ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate if the reductions in systemic and renal oxygen consumption are associated with the development of evidence of anaerobic metabolism. Methods: This is a subanalysis of a previously published study. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep, we measured the respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry and its systemic, renal, and intestinal surrogates (the ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. The Endotoxemic Shock Group (n = 12) was measured at baseline, after 60 minutes of endotoxemic shock, and after 60 and 120 minutes of fluid and norepinephrine resuscitation, and the values were compared with those of a Control Group (n = 12) without interventions. Results: Endotoxemic shock decreased systemic and renal oxygen consumption (6.3 [5.6 - 6.6] versus 7.4 [6.3 - 8.5] mL/minute/kg and 3.7 [3.3 - 4.5] versus 5.4 [4.6 - 9.4] mL/minute/100g; p < 0.05 for both). After 120 minutes of resuscitation, systemic oxygen consumption was normalized, but renal oxygen consumption remained decreased (6.3 [5.9 - 8.2] versus 7.1 [6.1 - 8.6] mL/minute/100g; p = not significance and 3.8 [1.9 - 4.8] versus 5.7 [4.5 - 7.1]; p < 0.05). The respiratory quotient and the systemic, renal and intestinal ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference did not change throughout the experiments. Conclusion: In this experimental model of septic shock, oxygen supply dependence was not associated with increases in the respiratory quotient or its surrogates. Putative explanations for these findings are the absence of anaerobic metabolism or the poor sensitivity of these variables in detecting this condition.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se as reduções do consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal estão associadas ao desenvolvimento de evidências de metabolismo anaeróbico. Métodos: Esta é uma subanálise de estudo já publicado. Em ovinos anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente, medimos o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta e seus substitutos sistêmicos, renais e intestinais (as razões entre a diferença de pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio). O Grupo Choque Endotoxêmico (n = 12) foi medido inicialmente, após 60 minutos do choque endotoxêmico e após 60 e 120 minutos da ressuscitação com fluidos e norepinefrina, e os valores foram comparados com os do Grupo Controle (n = 12) sem intervenções. Resultados: O choque endotoxêmico diminuiu o consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal (6,3 [5,6 - 6,6] versus 7,4 [6,3 - 8,5] mL/minuto/kg e 3,7 [3,3 - 4,5] versus 5,4 [4,6 - 9,4] mL/minuto/100g; p < 0,05 para ambos). Após 120 minutos de ressuscitação, o consumo sistêmico de oxigênio foi normalizado, mas o consumo renal de oxigênio permaneceu reduzido (6,3 [5,9 - 8,2] versus 7,1 [6,1 - 8,6] mL/minuto/100g; p = NS e 3,8 [1,9 - 4,8] versus 5,7 [4,5 - 7,1]; p < 0,05). O quociente respiratório e as razões sistêmica, renal e intestinal entre a diferença na pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio não se alteraram ao longo dos experimentos. Conclusão: Nesse modelo experimental de choque séptico, a dependência do suprimento de oxigênio não foi associada a aumentos no quociente respiratório ou em seus substitutos. As explicações possíveis para esses achados são a ausência de metabolismo anaeróbico ou a baixa sensibilidade dessas variáveis na detecção dessa condição.

Resumen En México, más de 75% de las especies de cactáceas están sometidas a presión antropogénica y destrucción de su hábitat, como es el caso de Ferocactus pilosus, por lo que es importante aumentar el conocimiento para su recuperación in situ. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la manera en que el ambiente semiárido del Altiplano de Tamaulipas tiende a limitar la distribución de cinco poblaciones de F. pilosus y promueve cambios morfológicos que operan en frutos y semillas. El dendrograma definió la similitud entre poblaciones II, III y IV de la biznaga, debido a diferencias en pedregosidad y ligera condición de humedad por el tipo de clima y la elevación. El análisis Manova y Tukey demostraron la existencia de diferencias significativas en número de semillas (NS) y peso de semillas (PS) de biznaga. El NS fue estadísticamente igual entre las poblaciones II (674 ±191), III (657 ±221) y IV (643 ±246), mientras que en las mismas poblaciones PS fue 0.92 ±0.27, 0.9 ±0.3 y 0.88 ±0.34 mg, respectivamente. Las poblaciones II, III y IV de la biznaga cabuchera, aprovecharon mejor las condiciones ambientales del Altiplano de Tamaulipas prevalecientes en 2013 y 2014, lo que provocó una variación importante de NS y PS en las mismas poblaciones de F. pilosus y el rechazo parcial de la hipótesis.

