ABSTRACT The present study was executed to evaluate the effect of lighting programs for meat quails on their bone growth and development. A total of 1500 sexed European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) were distributed using a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two sexes and three lighting programs (natural, intermittent, and continuous) with five replicates of 50 quails. The lighting programs were applied in the period from 7 to 49 d of age. Weekly slaughterings were performed to remove the tibiotarsus and femur and subsequently determine weight, length, dry and mineral matter content. The growth and deposition curves of dry and mineral matter in the bones were obtained using the Gompertz model. There was no significant interaction between lighting programs and sex for the estimates of the Gompertz curve parameters of all variables studied. There was an effect of the lighting programs only on the time needed to reach the maximum deposition rate of the growth curve and dry and mineral matter deposition. Females showed higher weight and deposition of mineral matter at maturity, and took longer to reach the maximum deposition rate value for these variables. There was influence of the lighting programs on resistance and bone deformity of the tibiotarsus. For quails raised in the tropical region, a natural or intermittent lighting program must be used, as it does not compromise the development of bones and assures bone quality.

ABSTRACT The effect of using natural growth promoters (NGP) to replace traditional antimicrobials on performance, biometry of digestive and reproductive organs, sexual maturity and bone characteristics of replacement pullets was evaluated; and the relationship between these variables according to the diets was verified. Eight-week-old birds were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design and fed different diets: negative control (without growth promoters); positive control - conventional growth promoter; organic acids (OA); symbiotic (S); essential oil (EO); OA + S; and EO + S. The performance, relative weight of digestive and reproductive organs and length intestines, height and crest length, sternum length, bone quality and sexual maturity of birds were similar (p>0.05) between treatments. The heat map combined with cluster analysis showed a uniform static pattern with the formation of three horizontal groups formed by the treatments: 1) negative control, S and OA + S; 2) positive control and OE and 3) OA and OE + S. A null relationship between the treatments and the variables under study was observed. The principal components analysis revealed an association of variables in three components with 60.55% of variation. NGP can replace traditional promoters, as they do not interfere with performance, biometrics or sexual maturity. Height and length are predictive variables for the development of reproductive organs, especially the oviduct. A similarity was identified through multivariate techniques between symbiotic and organic + symbiotic acids; positive control and essential oils; and organic and symbiotic acids + essential oils.

ABSTRACT The effect of different calcium levels and two limestone granulometries on performance, egg quality, biometry of digestive organs and bone characteristics of light laying hens were evaluated. A total of 270 laying hens were used during 112 days, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 3 levels of calcium (3.8, 4.0 and 4.2%) and 2 limestone granulometries (0.222 and 1.922 mm), totaling 6 treatments with 5 repetitions each. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mass, feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs, albumen, yolk and shell percentage, specific gravity of eggs and shell thickness. In addition, the relative weight of the heart, proventricle, gizzard, liver, pancreas, intestine weight and length, and bone characteristics were also evaluated. A significant interaction was observed for tibia mineral matter. Egg production was influenced by the limestone granulometry, presenting greater value in the treatments which contained fine granulometry limestone. Higher calcium levels of 4.0 and 4.2% provide greater specific density of eggs. Biometric variables and bone characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. In conclusion, it is recommended to use fine-grained limestone (0.222 mm) and a 4% calcium level in diets for light commercial hens, as they improve performance and quality of eggs, without interfering in biometrics of digestive organs and bone characteristics.

ABSTRACT We determined the nutritional and energy compositions of sunflower seed cake (SC) and examined the effects of its inclusion in the diet of meat quail. A metabolism trial was performed employing the total excreta collection method, with 144 quails that were assigned to three treatments (control diet and two test diets in which SC replaced 20 and 40% of the control diet) in a completely randomised design (CRD) with six replicates of eight birds. The values determined of dry matter, crude protein and metabolisable energy were 94.72%, 24.29% and 2,629 kcal/kg, respectively. For the performance trial, 432 quails were assigned to six treatments (dietary inclusion of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% SC) in a CRD with six replicates of 12 birds. The metabolic coefficients of dry matter (MCDM) and gross energy (MCGE) of the diet decreased linearly with increasing SC levels. Compared with the control group, SC inclusion at levels greater than 10% resulted in lower MCDM and MCGE values, whereas SC inclusion at 20 and 25% reduced AMEn. Weight gain, feed conversion and economic viability parameters showed a quadratic response, with the best values obtained at the respective SC levels of 15.5, 14.0, and 15.4%. Gizzard weight increased linearly with the inclusion of SC, whereas bone quality was not affected. Sunflower cake can be used up to 25% in diets of meat quails without compromising their performance. However, the best feed conversion and economic viability are obtained with an SC inclusion level of 15%.

