ABSTRACT. French lavender (Lavandula dentata L.) is of great ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic interest. It is generally propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings. When using artificial lighting, a specific light composition can modify the entire plant phenology and is a factor that can be managed in controlled conditions. This study evaluated the rooting of stem cuttings and growth of lavender under four spectral LED lights. The LED lights used were: T0 (white LED, Roblan®), T1 (AP67 Milky, Valoya®), T2 (NS1, Valoya®), and T3 (AP673L Milky, Valoya®). The first phase evaluated the rooting of stem cuttings and initial development. The plants were then transferred to plastic pots to evaluate plant growth. In both rooting and growing phases, the plant morphological characteristics and water and light efficiencies were evaluated. Nutrient-uptake efficiencies were also evaluated after the growing phase. It was observed that cuttings rooted under the influence of T1 showed greater height. After the growing phase, plants under T3 showed better results in electricity use efficiency, water use efficiency, and nutrient-uptake efficiency and less nitrate leaching. They also presented more uniform growth with a compact canopy. Thus, T1 was better for the stem cuttings rooting phase, while T3 was better for growth and energy efficiency.

Resumen El presente estudio evaluó el efecto de la inoculación de hongos micorrízicos arbuscu lares (AMF) en el crecimiento y la nutrición de plántulas de Euterpe edulis en ausencia y presencia de fertilización con fosfato. El experimento se realizó en invernadero. El diseño de bloques al azar, consistió en un arreglo factorial 3x2, con 4 repeticiones, dos dosis de fósforo (0 y 50 mg dm-3 de suelo), dos tratamientos microbiológicos (Rhizophagus clarus; Claroideoglomus etunicatum; R. clarus + C. etunicatum) y un testigo (sin hongos). La siembra y la inoculación ocurrieron simultáneamente en bolsas de plástico de 2 kg. Después de 226 días, se determinó altura, diámetro de cuello, área foliar, masa seca del brote, el contenido de macronutrientes y el porcentaje de colonización micorrízica. R. clarus resultó superior, considerándose entonces una especie fúngica beneficiosa para las plántulas de E. edulis. En ausencia de fertilización con fosfato, R. clarus y el inóculo mixto aumentaron todas las variables biométricas en comparación con el testigo. Además, se observó un aumento en el contenido de macronutrientes en las plántulas.

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth and nutrition of Euterpe edulis seedlings, supplemented or not with phosphate fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The randomized block design, consisted of a 3x2 factorial arrangement and 4 replicates, with two phosphorus doses (0 and 50 mg dm-3 of soil), two microbiological treatments (Rhizophagus clarus; Claroideoglomus etunicatum; R. clarus + C. etunicatum) and control (without fungus). Sowing and inoculation occurred concurrently in 2 kg plastic bags. Height, collar diameter, leaf area, dry shoot mass, macronutrient content and mycorrhizal colonization percentage were determined after 226 days. Regarding mycorrhizal colonization percentage, R. clarus resulted significantly beneficial for the production of E. edulis seedlings. In the absence of phosphate fertilization, R. clarus and mixed inoculum increased all biometric variables and macronutrient contents in seedlings. Therefore, it is concluded that AMF inoculations provide beneficial effects for growth and nutrition of E. edulis seedlings, resulting in more vigorous plants at a low-cost strategy.

Resumo O potássio é um nutriente que afeta o crescimento e a qualidade dos frutos do abacaxizeiro. O estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade de frutos em abacaxizeiro ‘Vitória’ submetido à aplicação de doses de potássio. O experimento foi realizado de maio de 2017 a novembro de 2018, em São Francisco do Itabapoana (RJ), Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de K2O: 0; 6; 12; 18 e 24 g planta-1, aplicadas na forma de KCl, parceladas em duas aplicações, após a indução floral. As massas frescas do fruto e da coroa, os diâmetros do fruto e do cilindro central,os comprimentos do fruto e da coroa, a acidez titulável, os sólidos solúveis, a vitamina C, o pH do suco e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável foram avaliados. A adubação potássica promoveu maiores comprimento, diâmetro e massa de fruto. Os valores de acidez titulável, dos sólidos solúveis e da vitamina C aumentaram linearmente em função das doses de potássio. A adubação potássica promove a melhoria da qualidade dos frutos de abacaxizeiro ‘Vitória’ em condições de campo.

Abstract Potassium is a mineral nutrient that affects the growth and quality of pineapple fruits. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of ‘Vitória’ pineapple fruits submitted to application of potassium doses. The experiment was carried out from May 2017 to November 2018, in the municipality of São Francisco do Itabapoana (RJ), Brazil. The design was randomized blocks, with four replicates. Treatments were five K2O doses: 0; 6; 12; 18 and 24 g plant-1, applied as KCl, split into two applications after flower induction. Fruit and crown fresh masses, fruit and crown diameters, fruit and crown lengths, titratable acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C, juice pH and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio were evaluated. Potassium fertilization promoted greater fruit length, diameter and mass. Titratable acidity, soluble solids and vitamin C values increased linearly as a function of potassium doses. Potassium fertilization improves the quality of ‘Vitória’ pineapple fruits under field conditions.