Abstract In Mexico, more than 75% of cactus species are subject to anthropogenic pressure and habitat destruction, as is the case of Ferocactus pilosus, so it is important to increase knowledge for their recovery in situ. The objective of the study was to determine how the semiarid environment of the Highlands of Tamaulipas tends to limit the distribution of five populations of F. pilosus and promotes morphological changes that operate in fruits and seeds. The dendrogram defined the similarity between populations II, III and IV of the barrel cactus, due to differences in stoniness and slight humidity condition due to the type of climate and elevation. The analyses Manova and Tukey demonstrated the existence of significant differences in seed number (SN) and seed weight (SW) of barrel cactus. The SN was statistically equal between populations II (674 ±191), III (657 ±221) and IV (643 ±246), while in the same populations, SW was 0.92 ±0.27, 0.9 ±0.3 and 0.88 ±0.34 mg, respectively. Populations II, III and IV of the Mexican fire barrel cacti took better advantage of the environmental conditions of the Highlands of Tamaulipas prevailing in 2013 and 2014, which caused a significant variation of SN and SW in the same populations of F. pilosus and the partial rejection of the hypothesis.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la interferencia y determinar el nivel de daño económico (NDE) de escoba dura infestando diferentes cultivares de soja. Los tratamientos fueron cultivares de soja (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA y SYN 13561) y las densidades de escoba dura (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22 y 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18 y 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15 y 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44 y 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20 y 47; e 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29 y 30 plantas m-2), respectivamente, para cada cultivar. Los cultivares NS 6909, NA 5909 y Brasmax Lança son más competitivos que DM 5958, Brasmax Elite y SYN 13561. Los valores de NDE varían de 0,55 a 0,95 plantas m-2 para los cultivares NS 6909, NA 5909 y Brasmax Lança, que mostraron mejor competitividad. Los valores más bajos de NDE varían de 0,26 a 0,61 plantas m-2 para los cultivares DM 5958, Brasmax Elite y SYN 13561, los cuales mostraron menor competitividad con la maleza.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the interference and threshold level (TL) of Sida rhombifolia, the arrowleaf sida, competing with different soybean cultivars. The treatments comprised different soybean cultivars (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA, and SYN 13561) and densities of arrowleaf sida plants per square meter (m-2) (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22, and 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, and 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44, and 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20, and 47; 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29, and 30, respectively) for each cultivar. Cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança were more competitive than DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561. The TL values varied from 0.55 to 0.95 plants m-2 for cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança, which exhibited greater competitiveness with arrowleaf sida. The lowest values of TL varied from 0.26 to 0.61 plants m-2 for cultivars DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561, which had less competitiveness with weed.

ABSTRACT In this work, we present the results of a petrographic and geochemical study that involves seven Cenozoic plutons located in a NS trending belt in western Patagonia, south of the present Chile Triple-Junction and to the east of the present magmatic arc. Four plutons were studied in the northern end, and three in the southern part of the belt. The petrographic and geochemical characteristics (major and trace element contents, εNdt, 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios), of these plutons are different enough to propose a further classification for them: Only the Monte Balmaceda intrusive complex in the southern end of the belt is alkaline (sensu stricto). The Río de Las Nieves and San Lorenzo plutons in the northern area, and the Torres del Paine intrusive complex, in the southern area have “intra-plate transitional” calc-alkaline affinity. Paso de Las Llaves and Cerro Negro del Ghío plutons in the northern area, and Cerro Donoso pluton in the southern area show “arc transitional” calc-alkaline character. The “transitional” character, together with the pluton’s location, and their regional geological context, can be explained by a Mio-Pliocene eastward arc migration coeval with the beginning of the Chile Rise subduction. A slab flattening hypothesis is favoured to explain the arc-migration, which together with the different length and time of arrival of the Chile Rise segments to the subduction zone, contributed to the heterogeneous geochemistry of the studied plutons.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se presentan resultados de un estudio petrográfico y geoquímico de siete plutones cenozoicos, que son parte de una franja de orientación N-S, ubicada en el trasarco actual de la Patagonia occidental, al sur del punto triple. Se estudiaron cuatro plutones en el sector norte y tres en el extremo sur de la franja. Las características petrográfícas y geoquímicas (elementos mayores y trazas, εNdt, y razones iniciales de 87Sr/86Sr) de esos plutones son lo suficientemente variadas como para proponer una subclasificación de ellos. Sólo el complejo intrusivo Monte Balmaceda, en el extremo sur, es alcalino (sensu stricto). Los plutones Río de Las Nieves y San Lorenzo, en el área norte, y el complejo intrusivo Torres del Paine, en el área sur, son calcoalcalinos “transicionales de intraplaca”. Los plutones Paso de Las Llaves y Cerro Negro del Ghío, en el área norte, y el plutón Cerro Donoso, en el área sur, son calcoalcalinos “transicionales de arco magmático”. El carácter “transicional” de los plutones, junto con su ubicación geográfica y contexto geológico regional, puede explicarse mediante una migración del arco magmático hacia el este, durante el Mioceno-Plioceno, coincidente con el comienzo de la subducción de la Dorsal Chile. La hipótesis de un aplanamiento del ángulo de subducción de la placa subductada es preferida para explicar la migración del arco hacia el este, la que además de la geometría y tiempos de llegada de los segmentos de la dorsal a la zona de subducción, contribuyeron a la heterogeneidad geoquímica de los plutones.