ABSTRACT Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of superdosing of two phytases on performance, egg quality, digestive organ biometry and bone quality of light hens in the first (58 weeks) and second (87 weeks) productive cycle. In the first cycle, 270 light hens were used, in which a completely randomized design was adopted in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme (bacterial phytase or fungal phytase x 450 FTUs or 900 FTUs + control diet). In the second cycle, 270 hens were used, following the same design as the previous experiment. The performance and quality of the eggs were evaluated in both cycles, and the biometry of the digestive organs and bone characteristics were also evaluated in the first experiment. There was no effect in the comparison between the means for the performance and egg quality (in both experiments), or for the biometric variables and bone characteristics (first experiment). There was no significant interaction between the factors for any of the variables in the two experiments. In the first experiment, egg production was higher with bacterial phytase and egg weight with fungal phytase. The mineral matter showed greater value with 450 FTUs. It is recommended to use bacterial phytase produced from Escherichia coli as it improves the performance of light laying hens. The dosage of 450 FTUs improves the mineral content of light laying hens and the use of phytase in the laying hen diet implies a lower feed cost.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two types of phytases (the 1st produced from Escherichia coli and the 2nd from Aspergillus oryzae) with different dosages (300 and 900 Unit Phytase or FTU) on performance, organ biometry and bone quality of replacement pullets in the period of 8 to 17 weeks of age. A total of 288 Hy-Line White laying hens were used at 8 weeks of age. A completely randomized design was adopted in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, totaling 4 treatments with 8 replicates of 9 birds each. Performance, biometric variables and bone characteristics were evaluated. There was no significant interaction between the factors for any of the evaluated variables. The conversion and the accumulated consumption were influenced (p<0.05) by the phytase dosages, with the highest results being observed for the consumption obtained with 300 FTU, and the best results for the feed conversion obtained with the dosage of 900 FTU. The relative weight of the liver was influenced by the treatments (p<0.05), presenting higher values with bacterial phytase and a dosage of 900 FTU. The sternum length and tibial deformity were influenced by fungal phytase (p<0.05). It is concluded that the use of 900 FTU superdosing and fungal phytase improves the performance and bone characteristics of light replacement pullets.

Resumo Aprendizagem socioemocional nem sempre é contemplada, com devido planejamento e embasamento científico, na educação infantil. Avaliou-se impacto de intervenção de Regulação Emocional (RE) no desempenho escolar e Habilidades Sociais (HS) de 55 crianças de escolas públicas, utilizando-se Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (CPM), Teste de Desempenho Escolar e Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais (SSRS-BR).Após nove encontros de 50 minutos abordando estratégias de RE, avaliação de HS pelo professor indicou melhora em todos os aspectos de HS noGrupo Intervenção (GI) e piora no autocontrole no GrupoComparação (GC). Autoavaliação de HS mostrou que GI superou diferença inicial na assertividadee evitação de problemas. Os resultados sugerem que programas de RE podem trazer benefícios para o desenvolvimento das HS.

Abstract In early childhood education, socio-emotional learning is not always considered with appropriate planning nor based on scientific evidence. Aiming to analyze impact of an Emotional Regulation (ER) Intervention in school achievement and social skills (SS), fifty-five children from public schools were evaluated by Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), School Achievement Test (TDE) and Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR). After nine 50-minute meetings addressing ER strategies, evaluation of SS by the teacher indicated improvement in all aspects of SS in Intervention Group (IG) and worsening of the self-control in Comparison Group (CG). Self-evaluation of SS showed that IG overcame the initial difference in assertiveness and problem avoidance. Results suggest that ER programs can bring benefits to the development of SS.

