparation. These data indicate that magnesium may play a modulatory role in the action of AVP on CCD osmotic water permeability, as observed in other tissues.

Nos últimos cinco anos, um programa de avaliação final do desempenho dos graduandos vem sendo desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, visando colher dados sobre a eficácia do currículo médico. OBJETIVO. Descrever as principais etapas de implantação deste programa, bem como as medidas tomadas para superar as dificuldades encontradas. MÉTODOS. A avaliação consiste em uma prova de conhecimentos e em exames práticos de habilidades clínicas nas cinco áreas terminais do curso médico. As provas são elaboradas e aplicadas por docentes das áreas envolvidas sob a supervisão de um grupo coordenador supra-departamental, que avalia todo o programa. Os graduandos participam como voluntários e os resultados são utilizados somente para os fins institucionais propostos. A adesão dos graduandos foi registrada e as impressões dos docentes e dos graduandos sobre o programa foram colhidas por meio de questionários específicos. RESULTADOS. Nos dois primeiros anos a adesão dos graduandos à prova de conhecimentos foi superior a 85%, mas o percentual de inscrições nas provas práticas foi de apenas 55%. Além disso, do primeiro para o segundo ano, houve diminuição considerável do grau de empenho dos docentes envolvidos, obrigando medidas corretivas voltadas ao recrutamento dos graduandos, à participação docente e aos métodos de avaliação prática. Em conseqüência, houve aumento notável da adesão dos estudantes que atingiu mais de 90% nos anos seguintes. Houve, também, acréscimo considerável do empenho docente, o que garantiu adequado nível de qualidade à avaliação. CONCLUSÃO. As medidas tomadas aumentaram a aceitação do programa e a qualidade das provas, permitindo que a avaliação do desempenho dos graduandos traga dados fidedignos sobre a eficácia do currículo.

PURPOSE. To describe the main steps in the implementation of such assessment, as well as to present the measures taken in order to overcome the difficulties that have been found. METHODS. The proposed two-step assessment consists of a test of cognitive aspects based on Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and practical exams of clinical skills in each of 5 terminal areas. Students enrolled as volunteer for either step or both. The examinations were developed and carried out by faculty members nominated by the involved Departments under the supervision of an institutional work group. The rates of student enrollment for the summative assessment has been recorded and the responses of both students and faculty members were evaluated by means of specific questionnaires. RESULTS. In the first two years, adhesion of students to the MCQ test was consistently high, but volunteering to the practical exams was persistently low. Moreover, there was a sharp decrease in faculty involvement, from the first to the second year. To overcome these difficulties, a number of measures were implemented aiming at increasing student adhesion and faculty involvement, as well as to improve assessment methods. As a consequence, a remarkable increase in both student adhesion and faculty involvement was recorded. CONCLUSION. The measures taken resulted in sharp increases in both acceptance of the proposed assessment and the quality of the examination methods, which have allowed a more reliable characterization of the strenghts and weaknesses of the local curriculum.

Systemic metabolic acidosis is known to cause a decrease in salt and water reabsorption by the kidney. We have used renal lithium clearance to investigate the effect of chronic, NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis on the renal handling of Na+ in male Wistar-Hannover rats (200-250 g). Chronic acidosis (pH 7.16 ± 0.13) caused a sustained increase in renal fractional Na+ excretion (267.9 ± 36.4%), accompanied by an increase in fractional proximal (113.3 ± 3.6%) and post-proximal (179.7 ± 20.2%) Na+ and urinary K+ (163.4 ± 5.6%) excretion when compared to control and pair-fed rats. These differences occurred in spite of an unchanged creatinine clearance and Na+ filtered load. A lower final body weight was observed in the acidotic (232 ± 4.6 g) and pair-fed (225 ± 3.6 g) rats compared to the controls (258 ± 3.7 g). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the kidney weights of acidotic rats (1.73 ± 0.05 g) compared to the other experimental groups (control, 1.46 ± 0.05 g; pair-fed, 1.4 ± 0.05 g). We suggest that altered renal Na+ and K+ handling in acidotic rats may result from a reciprocal relationship between the level of metabolism in renal tubules and ion transport.