ABSTRACT Bloodstream infections (BI) are relevant in neutropenic patients because they are associated with an increased number of complications and death. The objective was determinate the epidemiologic and microbiologic features of the BI in neutropenic patients with solid neoplasm (SN) and hematologic neoplasm (HN). Retrospective study in two third level hospitals between 2009 and 2016. They were included all the patients older than 18 years-old with active oncologic disease and neutropenia, who had BI. Patients with dermatologic cancer other than melanoma where excluded. A total of 143 BI in neutropenic were observed, of which 80.4% occurred in HN. Around 97.9% of the patients had a high-risk neutropenia without differences between both groups. The most frequent site of BI was primary bacteremia (46.9%) and catheter-associated infection (21%), without significant differences between the two groups. The gram negatives bacilli (GNB) predominated over the gram positive cocci (GPC) and they represented 74.1% of the isolated bacteria, beingEscherichia colithe most frequent (32.8%). Among the gram positive cocci,Staphylococcus aureus(28.1%) was the most frequent isolated, followed by coagulase-negativeStaphylococci(CNS). There were no differences in microbiological isolates between both groups. With regard to the antimicrobial susceptibility 67.5% of the CNS, 17.6% of theE. coliand 27.6% of theKlebsiella pneumoniaewere multiresistant with no differences between both groups. Only 11.1% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. In conclusion BI of the neutropenic patients where most frequents within patients with HN, GNB were the main microbiological isolates. High mortality was observed in neutropenic patients with BI.

RESUMEN Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo (IS) en pacientes oncológicos neutropénicos constituyen una patología de relevancia y se asocian a un aumento de la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de los episodios de IS en pacientes adultos neutropénicos con neoplasias hematológicas (NH) y neoplasias sólidas (NS). Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en dos hospitales de tercer nivel entre 2009 y 2016. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes neutropénicos mayores de 18años con NH y NS que presentaron episodios de IS. Se excluyeron aquellos con neoplasias dermatológicas no melanoma. Se identificaron 143 episodios de IS, de los cuales el 80,4% fueron en personas con NH. El 97,9% de los pacientes tuvieron neutropenia de alto riesgo, sin diferencia entre los grupos NH y NS. Los orígenes más frecuentes de IS fueron bacteriemia primaria (46,9%) e infección asociada a catéter (21%), sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. El 74,1% de los aislamientos fueron bacilos gram negativos yEscherichiacolifue el microorganismo más frecuente (32,1%). El coco gram positivo más frecuentemente aislado fueStaphylococcusaureus(28,1%), seguido del grupo de los estafilococos coagulasa negativos (ECN), sin diferencias entre ambos tipos de neoplasias. El 67,5% de los ECN fueron multirresistentes; solo el 11,1% de los aislamientos deS. aureusfue resistente a la meticilina. El 17,6% de los aislamientos deE. coliy el 27,6% de los deKlebsiellapneumoniaefueron multirresistentes. No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de aislamientos multirresistentes al comparar entre ambos tipos de neoplasia. Como conclusión, las IS en pacientes neutropénicos fueron más frecuentes en pacientes con NH y las causaron, principalmente, bacilos gram negativos. Se observó una elevada mortalidad en los pacientes neutropénicos con IS.

Abstract Introduction: resistant starch (RS) is not completely digested in the human intestine but is fermented in the colon; intestinal pH decreases as short-chain fatty acids are produced. This is beneficial for health, and for preventing and treating rectal colon cancer. Pyrodextrinization and enzymatic hydrolysis are modifications to native starch (NS) that may increase the amount of RS. Objective: the objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of M. cavendishAAA native and both chemically and enzymatically modified starches on tumor markers in rats. Methods: modifications (chemical and enzymatic) were made to M. cavendishAAA NS, and were evaluated in rats with 1,2-DMH. Male Sprague Dawley rats (25) were used, divided into five experimental groups: PC, NC, NS, PI, and ERM. During 4 weeks they received the experimental diet assigned to each group. The PC, NS, PI and ERM groups received 2 weekly s.c. (subcutaneous) injections of 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (third and fourth week). In feces, pH, β-glucuronidase enzyme, and short-chain fatty acids were evaluated, and a histopathological study was performed of the intestine to detect microscopic lesions. Results: the activity of β-glucuronidase decreased (p < 0.05) for NS, PI and ERM vs. PC. The highest proportion of butyric acid was observed in the NS (p < 0.05) vs. NC group. Sixty percent of enteritides were severe in grade in the PC group, and 40 % in the experimental groups. Conclusions: native starch granules resisted pyrodextrinization, but treatment with α-amylase broke the structure of the pyrodextrin granule. According to the treatments given to the rats, as the amount of RS present in the diet increases (NS), the neoplastic cells do not advance beyond the basement membrane, suggesting a possible cell-protective or anticancer effect.