ABSTRACT Dietary inclusion of lipid sources has been one of the methods adopted by nutritionists aiming at better energy balancing. However, alternative energy feedstuffs have been sought in an attempt to reduce production costs. In this regard, lipid sources that can replace conventional ones, such as beef tallow, cottonseed oil, and sunflower oil have been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different lipid sources on the performance, egg quality, biometrics of digestive organs, and bone quality of white-egg commercial layers in the first production cycle. A total of 216 Hy-Line White layers at 70 weeks of age, weighing 1.701 ± 0.103 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The diets provided to them contained equal amounts of protein, calories, and amino acids, with only the lipid source varying - soybean oil (control), cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and sunflower oil. No significant effect of lipid sources was observed on any of the performance or egg-quality variables assessed (p>0.05). Biometric variables were not influenced by lipid sources, except for abdominal fat, which was highest in the birds receiving the beef-tallow treatments and lowest in birds fed the sunflower-oil diets (p<0.05). Except for mineral matter, bone traits were not influenced by the treatments; this variable was highest in the control treatments and lowest in the beef-tallow treatments. In conclusion, cottonseed and sunflower oils can be used to fully replace soybean oil in diets for white-egg commercial layers.

Introdução A hiper-reatividade da pressão arterial (PA) ao estresse pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Porém a realização prévia de exercícios físicos tem se mostrado eficaz em atenuar esta elevação da PA ao estresse subsequente. Objetivo Verificar o efeito do volume da sessão de exercícios resistidos (ER) sobre a reatividade da PA (RV) ao estresse induzido. Métodos Quarenta adultos jovens normotensos foram submetidos a três sessões experimentais em ordem randomizada: Sessão com 2 séries de ER (S2); Sessão com 4 séries de ER (S4); e Sessão controle sem exercícios (SC). S2 e S4 foram realizadas à 70% de uma repetição máxima e compostas por seis exercícios com 10 repetições cada (intervalo de 90s entre séries). Aos 10 minutos de recuperação das sessões experimentais, os voluntários foram submetidos ao Cold Pressor Test (CPT), que é um protocolo de estresse no qual a mão direita é submergida em água gelada (4 a 5º C) durante 1 minuto para determinar a RV. A PA sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), média (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC) foram mensuradas no repouso pré-sessões experimentais (20 minutos) e imediatamente após o CPT. Resultados Em resposta ao estresse induzido pelo CPT a FC não diferenciou após sessões experimentais (SC: 98±9 vs. S2: 107±12 vs. S4: 113±13 bpm; P>0,05). Entretanto, após a sessão de ER de maior volume, ocorreu atenuação da RV na PAS (SC: 145±18 vs. S2: 142±16 vs. S4: 133±15 mmHg; P<0,05), PAD (SC: 96±13 vs. S2: 90±14 vs. S4: 86±12 mmHg; P<0,05) e PAM (SC: 89±10 vs. S2: 91 ± 5 vs. S4: 91±4 mmHg; P<0,05). Conclusão O maior volume (4 séries vs. 2 séries) na sessão de ER resultou em atenuação da reatividade da PA frente ao estresse induzido.

Introduction The hyper-reactivity of blood pressure (BP) to stress can be associated with the development of arterial hypertension. However, performing physical exercises beforehand has proven to be effective in attenuating this BP elevation in response to subsequent stress. Objective Verify the effect of the volume of resistance exercise session (RE) on blood pressure reactivity (VR) to induced stress. Methods Forty normotensive young adults underwent three experimental sessions randomly: Session of 2 series of RE (S2); Session of 4 series of RE (S4); and a Control session without exercises (CS). S2 and S4 were performed at 70% of one repetition maximum and composed of six exercises with 10 repetitions each (90s interval between series). At the 10th minute of recovery from experimental sessions, the volunteers underwent a Cold Pressor Test (CPT), which is a stress protocol where the right hand is immersed in cold water (4-5º C) for 1 minute to determine VR. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest before experimental sessions (20 minutes) and immediately after CPT. Results In response to the stress induced by CPT the HR did not differ between experimental sessions (CS: 98 ± 9 vs. S2: 107 ± 12 vs. S4: 113 ± 13 bpm, P>0.05). However, after a session of higher volume RE, attenuation of VR was observed for SBP (CS: 145 ± 18 vs. S2: 142 ± 16 vs. S4: 133 ± 15 mmHg; P <0.05), DBP (CS: 96 ± 13 vs. S2: 90 ± 14 vs. S4: 86 ± 12 mmHg; P <0.05) and MBP (CS: 89 ± 10 vs. S2: 91 ± 5 vs. S4: 91 ± 4 mmHg, P<0.05). Conclusion The higher volume (4 series vs. 2 series) of resistance exercises resulted in attenuation of blood pressure reactivity to stress induction.

