Resumo O conhecimento das tensões residuais geradas nos processos de soldagem apresenta especial importância no desempenho das estruturas e componentes soldados, pois durante a vida em serviço eles estarão sujeitos a diferentes níveis de carregamentos, que associados aos campos de tensões residuais pré-existentes podem levar à ruptura inesperada. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o nível das tensões residuais geradas em juntas soldadas, pelo processo arame tubular (FCAW - Flux Cored Arc Welding), de aço ASTM A 131 Grau A, usadas na construção naval, por difração de raios-X, usando a técnica do sen2ψ. Foi realizado um estudo comparativo das mudanças nos campos de tensões quando adotadas restrições para manter a geometria de projeto da junta, bem como uma análise numérica computacional pelo método de elementos finitos, com os resultados obtidos pelo método experimental. A maioria dos resultados das tensões residuais mostrou que houve similaridade qualitativa, na sua natureza, entre o modelo e os experimentos nas regiões da zona termicamente afetada e do metal de solda. As análises de microdureza Vickers e a caracterização microestrutural por microscopia óptica das juntas soldadas complementaram o presente estudo.

Abstract The knowledge of the residual stresses generated on the welding processes implies special relevancy in welded structures and components, because during his service life they will be working at several loading conditions that associated to the pre-existing residual stresses fields they can lead to a catastrophic failure. In this context, the present work has the purpose to study the residual stresses field generated in joints welded by the FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding) process, of ASTM A 131 grade A steel, used in ship construction, by X-ray diffraction, using the sin2ψ technique. It was realized a comparative study of the changes in the stress fields when adopted restrictions in order to maintain the design of the joint, as such a numerical computational analysis by the finite element method, with the results of the experimental analysis. The majority of residual stresses results had demonstrated qualitative similarity in their nature between the model and the experimental work in the heat affected region and welded zone. The Vickers microhardness analysis and microstructural characterization by optical microscopy had complemented the present work.

Hydrogen embrittlement is a phenomenon that affects the performance of steel used for oil and gas pipelines. This paper presents a study of the effect of hydrogenation on the residual stresses of an API 5L X65 steel pipe. Residual stresses were analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique using the sin2Ψ method. The hydrogenation of base metal and welded joint specimens was performed by electrochemical tests in a simulated soil solution NS4. Results show that the hydrogenation led to significant changes in residual stress configuration and in the mechanical properties of steel. The hydrogenation increased the magnitude of the longitudinal residual stress of base metal and fusion zone, without changing the tensile/compressive nature. On the other hand, the hydrogenation increased the intensity of the tangential stress of base metal, and changed from compressive to tensile the residual stress of the fusion zone. The microstructural characterization by optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to complement this study.

Interstitial free (IF) steel has an extensive application in the automotive industry where the Laser Beam Welding (LBW) process is widely used due to its high productivity. Similarly, the other used process, Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), is characterized by a greater energy concentration and current density and therefore lower distortion, higher welding speeds and higher penetration may be obtained. However, while the traditional welding processes have been extensively studied with regard to the generation of residual stresses, there are few studies about residual stresses analysis and characterization of LBW and PAW joints. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to analyse the residual stresses resulting from LBW and PAW processes by X-ray diffraction technique with sin2ψ method in IF steel butt joints. For both joints, macro and microstructure were characterized and mechanical properties were determined. Tensile residual stresses in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the fusion zone (FZ) were verified for both welding processes.

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados da caracterização e avaliação da resistência à corrosão de uma junta soldada correspondente a uma tubulação de aço inoxidável duplex (AID) UNS S31803 de 35 mm de espessura de parede soldada pelos processos de soldagem TIG (GTAW) na raiz e arco submerso (SAW) no enchimento e acabamento. Foram empregados como consumíveis de soldagem metais de adição de liga 25Cr-9Ni-4Mo (% em peso). Os resultados da caracterização das propriedades mecânicas, composição química e resistência à corrosão em diversas regiões da junta soldada foram comparados com os obtidos para o metal de base da tubulação, assim como com os valores mínimos exigidos pelas normas de projeto. Os resultados obtidos demonstram claramente a possibilidade da implementação do processo SAW na pré fabricação de tubulações de paredes espessas de AID, tendo em vista os resultados das propriedades analisadas e a grande demanda na construção e montagem de tubulações desta família de aço inoxidáveis na indústria offshore.

This work presents the mechanical properties, microstructural and corrosion resistance evaluation of a welded joint of duplex stainless steel (DSS) pipe with 35 mm wall thickness. The joint was welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process in the root passes and submerged arc welding (SAW) in the filling and cap passes using filler metals with composition 25Cr-9Ni-4Mo (%wt.). The results of mechanical properties, chemical composition and corrosion resistance characterization in different regions of the welded joint were compared to the base metal and to the specifications required by the standards applied in the project. The main focus of this work was to show the successful utilization of SAW process in the welding of thick wall pipes of DSS. The application of high productivity process such as SAW has a crescent demand in offshore industry.