Resumen Introducción: el almidón resistente (AR) no se digiere completamente en el intestino humano sino que se fermenta en colon; disminuye el pH intestinal, ya que se producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta, interviniendo de manera benéfica en el tratamiento preventivo y curativo del cáncer de colon rectal. La pirodextrinización y la hidrólisis enzimática son modificaciones al almidón nativo (AN) que pueden incrementar la cantidad de AR. Objetivo: el objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar los efectos del almidón nativo de M. cavendishAAA y de los almidones modificados química y enzimáticamente sobre diversos marcadores tumorales en ratas. Métodos: se realizaron modificaciones (química y enzimática) del AN del banano M. cavendishAAA y se evaluaron en ratas tratadas con 1,2-DMH. Se utilizaron 25 ratas Sprague Dawley machos divididas en cinco grupos experimentales: CP, CN, AN, PI y MER. Durante 4 semanas recibieron la dieta experimental asignada a cada grupo. Los grupos CP, AN, PI y MER recibieron 2 inyecciones s.c. (subcutáneas) semanales de 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (semanas 3 y 4). En las heces se evaluaron el pH, la enzima β-glucuronidasa y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta, y se realizó un estudio histopatológico del ciego y el colon para detectar lesiones microscópicas. Resultados: la actividad de β-glucuronidasa disminuyó (p < 0,05) para los grupos AN, PI y MER en comparación con el CP. La mayor proporción de ácido butírico se observó en el AN (p < 0,05) frente al CN. El 60 % de las enteritis fueron de grado severo en el CP, mientras que en los grupos experimentales fueron de 40 %. Conclusiones: los gránulos de almidón nativo resistieron la pirodextrinización pero el tratamiento con α-amilasa rompió la estructura del gránulo de pirodextrina. De acuerdo a los tratamientos suministrados a las ratas, conforme mayor es la cantidad de AR presente en la dieta (AN), las células neoplásicas no avanzan más allá de la membrana basal, sugiriendo un posible efecto protector o anticancerígeno celular.

Abstract Background: nutritional support (NS) is a core element in the treatment of underweight patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Objective: to analyze the adherence of NS prescriptions to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for AN patients and to compare the effectiveness, safety, and cost of NS according to adherence. Methods: this retrospective observational study included AN patients admitted to an Eating Disorders Unit between January 2006 and December 2009 and followed until December 2014. NS prescriptions were compared with guidelines published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), and the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption (SMHC). Adherence was defined as percentage of hospitalizations that followed all recommendations. Results: adherence to APA and NICE/SMHC was observed in 10.2% and 73.4%, respectively, of the total of 177 hospitalizations. Body weight and body mass index were higher at admission in the NICE/SMHC adherence versus non-adherence group (p < 0.001). Weight gain rate during hospitalization was higher (p = 0.009) in "APA adherence" (135.5 g/day) versus "non-adherence" (92.1 g/day) group. Hospital stay was significantly shorter (p = 0.025) in "NICE/SMHC adherence" (39.5 days) versus "non-adherence" group (50.0 days). NICE/SMHC adherence was associated with lower costs (p = 0.006). Conclusions: NS prescriptions for anorexic patients more frequently followed NICE/SMHC than APA recommendations. Over the short-term, APA adherence was associated with improved weight gain. Patients adhering to NICE/SMHC recommendations had shorter hospital stay and reduced costs, likely due to their more favorable nutritional status at admission.

Resumen Introducción: el soporte nutricional (SN) es un elemento clave en el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa (AN). Objetivo: analizar la adecuación de las prescripciones de SN en pacientes con AN a las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y comparar la efectividad, seguridad y coste según la adecuación. Métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes con AN ingresados en una Unidad de Trastornos de Conducta Alimentaria entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2009. Se hizo seguimiento hasta diciembre de 2014. Se compararon las prescripciones de SN con las GPC publicadas por la Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA), el Instituto Nacional de Excelencia Clínica (NICE) y el Ministerio Español de Sanidad y Consumo (MSC). Se definió adecuación como porcentaje de ingresos que cumplieron todas las recomendaciones. Resultados: el grado de adecuación a APA y NICE/MSC fue del 10,2% y 73,4%, respectivamente. El peso corporal y el índice de masa corporal al ingreso fueron mayores en el grupo "sí-adecuación" al NICE/MSC versus "no-adecuación" (p < 0,001). La tasa de ganancia ponderal fue superior (p = 0,009) en el grupo "sí-adecuación" a APA (135.5 g/día) versus "no-adecuación" (92,1 g/día). La estancia hospitalaria fue menor (p = 0,025) en "sí-adecuación" al NICE/MSC (39,5 días) versus "no-adecuación" (50,0 días). La adecuación al NICE/MSC fue asociada con menores costes (p = 0,006). Conclusiones: las prescripciones de SN se ajustaron en mayor grado al NICE/MSC que a la APA. La adecuación a APA parece relacionarse con mayor tasa de ganancia ponderal. Los pacientes que se adecuaron al NICE/MSC presentaron menores estancias hospitalarias y costes, probablemente relacionado con su estado nutricional más favorable al ingreso.