Introducción La hiperreactividad de la presión arterial (PA) al estrés puede estar asociada al desarrollo de la hipertensión arterial. Sin embargo, la realización previa de ejercicios físicos se mostró eficaz para atenuar la elevación de la PA frente al estrés subsecuente. Objetivo Verificar el efecto del volumen de la sesión de ejercicios de fuerza (EF) en la reactividad de la presión arterial (RV) frente al estrés inducido. Métodos Cuarenta jóvenes adultos normotensos se sometieron a tres sesiones experimentales, al azar: Sesión con 2 series de EF (S2); Sesión con 4 series EF (S4) y; Sesión de control sin ejercicios (SC). S2 y S4 se realizaron a 70% de una repetición máxima y compuesta de seis ejercicios con 10 repeticiones cada uno (intervalo de 90s entre las series). A los 10 minutos de la recuperación de las sesiones experimentales, los voluntarios fueron sometidos a prueba de frío presor (Cold Pressor Test - CPT), un protocolo de estrés en el cual la mano derecha es inmersa en agua con temperatura de 4 a 5° C durante 1 minuto para determinar la RV. La PA sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), media (PAM) y frecuencia cardiaca (FC) se midieron en reposo antes de las sesiones experimentales (20 minutos) e inmediatamente después de la CPT. Resultados En respuesta al estrés inducido por CPT, FC no se diferenció después de las sesiones experimentales (SC: 98±9 vs. S2: 107±12 vs. S4: 113±13 bpm; P> 0,05). Sin embargo, después de la sesión de EF de mayor volumen, hubo atenuación de la RV en la PAS (SC: 145±18 vs. S2: 142±16 vs. S4: 133±15 mmHg; p <0,05), PAD (SC: 96±13 vs. S2: 90±14 vs. S4: 86±12 mmHg; p <0,05) y PAM (SC: 89±10 vs. S2: 91±5 vs. S4: 91±4 mmHg; p < 0,05). Conclusión El mayor volumen (4 series vs. 2 series) de EF en la sesión resultó en la atenuación de la reactividad para PA frente al estrés inducido.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of broken rice inclusion as substitute for corn in the diet on the performance, carcass yield, and economic viability of meat-type quails between 7 and 49 days of age. A number of 288 quails was distributed according to a completely randomized design into six treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of broken rice (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) in replacement of corn. Increasing levels of corn substitution by broken rice in the diet of 7- to 49-day-old meat-type quails did not affect feed intake, weight gain or feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). Relative to carcass traits, the inclusion of broken rice in the diets did not influence (p>0.05) dressing percentage or breast, leg (thigh+drumstick), liver, and gizzard yields. Moreover, feed cost per kilogram of live weight gain, cost index, and economic efficiency index were not influenced by the replacement of corn by broken rice in the diets. The performance, carcass traits and economic viability of broilers fed the different levels of broken rice inclusion were not different from the control group (p>0.05). These results indicate the economic viability of total replacement of corn by broken rice in the feeding of meat-type quails.

This study aimed at evaluating the total replacement of corn by white or red sorghum and the inclusion or not of pigment in the diet on the performance and yolk color of Japanese quail eggs. In the trial, 210 Japanese quails were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design consisting of five treatments with six replicates of seven birds each. Treatments consisted of Corn-based diet (C), white sorghum-based diet (WS), white sorghum-based diet + pigment (WSP), red sorghum-based diet (RS), and red sorghum-based diet + pigment (RSP). Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, and egg mass were no influenced by the treatments. However, paler egg yolks were produced when corn was replaced by sorghum. When red and white sorghum varieties were compared, there were no differences in yolk color or response to pigment dietary inclusion. It was concluded that the total replacement of corn by sorghum in the feed did not influence the performance of Japanese quails and that yolk color response is not affected by the inclusion of pigments in diets containing sorghum, independently of its variety.

The aim of this work was to analyse the population of aerobe and anaerobe facultative Gram-negative rod-shaped in the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle and calves fed with different sources of tropical forage. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected from 30 cows fed with sorghum silage, 32 cows fed with Brachiaria brizantha pasture, 12 calves fed with sorghum silage, and 11 calves fed with sugarcane. Fifteen ml of ruminal fluid were collected by sterile catheter and syringe puncture to the rumen. After serial decimal dilutions, samples were inoculated in plates containing MacConkey agar and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. Calves fed with sorghum silage showed higher detection rate and larger population of these bacteria (8.4 X 10(6) colony forming units CFU/ml) when compared with adult cows fed with the same forage (1.4 X 10(5) CFU/ml). The most frequent genera identified in all groups were Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Proteus. The most frequently identified bacteria in pasture-fed cows was Enterobacter spp., while Klebsiella spp. was the most frequently identified bacteria in cows fed with sorghum silage. Enterobacter spp. and Proteus spp. were more frequently observed in isolates from calves (P < 0.01). Future studies should clarify the differences between these populations.

