Abstract Natural products have emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds for adjunctive treatments of many infectious and inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Among the monoterpenes with significant biological properties, there is the perillyl alcohol (POH), which can be found in several essential oils and has shown immunomodulatory properties in recent studies, which may be interesting in the treatment of non-neoplastic inflammatory disorders. Objective To determine the antibacterial and immune modulatory activities of the POH. Methodology The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the POH for two significant Gram-negative periodontal pathogens were determined by macrodilution and subculture, respectively. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages were determined by Trypan Blue and mitochondrial enzymatic activity assay. The modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry and expression of TNF and arginase-1 by real-time PCR. Results The POH was effective against P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) with MIC= MBC=1600 μM. No cytotoxicity up to 100 µM was observed on macrophages. The cell proliferation was inhibited from 48 hours at 100 μM (p<0.05) and 250 μM (p<0.01). The POH increased ROS production at both 10 μM and 100 μM (p<0.05) in unstimulated cells. The PMA-induced ROS production was not affected by POH, whereas 100 μM significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) ROS. The expression of TNF was not affected by POH in unstimulated cells or in cells polarized to M1 phenotype, whereas both concentrations of POH reduced (p<0.05) the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages. Conclusion The POH has antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and reduced proliferation of murine macrophages without significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μM. In addition, the POH reduced the LPS-induced ROS and the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages.

Introdução:A efetividade de soluções antimicrobianas empregadas na descontaminação de próteses ainda é incerta.Objetivo:Avaliar a atividade antifúngica de soluções empregadas na descontaminação de próteses sobre o crescimento de Candida albicans.Material e método: Foram avaliados os produtos: Corega Tabs Branqueador(r) (S1), Hipoclorito de Sódio 1% (S2), Bicarbonato de Sódio 1% (S3), Peróxido de Hidrogênio 1% (S4), Digluconato de Clorexidina 0,12% - Periogard(r) (S5), Enxaguatório bucal a base de óleos essenciais - Listerine(r) (S6), e óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis(alecrim) nas concentrações 1% (S7) e 2% (S8). A atividade antifúngica foi avaliada por meio da técnica de difusão em ágar e da determinação da curva de morte microbiana de amostras de C. albicans (ATCC 90028) na concentração 1,5×106 UFC/mL. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata e a análise estatística se deu pelos testes ANOVA Two-Way e Tukey, sendo adotado nível de confiança de 95%.Resultado:A média dos halos de inibição do crescimento, em milímetros, obtidos para os produtos foram: 0,0 (S1); 44,7 (S2); 0,0 (S3); 21,6 (S4); 10,0 (S5); 6,1 (S6); 0,0 (S7) e 2,4 (S8). Para curva de morte microbiana, todos os produtos apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) do grupo controle (cloreto de sódio 0,85%) e do grupo S3. Verificou-se crescimento fúngico inferior a 2×104 UFC/mL e acentuação na curva de morte microbiana após 30 minutos de ação, a exceção do grupo S3.Conclusão:As substâncias analisadas, a exceção do Bicarbonato de Sódio, possuem ação antifúngica frente C. albicans, podendo contribuir para higienização de próteses.

Introduction:The effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions employed in dental prosthesis decontamination is still uncertain.Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of cleaners used in the decontamination of dental prostheses on the growth of Candida albicans.Material and method: The evaluated products were: Corega Tabs(r) (S1), Sodium Hypochlorite 1% (S2), Sodium Bicarbonate 1% (S3), Hydrogen Peroxide 1% (S4), Chlorhexidine Digluconate 0.12% - Periogard (r) (S5), Mouthrinse based on essential oils - Listerine(r) (S6), essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) at concentrations of 1% (S7) and 2% (S8). The antifungal activity of the products was evaluated by agar diffusion technique and the determination of microbial death curve of samples of C. albicans (ATCC 90028) in concentration 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL. The tests were performed in triplicate and statistical analysis was made by ANOVA Two-Way and Tukey tests, with the confidence level of 95%.Result:The average of the zones of inhibition growth, in millimeters, obtained for the products were: 0.0 (S1), 44.7 (S2), 0.0 (S3), 21.6 (S4), 10.0 (S5), 6.1 (S6), 0.0 (S7) and 2.4 (S8). Considering the determination of microbial death curve, all products showed a statistical difference (p<0.01) from control (0.85% sodium chloride) and S3 groups. Fungal growth less than 2×104 CFU/mL and an accentuation of the microbial death curve were observed after 30 minutes, with exception for S3 and control groups.Conclusion:The studied compounds, with the exception of Sodium Bicarbonate, have antifungal effect against C. albicans, which contribute for dental prostheses hygiene.