RESUMO O gênero Capsicum, de grande importância mundial, ocorre tanto nos países tropicais como nos de clima temperado. De um total de 31 espécies, apenas cinco são consideradas domesticadas, as demais, semidomesticadas ou silvestres. Nos últimos anos, as pimentas passaram a ter maior demanda pelo mercado e, consequentemente, os trabalhos relacionados à caracterização, melhoramento e obtenção de novas cultivares receberam mais atenção dentro de instituições públicas de ensino e de pesquisa, assim como no setor privado. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Embrapa Hortaliças, com objetivo de caracterizar morfoagronomicamente linhagens de pimenta do tipo Jalapeño Amarelo, atividade essencial para o desenvolvimento de cultivares. Primeiramente foram identificadas três plantas segregantes da cultivar comercial do tipo Jalapeño Vermelho, que apresentaram frutos de coloração amarela. Com base nesse material, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas fases: na primeira, obtenção de linhagens homozigotas pelo método de Descendência de Uma Única Semente (do inglês Single Seed Descent); na segunda, caracterização das linhagens obtidas através de cinco descritores morfológicos de Capsicum propostos pelo IPGRI (1995) e posterior avaliação qualitativa das linhagens em campo, sendo usado o teste Scott-Knott para a análise estatística. Conclui-se que o método de melhoramento utilizado foi satisfatório, visto que, em 30 meses de trabalho, as linhagens avançaram cinco gerações (S5). A caracterização morfológica e a avaliação qualitativa permitiram identificar diferenças significativas entre as linhagens. As linhagens promissoras identificadas neste trabalho foram CNPH 25.368, CNPH 25.373, CNPH 25.374, CNPH 25.375 e CNPH 25.377.

ABSTRACT The genus Capsicum, of great worldwide importance, is found in tropical as well as in temperate countries. Currently five species are considered domesticated, out of a total of 31, and the others are considered semi-domesticated or wild. In recent years, the market has demanded more peppers and, therefore, the work related to the characterization, breeding and development of new cultivars gained ground in public education and research institutions, as well as in the private sector. This work was developed at Embrapa Vegetables, Brasilia, Brazil and had as objective the development and morpho-agronomic characterization of Yellow Jalapeño pepper lines. This work initiated with the identification of segregating plants in a Red Jalapeno cultivar, commercially available in Brazil, where three plants with yellow fruits were found. The work was developed in two phases: the first phase aimed to obtain homozygous inbred lines through SSD (Single Seed Descent); the second phase characterized the inbred lines obtained by using five morphological Capsicum descriptors proposed by IPGRI (1995) with subsequent qualitative field assessment of the inbreds, with the Scott-Knott test used for statistical analysis. It was possible to conclude that the breeding method used was satisfactory and S5 inbred lines were obtained in 30 months. Morphological characterization and qualitative evaluation have identified significant differences between inbreds. The promising inbreds identified in this study were CNPH 25.368, CNPH 25.373, CNPH 25.374, CNPH 25.375 and CNPH 25.377.

Knowledge of the soil quality in acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) plantations is very important to the northern region of Brazil because it is a native species with high economic value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of a Yellow Latosol in an irrigated acai plantation by determining the soil quality index (SQI). the soil was classified as dystrophic Yellow Latosol with medium texture. The water retention curve and soil penetration resistance were determined using 45 undisturbed samples obtained at 0.1 and 0.3 m depth and distributed across two transects. For SQI determination, 15 soil quality indicators at a depth of 0.1 m were evaluated: soil bulk density (Bd); total porosity (TP); macroporosity (Map); penetration resistance (PR); pH in water; P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+Al, and Al3+ levels; organic matter (OM); sum of bases (SB): cation exchange capacity (CEC); and base saturation (V%). the RSS function, to receive, store, and supply water in the soil, was the indicator that most inꔀuenced the quality index formation. Soil function was limited for PGR to promote the roots growth, because it represented 22 % of the SQI, but it should be responsible for 25 %. the NS function to provide nutrient supply, was the least limiting to the SQI. the global SQI value of 0.641 suggests that irrigated acai plantation production in Yellow Latosol needs to be improved to PGR, which was limited in the surface layer.