Las bacterias Enterobacteriaceae se encuentran naturalmente en los intestinos y ecosistema ruminal y están ampliamente distribuidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar Enterobacteriaceae en el líquido ruminal de vacas lecheras y terneras alimentadas con diferentes dietas de forrajes tropicales. Se recolectaron muestras de fluido ruminal de 30 vacas alimentadas con ensilaje de sorgo y concentrado, 32 vacas alimentadas con Brachiaria brizantha, 12 terneras alimentadas con ensilaje de sorgo con concentrado y 11 terneras alimentadas con caña de azúcar. Se obtuvieron 15 ml de fluido ruminal de cada animal con la punción del rumen con catéteres y jeringas estériles, que después de diluciones decimales fueron inoculados en placas con agar MacConkey a 37 °C durante 72 h. Las terneras que recibían el sorgo ensilado tenía un mayor índice de detección y una mayor concentración en el rumen (8,4 x 10(6) unidades formadoras de colonias UFC / ml) en comparación con las vacas alimentadas con la misma dieta (1,4 x 10(5) UFC/ml). En las vacas evaluadas, Enterobacter spp. fue el género más frecuente para los animales criados en pastos, mientras Klebsiella spp. era más común en vacas alimentadas con sorgo ensilado. Enterobacter spp. y Proteus spp. fueron observados en la mayoría de los aislados de terneras (P < 0,01). Estudios a futuro deben dilucidar las diferencias en la población de estos microorganismos para maximizar la productividad y la salud de ganado alimentado con estas dietas.

O insucesso na obtenção do estande ideal é uma das causas da diminuição do rendimento das culturas. Nesse sentido, torna-se importante investigar os efeitos gênicos relacionados à qualidade de sementes. No presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação e o efeito recíproco (ER) da qualidade de sementes de milho-pipoca e a correlação entre os testes de germinação e de vigor com a emergência no campo, visando à obtenção de híbridos com maior germinação e vigor. Avaliaram-se dez linhagens em cruzamento dialélico completo, com recíprocos. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação (TG), computando-se plântulas normais fortes (PNft) e fracas (PNfr), anormais (PA) e sementes não germinadas (SNG) e pelos testes de vigor de frio modificado (TFM), foram avaliadas plántulas normais (PNF) e anormais (PAF) e sementes não germinadas (SNGF) e pela matéria seca das plántulas (MS). De acordo com a análise de variância a CGC, a CEC e o ER foram significativos para todas as variáveis. Os componentes quadráticos relacionados aos efeitos de CEC foram maiores que os relacionados com a CGC para as características PNfr, PA, SNG, PAF e SNGF, indicando a maior significância dos efeitos não-aditivos. As estimativas mais favoráveis para CGC, foram expressas pelas linhagens P3 e L70. As melhores combinações híbridas: P1xL70, P3xP6 e P8xL70. O ER demonstrou que nos híbridos P1xL70 e P3xP6 as linhagens L70 e P3 devem ser utilizadas como genitora feminina nesses cruzamentos, respectivamente. A maior estimativa de correlação com a emergência em campo ocorreu para TFM, com magnitude de 0.667.

The failure to obtain the ideal stand is one of the causes of decreased crop yields, in this sense it is important to investigate the genetic effects related to seed quality. The aim of this study was to measure the general combining ability (GCA), the specific combining ability (SCA) and the reciprocal effects (RE) for popcorn seed quality in addition to evaluate the association between germination and vigor tests with field emergencein order to identify hybrids with better germination and vigour. Ten inbred lines were evaluated using a complete diallel cross with reciprocals. Seed quality was measured by germination tests (GT) and by modified cold vigour tests (MCV). In the GT, the numbers of strong normal seedlings (SNS), weak normal (WNS), abnormal (AS) and ungerminated seeds (UGS) were counted. In the MCV, the numbers of normal seedlings (NPC), abnormal (ASC) and ungerminated seeds (UGSC) were counted, and the plants' dry matter (DM) was measured. Analysis of variance for GCA, SCA and RE were significant for all variables. The quadratic components for SCA were higher than those for GCA for the SNS, AS, UGS, ASC and UGSC traits, which indicates higher significance for the non-additive effects. The most favourable GCA estimates, were found in lines P3 and L70. The best hybrids were P1xL70, P3xP6 and P8xL70. The RE results showed that L70 and P3 should be used as the female parent in the P1xL70 and P3xP6 hybrid crosses, respectively. The MCV was the test that was most strongly correlated with field emergence, with a magnitude of 0.667.

