Abstract The presence of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in cow milk, including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers, makes milk susceptible to lipid oxidation, and may lead to the formation of volatile products responsible for a rancid smell. Consequently, including natural antioxidants in the diet of dairy cattle can assist in preventing lipid oxidation. In this study, soybean oil (a source of PUFA) and different ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis were included in the cows' feed, and the antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation of the animals' milk was assessed. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH method, potassium ferricyanide reduction and chelating ability. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were also determined. Lipid oxidation was assessed by determining conjugated dienes and the production of aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, hexanal and octanal). Increased antioxidant activity was seen in the samples of milk from cows receiving propolis. Similarly, the addition of ethanolic extract of propolis to the diet of dairy cattle increased milk protection for two treatments with propolis against lipid oxidation in terms of production of propanal and hexanal. These results confirm the positive effect of applying this natural additive to the diet of lactating cows, improving the nutritional quality of the milk produced.

Extratos etanólicos de própolis obtidos a partir de diferentes concentrações de própolis e com álcool hidratado com diferentes teores de álcool/água foram analisados. A ação antioxidante destes extratos foi determinada através da captura do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazila (DPPH·) e do poder de redução férrico (FRAP) utilizando o complexo férrico-tripiridiltriazina (Fe3+-TPTZ). O teor de compostos fenólicos totais e a quantificação de flavonóides também foram verificados e obtidos por espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray (ESI(-)-MS) dos extratos. Observou-se que a composição química dos extratos de própolis e sua atividade antioxidante variam com a concentração de própolis e, principalmente, com o teor de álcool/água do etanol hidratado utilizado na extração. Foi possível perceber também que a atividade antioxidante dos extratos é significativamente dependente destes parâmetros de extração e que as composições de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides também variam muito. Os valores de FRAP não apresentaram, porém, boa correlação com o teor de flavonóides

Ethanolic extracts of propolis obtained with different concentrations of propolis and made using hydrous ethanol with various water/ethanol contents were analyzed. The antioxidant action of the extracts was determined by free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·) scavenging and by ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), using the ferric-tripyridyl triazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined, and the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry spectra (ESI(-)-MS) of the extracts were acquired. The chemical composition of propolis extracts and their antioxidant activity were observed to vary with the concentration of propolis, and especially with the water/ethanol contents of the hydrous ethanol used for extraction. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also found to be significantly dependent on these extraction parameters, as well as on the composition of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids. FRAP values showed, however, poor correlation with the flavonoid content

Objetivou-se avaliar cepas bacterianas tolerantes a produtos à base de própolis pelas técnicas de isolamento, caracterização morfológica e bioquímica, em dietas com relação volumoso: concentrado de 100:0 e 50:50. Para dietas volumosas foram avaliados os produtos LLOSC1 e LLOSB3 e, para dietas 50:50% os produtos LLOSC1, LLOSD1, LLOSA2 e LLOSC3, diferentes quanto aos teores alcoólicos (1, 2 e 3) e as concentrações de própolis (A, B, C e D). O líquido ruminal foi incubado anaerobiamente a 39°C durante 6 dias em meio contendo LLOS. Após o isolamento, as cepas foram submetidas à coloração de Gram e o crescimento bacteriano foi monitorado por espectrofotômetro. Foi avaliado o crescimento das cepas na presença dos substratos: arabinose, celulose, glicose, celobiose, xilose, frutose e lactose. Em dietas volumosas as cepas tolerantes a LLOSC1 e LLOSB3 foram semelhantes na degradação dos carboidratos, exceto lactose no qual LLOSC1 foi superior às cepas tolerantes a LLOSB3. Para dieta 50:50 de volumoso:concentrado, destacaram-se os produtos LLOSC3 e LLOSA2, que selecionaram maior número de cepas capazes de degradar a maioria dos carboidratos testados. Os resultados sugerem que a tolerância à própolis foi maior nas cepas Gram-positivas, com níveis metabólicos de crescimento diversos.