El conocimiento de la calidad del suelo en las plantaciones de acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) es muy importante para la región norte de Brasil, ya que es una especie nativa con valor económico alto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad física y química de un Latosol Amarillo en una plantación de acai de regadío determinando el índice de la calidad del suelo (SQI). El suelo se clasificó como Latosol Amarillo distrófico con textura media. La curva de retención de agua y la resistencia a la penetración del suelo se determinaron usando 45 muestras inalteradas obtenidas a 0.1 y 0.3 m de profundidad y distribuidas en dos transectos. Para determinar SQI, se evaluaron 15 indicadores de calidad de suelo a una profundidad de 0.1 m: densidad aparente del suelo (Bd); porosidad total (PT); macroporosidad (map); resistencia a la penetración (RP); pH en agua; niveles de P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+Al, y Al3+; materia orgánica (OM); suma de bases (SB): capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CEC); y saturación de bases (V%). La función RSS, de recibir, almacenar, y abastecer de agua al suelo, fue el indicador que más influyó en la formación del índice de calidad. La función del suelo fue limitada para la PGR para promover el crecimiento de las raíces, ya que representó 22 % del SQI, pero debió ser responsable de 25 %. La función de NS de suministrar nutrientes fue la menos limitante para el SQI. El valor global de 0.641 del SQI sugiere que la producción de las plantaciones de acai de regadío en Latosol Amarillo necesita ser mejorada para la PGR, que fue limitada en la capa superficial.

This study evaluated the efficacy of training of catching teams and reduction of back scratches in broilers. The study was carried out in a large broiler company between January and October of 2010, in the region of Dourados, Brazil. During that period, 80 samplings were performed in 80 broiler houses in the micro-regions covered by the company. When broilers were 43 days old, when 5% of the birds in each house were evaluated immediately after catching, when birds were already inside the plastic crates, ready to be transported to the processing plant. Out of a total number of 1,177,600 total, 58,880 broilers were evaluated. Four catching teams (A, B, C, and D), with 24 people each, were trained for four consecutive weeks. By the end of the training course, it was observed that average age of the team members and time of catching affected the incidence of back scratches. Training had a positive effect, reducing in 33.13% the incidence if back scratches caused by the catching team due to incorrect catching procedures. Therefore, continuous training is required, particularly when the catching teams are composed of young and inexperienced workers.

Introduction: Nutritional supplements are an essential component of the management of hospital hyponutrition, although their costs are high. There exists the need for methods allowing a rational prescription of them. Objectives: To analyze the validity of the criteria for dispensing the nutritional supplements (NS) used at our center (by using as a reference the CONUT system). Material and method: We retrospectively reviewed the petition formularies of NS sent from the different departments for 15 months (April/2010-June/2011). We analyzed the following variables: petitionary department; pathology; BMI; recent weight loss; decreased intake > 50%; total proteins; albumin; lymphocytes; total cholesterol; and assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system. We compared the validity of our dispensing criteria of NS to those of the CONUT system by means of the Kappa coefficient. Results: We received 524 petitions (34.9/month). Pathologies: infectious (31.1%), tumor (26.1%), postsurgical (19%), others (23.8%). 88.9% of the patients had recent weight loss and 83.4% decreased intake > 50%. BMI: 24.8 ± 7.5 kg/m². Laboratory parameters: albumin 2.6 ± 0.7 g/dL, total proteins 5.7 ± 2.4 g/dL, total cholesterol 152 ± 172 mg/dL, lymphocytes 1,561 ± 1,842/ mm³. Assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system: normal (12%), mild hyponutrition (23.1%), moderate (41.6%), severe (23.3%). Adherence to our hospital requisites for the dispensation of NS: none (6.3%), one (33.6%), two (43.1%), all three (17%). We compared the number of requisites to the degree of hyponutrition (CONUT system), yielding a weak agreement index (Kappa = 0.207; p < 0.001). 156 patients (29.8% of all the petitions) received a NS in spite of having a normal nutrition level or mild hyponutrition according to the CONUT system. Most of these commands (116; 74.4%) met just one criterion for dispensing a NS, and in 93.9% of them the reason alleged by the physician was a decreased intake > 50%. Conclusions: our dispensation method of NS detects a greater percentage of patients susceptible of nutritional supplementation than the CONUT system. The main advantage of our system is the assessment of a decreased intake, which is the main indication for a NS at the hospital setting.