Os efeitos da localização do alvo e da incerteza quanto à posição do alvo em movimentos de alcance foram investigados. Dez adultos permaneceram em pé em frente a um monitor sensível ao toque. Eles foram instruídos a pressionar com o dedo indicador direito um interruptor e tocar o centro do alvo apresentado no monitor após ele acender, movendo o membro superior rapidamente. O alvo foi mostrado ipsi ou contralateralmente e os participantes tinham ou não certeza sobre a posição do alvo. O tempo de reação (TR) e movimento (TM) e o erro radial (ER) foram avaliados. Os resultados revelaram menor TR (≈35 ms) e ER (≈0,19 cm) para a condição de certeza e maiores TR (≈8 ms) e TM (≈18 ms) para os moimentos ao alvo contralateral. Concluindo, esses achados mostraram que os efeitos da incerteza da localização e a posição final do alvo podem ser aplicados para movimentos de alcance na posição ereta.

The effects of target location and uncertainty of target position on reaching movements while standing were investigated. Ten healthy, right-handed adults stood facing a 17'' touchscreen. They were instructed to press with their right index fingertip a push bottom and touch the center of the target displayed on the screen after it was lighted on, moving quickly their arm. The target was shown either ipsi- or contralateral to the right arm and either in a certain or uncertain position. Reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and radial error (RE) were assessed. Results revealed shorter RT (≈ 35 ms) and smaller RE (≈ 0.19 cm) for certain than for uncertain condition and slightly longer RT (≈ 8 ms) and MT (≈ 18 ms) for reaches towards the contralateral target. In conclusion, the findings of this study showing the effect of uncertainty of target location as well as target position are also applied to arm reaching in standing position.

Los efectos de la ubicación de la diana y la incertidumbre acerca de la posición de la diana en los movimientos de alcance fueron investigados. Diez adultos sanos y diestros estaban frente a una pantalla táctil de 17''. Se les instruyó para presionar un interruptor con el dedo índice derecho y tocar el centro de la diana que aparece en la pantalla después de haber sido iluminado, moviéndo rápidamente su miembro superior. La diana fue mostrada ya sea ipsi o contralateralmente y los participantes tenían o no certidumbre sobre la posición de la misma. El tiempo de reacción (TR), el tiempo de movimiento (TM), y el error radial (ER) fueron evaluados. Los resultados revelaron ser más cortos TR (≈ 35 ms) y RE menor (≈ 0,19cm) en la condición de certeza y mayores TR (≈ 8 ms) y TM (≈ 18 ms) en los movimientos hacia la meta contralateral. En conclusión, los hallazgos de este estudio que muestra los efectos de la incertidumbre de la ubicación de la diana, así como la posición de la diana se aplican también a movimientos de alcance en la posición erecta.

The flaviviral envelope proteins, E protein and precursor membrane protein, are mainly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through two transmembrane (TM) domains that are exposed to the luminal face of this compartment. Their retention is associated with the viral assembly process. ER-retrieval motifs were mapped at the carboxy terminus of these envelope proteins. A recombinant yellow fever (YF) 17D virus expressing the reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the stem-anchor (SA) region of E protein fused to its carboxy terminus was subjected to distinct genetic mutations in the SA sequence to investigate their effect on ER retention. Initially, we introduced progressive deletions of the stem elements (H1, CS and H2). In a second set of mutants, the effect of a length increase for the first TM anchor region was evaluated either by replacing it with the longer TM of human LAMP-1 or by the insertion of the VALLLVA sequence into its carboxy terminus. We did not detect any effect on the GFP localisation in the cell, which remained associated with the ER. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the causes of the ER retention of recombinant proteins expressed at the intergenic E/NS1 region of the YF 17D virus polyprotein.