It was aimed in this work to evaluate bacterial strains tolerant to products based on propolis (LLOS) through the isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization techniques in diets with roughage:concentrate ratio 100:0 and 50:50. For roughage diets, the products LLOSC1 and LLOSB3 were evaluated, and for 50:50% diets, the products LLOSC1, LLOSD1, LLOSA2, and LLOSC3, which differed in alcoholic concentrations (1, 2 and 3) and propolis (A, B, C and D) concentrations. The ruminal liquid was anaerobically incubated at 39°C for 6 days in medium containing LLOS. After isolation, the strains were submitted to Gram staining and the bacterial growth was monitored by photospectrometer. It was evaluated the strain growth in the presence of the following subtracts: arabinose, cellulose, glucose, cellobiose, xylose, fructose, and lactose. In roughage diets, strains tolerant to LLOSC1 and LLOSB3 were similar to carbohydrates degradation, except lactose in which LLOSC1 was superior to strains tolerant to LLOSB3. For diets with 50:50 roughage:concentrate ratio, the products LLOSC3 and LLOSA2 stood out because they selected the highest number of strains able to degrade most of the tested carbohydrates. The results suggest that tolerance to propolis is higher in Gram-positive strains with several growth metabolic levels.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da administração de produtos à base de monensina sódica ou de própolis LLOSB3 e LLOSC1 em duas concentrações (B e C, em que B foi menos concentrado que C) e duas extrações alcoólicas (1 e 3, em que 1 foi menos concentrado que 3) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade total e parcial e as características ruminais em bubalinos alimentados com dieta à base de forragem. Foram utilizados quatro búfalos castrados mestiços com 459,3 ± 44,5 kg em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4, com quatro dietas (controle, monensina, LLOSC1 e LLOSB3) e quatro períodos. A dieta continha 80% de volumoso (silagem de milho e feno de capim-tifton) e 20% de concentrado, com 11,1% de PB e 66% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes não diferiram entre os aditivos testados. A adição de LLOSC1 propiciou maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade total em relação ao controle para MS (62,8% vs 59,4%), FDN (58,6% vs 54,3%), carboidratos totais (65,1% vs 61,5%) e NDT (65,8 vs 62,3%). A dieta com monensina não diferiu da controle e aquela com LLOSB3 foi semelhante a todas as outras. Aumento no fluxo e maior digestibilidade de PB nos intestinos foram verificados com o uso dos aditivos em relação à dieta controle. Após a alimentação, às 2,18 horas, não houve diferença na concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen entre dietas e o valor máximo foi de 21,26 mg/100 mL. Menor valor de pH ruminal (6,48) e maiores concentrações de acetato e de butirato foram verificados para LLOSB3. A taxa de passagem de líquido não diferiu entre as dietas, porém, maior volume ruminal foi verificado com o uso dos aditivos. O aditivo LLOSC1 é superior à monensina em aumentar a energia digestível para bubalinos alimentados com dietas à base de forragem.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of the administration of products based on sodium monesin or propolis LLOSB3 and LLOSC1 in two concentrations (B and C, in which B was less concentrated than C) and two alcoholic extractions (1 and 3, in which 1 was less concentrated than 3) on intake, total and partial digestibility, and ruminal characteristics in buffaloes fed diet based on roughage. It was used four castrated crossbred buffalo with average weight of 459.3 ± 44.5 kg in 4 x 4 experimental Latin square design with four diets (control, monensin, LLOSC1 and LLOSB3) and four periods. The diet had 80% roughage (corn silage and Tifton hay) and 20% concentrate, with 11.1% CP and 66% of total digestible nutrients (TDN). The intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients did not differ among tested additives. The addition of LLOSC1 provided higher total digestibility coefficients in relation to the control for dry matter (62.8% vs. 59.4%), NDF (58.6% vs. 54.3%), total carbohydrates (65.1% vs. 61.5%) and TDN (65.8 vs. 62.3%). The diet with monensin did not differ from the control and the diet with LLOSB3 was similar to all other diets. Increase in the flow and higher digestibility of CP in the intestines were found with the use of additives in relation to the control diet. After feeding at 2.18 h, there was no difference in the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen among diets and the maximum value was 21.26 mg/100 mL. The lowest value of ruminal pH (6.48) and higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate were found for LLOSB3. The passage rate of liquid did not differ among diets, however greater ruminal volume was found with the use of additives. The additive LLOSC1 is superior than monensin in increasing digestible energy for buffalo fed diets based on roughage.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de produtos contendo própolis em duas concentrações (B e C) e duas extrações alcoólicas (1 e 3) e de monensina sódica em dieta à base de forragem sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade total e parcial e as características ruminais em bovinos. Utilizaram-se quatro bovinos da raça Holandesa, castrados, com peso corporal de 221 ± 21 kg, canulados no rúmen, em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 × 4. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 72,5% de volumoso e 27,5% de concentrado e apresentaram 14,4% de PB e 67% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), diferindo apenas quanto à presença de aditivos. Os consumos médios de matéria seca e nutrientes, não foram afetados pelas dietas, exceto o de NDT, que foi maior nos animais alimentados com a dieta controle. O fornecimento dos aditivos, principalmente própolis, reduziu a digestibilidade total de matéria seca, proteína bruta e NDT. A digestibilidade total da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foi semelhante entre aditivos e menor que nos animais controle. A inclusão de própolis refletiu em menor pH ruminal e maiores produções de acetato e AGV totais e a monensina propiciou a menor razão acetato:propionato. A adição dos aditivos avaliados tem efeito negativo sobre a concentração e consumo de energia digestível de dietas à base de forragem fornecida para bovinos em crescimento.

It was evaluated the effects of using products containing propolis in two propolis concentrations (B and C) and two alcoholic extractions (1 and 3) and sodium monensin in forage based diet on intake, total and partial digestibility and ruminal characteristics in cattle. It was used four Holstein castrated bovines, with body weight of 221 ± 21 kg, implanted with ruminal cannulla, in a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. The experimental diets were composed of 72.5% roughage and 27.5% concentrate and had 14.4% crude protein and 67% of total digestible nutrients (TDN), only differing to the presence of additives. The average intake of dry matter and nutrients did not differ among diets, except for the intake of TDN that was higher for animal fed control diet. The supply of additives, mainly propolis, reduced the total digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The total digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was similar among additives and it was lower than the control animals. The inclusion of propolis reflected in lower pH and production of acetate and total volatile fatty acids and monensin resulted in lower acetate:propionate ratio. The addition of the evaluated additives has negative effect on the concentration and intake of digestible energy of roughage based diets for growing cattle.