Introducción: Los suplementos nutricionales constituyen un pilar fundamental del tratamiento de la desnutrición hospitalaria, aunque su coste es elevado. Son precisos métodos que permitan una prescripción racional de los mismos. Objetivos: Analizar la validez de los criterios de dispensación de suplementos nutricionales (SN) utilizados en nuestro centro (empleando como referencia el sistema CONUT). Material y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los formularios de solicitud de SN remitidos por los distintos servicios durante 15 meses (abril/2010-junio/2011). Se analizaron las siguientes variables: servicio solicitante, patología, IMC, pérdida de peso reciente, disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%, proteínas totales, albúmina, linfocitos, colesterol total y valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT. Se comparó la validez de nuestros criterios de dispensación de SN con el sistema CONUT (empleando el coeficiente Kappa). Resultados: Se recibieron 524 solicitudes (34,9/mes). Patologías: infecciosa (31,1%), tumoral (26,1%), postquirúrgica (19%), otras (23,8%). Había pérdida de peso reciente en el 88,9% de los pacientes, y una disminución de la ingesta superior al 50% en el 83,4%. IMC: 24,8 ± 7,5 kg/m2. Parámetros analíticos: albúmina 2,6 ± 0,7 g/dl, proteínas totales 5,7 ± 2,4 g/dl, colesterol total 152 ± 172 mg/dl, linfocitos 1.561 ± 1.842/mm³. Valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT: normal (12%), desnutrición leve (23,1%), moderada (41,6%), grave (23,3%). Cumplimiento de los requisitos de nuestro centro hospitalario para la dispensación de SN: ninguno (6,3%), uno (33,6%), dos (43,1%), los tres (17%). Se comparó el número de dichos requisitos con el grado de desnutrición (sistema CONUT), obteniéndose un índice de concordancia débil (Kappa = 0,207; p < 0,001). 156 pacientes (29,8% de las solicitudes) recibieron SN, a pesar de presentar grado de nutrición normal o desnutrición leve de acuerdo al sistema CONUT. La mayor parte de dichas solicitudes (116; 74,4%) cumplían un único requisito para la dispensación de SN, y en el 93,9% de las mismas el criterio alegado por el médico solicitante era la disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%. Conclusiones: Nuestro método de dispensación de SN detecta un mayor porcentaje de pacientes susceptibles de suplementación nutricional que el sistema CONUT. La principal ventaja de nuestro sistema es la valoración de la disminución de la ingesta, que es la principal indicación de SN en el medio hospitalario.

Background. Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) is a neoplasm in which the presence of, or infection by, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with disease development. Two aspects of this condition are currently unknown: first, whether molecular regulators such as the microRNAs of EBV are expressed and second, if there is an association with inflammation-promoting, neoplastic factors in pediatric CHL. The aim of the present study was to use RT-PCR to analyze the expression of the specific microRNAs of EBV called BARTs, specifically BARTs-5, -16 and -22 and that of factor NF-κB, also using RT-PCR. Methods. A total of 24 cases were selected after meeting the inclusion criteria, which involved different varieties of CHL including the nodular sclerosis (NS) and mixed cellularity (MC) types. These resulted in being the most common ones, each with a frequency of 41.6%. Results. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL, at 83.3%. BART-22 was the second most frequent, at 33.3%, compared to 0% in controls (reactive lymph nodes, RLN). In all cases, the differences compared to RLN were significant (p <0.05). Expression of NF-κB was found in 62.5% of CHL cases and was present in 83.3% of RLN (p <0.05). The MC type expressed it in 90% of cases, compared to only 20% for the NS variety (p <0.05). Conclusions. BART-5 was the one most frequently expressed in CHL cases. NF-κB factor is an important indicator of inflammation most often expressed in RLN.

Introducción. El linfoma de Hodgkin clásico es una neoplasia cuyo desarrollo se asocia con la presencia del virus del Epstein-Barr. No se conoce qué reguladores moleculares (como microRNAs del virus del Epstein-Barr) se expresan. Tampoco la asociación con factores proinflamatorios neoplásicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la expresión de los microRNAs específicos del virus del Epstein-Barr, conocidos como BARTs (BART-5, BART-16 y BART-22), así como la expresión del factor NF-κB en pacientes pediátricos con linfoma de Hodgkin clásico. Métodos. Se seleccionaron 24 casos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Entre las diferentes variedades, la esclerosis nodular y el de celularidad mixta fueron las más frecuentes. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que la expresión del BART-5 fue la más frecuente (83%) en el linfoma de Hodgkin clásico. La expresión de BART-22 fue la segunda más frecuente, de 33.3% respecto a los testigos. En todos estos casos las diferencias fueron significativas respecto a los ganglios linfáticos reactivos (p <0.05). La expresión de NF-κB se encontró en 62.5% de los casos de linfoma de Hodgkin clásico, y se presentó en 83.3% de los ganglios linfáticos reactivos (p <0.05). La variedad de celularidad mixta lo expresó en 90% de los casos, lo que contrastó con 20% que presentó la variedad esclerosis nodular (p <0.05). Conclusiones. Se puede concluir que la expresión del BART-5 fue la más frecuente en los casos de linfoma de Hodgkin clásico. También, que el factor NF-κB es un indicador importante de inflamación, y presentó mayor expresión en los ganglios linfáticos activos.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados histopatológicos e de apoptose em pulmões de ratos preservados em soluções low-potassium dextran (LPD, baixo potássio dextrana), histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK, histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato) ou salina normal (SN) em 6 h e 12 h de isquemia pela utilização de um modelo experimental de perfusão pulmonar ex vivo. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos Wistar foram anestesiados, randomizados e submetidos à perfusão anterógrada pela artéria pulmonar com uma das soluções preservadoras. Após a extração, os blocos cardiopulmonares foram preservados por 6 ou 12 h a 4ºC, sendo então reperfundidos com sangue homólogo em um sistema de perfusão ex vivo durante 60 min. Ao final da reperfusão, fragmentos do lobo médio foram extraídos e processados para histopatologia, sendo avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: congestão, edema alveolar, hemorragia alveolar, hemorragia, infiltrado inflamatório e infiltrado intersticial. O grau de apoptose foi avaliado pelo método TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. RESULTADOS: A histopatologia demonstrou que todos os pulmões preservados com SN apresentaram edema alveolar após 12 h de isquemia. Não houve diferenças em relação ao grau de apoptose nos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: No presente estudo, os achados histopatológicos e de apoptose foram semelhantes com o uso das soluções LPD e HTK, enquanto a presença de edema foi significativamente maior com o uso de SN.

OBJECTIVE: To compare histopathological findings and the degree of apoptosis among rat lungs preserved with low-potassium dextran (LPD) solution, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, or normal saline (NS) at two ischemia periods (6 h and 12 h) using an experimental rat model of ex vivo lung perfusion. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were anesthetized, randomized, and submitted to antegrade perfusion via pulmonary artery with one of the preservation solutions. Following en bloc extraction, the heart-lung blocks were preserved for 6 h or 12 h at 4ºC and then reperfused with homologous blood for 60 min in an ex vivo lung perfusion system. At the end of the reperfusion, fragments of the middle lobe were extracted and processed for histopathological examination. The parameters evaluated were congestion, alveolar edema, alveolar hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate, and interstitial infiltrate. The degree of apoptosis was assessed using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. RESULTS: The histopathological examination showed that all of the lungs preserved with NS presented alveolar edema after 12 h of ischemia. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of the degree of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the histopathological and apoptosis findings were similar with the use of either LPD or HTK solutions, whereas the occurrence of edema was significantly more common with the use of NS.

Para avaliar a utilidade de caracteres morfoanatômicos na identificação de materiais botânicos de Campomanesia Ruiz & Pavón, especialmente aqueles estéreis, o padrão de nervação foliar e a configuração do arco vascular no pecíolo de 15 táxons presentes no estado da Bahia foram analisados. O padrão de nervação secundário camptódromo-broquidódromo mostrou-se uniforme entre os táxons, assim como a nervação última marginal em arcos e a nervação terciária do tipo reticulada ortogonal. Diferenças foram observadas quando considerados a presença de nervuras intersecundárias e o tipo de aréolas na lâmina foliar, e a configuração do arco vascular e a natureza da bainha perivascular no pecíolo, podendo estes caracteres ser utilizados para fi ns taxonômicos.

To evaluate the utility of morpho-anatomical leaf characters in the identification of botanic material of Campomanesia Ruiz & Pavón, especially when sterile, leaf venation pattern and shape of the vascular arch in the petiole of 15 taxa in Bahia state were analysed. The camptodromous-brochydodromous secondary venation pattern was uniform among the taxa, as well as the ultimate marginal venation in arches and orthogonal reticulate tertiary venation. Diff erences were observed in the presence of intersecondary veins and areolation in the leaf blade, and shape of the vascular arch and nature of the vascular bundle sheaths in the petiole, characters that could be used for taxonomic purposes.

Brazil must comply with international quality standards and animal welfare requirements in order to maintain its position as world's largest exporter of poultry meat. With the scenario of global climate change there is the forecast of occurrence of extreme events with characteristics of both excess cold and heat for several regions of the country. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using images of infrared thermography to evaluate the loss of sensible heat in young broilers fed different dietary energy levels. Twenty birds were reared in a house with appropriate brooding using infrared lamps. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental into two treatments: T1 (control diet with 2950 kcal ME/kg-1), and T2 (high-energy diet with 3950 kcal ME/kg-1). Infrared thermographic images of the birds were recorded for four consecutive days. One bird was randomly chosen per treatment, and had special images taken and analyzed. Average surface temperature of the body area was calculated using the surface temperature recorded at 100 spots (50 at the front and 50 at the lateral side of the bird's body). Mean surface temperature of the flock was calculated recording 100 spots on the group of birds. Total radiant heat loss was calculated based on the average data of surface temperature. The results indicated that the young broilers fed the high-energy diet presented a metabolic energy loss equivalent to 0.64 kcal h-1, while the birds fed with the control diet lost 2.18 kcal h-1. This finding confirms that oil supplementation to the diet reduces bird heat loss. The infrared camera was able to record young broilers' surface temperature variation when birds were fed diets with different energy contents.