ABSTRACT Molybdenum (Mo) availability is strongly affected by soil pH, which determines the dynamics of electrical charges and the adsorption of molybdate. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) and Mo application on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Amarelo (Oxisol) and in Coffea canephora nutrition and productivity throughout two productive cycles under field conditions. The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, the first factor being the absence and presence (4 kg ha-1 yr-1) of molybdic fertilization and the second factor was the N dose (300, 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 kg ha-1 yr-1). At the end of each production cycle, soil samples were collected to evaluate the pH(H2O), pH(KCl), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic matter, and Mo, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. Leaves were sampled from the coffee tree to determine Mo and N contents and the coffee beans were harvested to evaluate the yield of processed coffee. The results showed that urea has a high potential for soil acidification, influencing the values of exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, and ∆pH, at layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The decrease in pH caused by increasing doses of N increased the density of positive electrical charges of the soil and reduced Mo content in the leaves of C. canephora by 67 %. The application of sodium molybdate via soil was efficient in providing Mo to Conilon coffee and provided a 3.7 % increase in the yield of processed coffee. Nevertheless, molybdic fertilization did not influence the Mo content in the soil in the evaluations carried out at the end of each production cycle.

ABSTRACT. To diagnose and monitor the nutritional status of commercial crops, reference standards must be established based on chemical analyses of soils and leaf tissues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish sufficiency ranges, DRIS standards and leaf nutritional diagnoses for palisade grass pastures in the rainy and dry seasons. Of a total of 105 sampled pastures, the 20 highest-yielding areas were used to establish reference standards. In the other, low-productivity pastures, the nutritional status was diagnosed in both the rainy and dry seasons for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn). A productivity of 15 tons ha-1 year-1 was determined as the threshold to separate high-yielding (> 15 tons ha-1 year-1) pastures from low-productivity pastures (< 15 tons ha-1 year-1). Sufficiency ranges and foliar DRIS standards were established for palisade grass pastures in the rainy and dry seasons, which resulted in the recommendation of region- and season-specific sufficiency ranges and DRIS leaf standards. In the rainy season, in more than 50% of the evaluated pastures, nutritional deficiencies in all nutrients except K, B and Zn were observed, while in the dry season, only N, P, Cu, and Mn were deficient.

RESUMO O potássio (K) é um dos macronutrientes mais exigido pelos cultivos agrícolas sendo o cloreto de potássio a fonte mais utilizada. No entanto, esse fertilizante não é recomendado para diversas culturas devido ao seu alto teor de cloro promover perdas na qualidade do produto final, sendo substituído pelo sulfato de potássio. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a produção, os teores de macronutrientes, de óleos essenciais e de linalol em frutos de coentro submetidos a diferentes fontes e doses de potássio. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em caixas de plásticos com capacidade de 46 kg, tendo uma mistura de solo com areia como substrato. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x4, sendo duas fontes de potássio (cloreto e sulfato de potássio) e quatro doses (50, 100, 150 e 200 mg de K/kg de substrato), com quatro repetições. As maiores produtividades de frutos, teor de fósforo e de enxofre nos frutos foram obtidos em plantas adubadas com K2SO4. A aplicação de doses crescentes de potássio, independente da fonte, resultou em aumento no teor de K, decréscimo nos teores de Ca e não afetou os teores de N e Mg nos frutos. A maior concentração de óleos essenciais nos frutos (0,15 g) e linalol nos óleos essenciais (0,42 mg), foram obtidas quando se aplicou, respectivamente, 153,8 e 131,3 mg de K/kg de substrato, utilizando-se K2SO4.

ABSTRACT Potassium (K) is one of the most required agricultural crop macronutrients, with potassium chloride being the most applied source. However, this fertilizer is not recommended for several crops due to its high chlorine content, promoting final product quality losses, thus being replaced by potassium sulphate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the production and macronutrient, essential oil and linalool contents of coriander fruits submitted to different potassium sources and doses. The research was performed in a greenhouse, in plastic 46 kg boxes applying a mixture of soil and sand as substrate. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, applying a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with two potassium sources (potassium chloride and sulphate) at four doses (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of K/kg substrate), performing four replicates. The highest fruit yields, and phosphorus and sulfur fruit contents were verified in plants fertilized with K2SO4. The application of increasing potassium doses, regardless of the source, resulted in increased K and decreased Ca contents and did not affect N and Mg fruit levels in the fruits. The highest essential oil concentration in fruits (0.15 g) and linalool in essential oils (0.42 mg) were verified when 153.8 and 131.3 mg of K/kg substrate using K2SO4 were applied, respectively.

Resumo As coroas de frutos de abacaxi são muito pouco utilizadas como material de plantio no Brasil. No entanto, podem servir para a produção de mudas em situações de escassez de material de plantio de qualidade adequada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e o estado nutricional de rebentos precoces de diferentes tamanhos produzidos em coroas de abacaxi com adubação nitrogenada bem como verificar as variáveis morfológicas e o estado nutricional das coroas de abacaxi da cv. Smooth Cayenne, após a extirpação do seu meristema apical. Ainda, avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes de adubo nitrogenado sobre o rendimento, vigor e qualidade nutricional das mudas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro doses de nitrogênio (5, 10, 15 e 20 g de ureia por vaso), quatro comprimentos mínimos para colheita de rebentos (10, 15, 20 e 25 cm), com quatro repetições. Em condições de cultivo em pleno sol, as coroas produziram 18,11 e 6,83 rebentos com 10 e 25 cm de comprimento, respectivamente, até 380 dias após o plantio e extirpação do meristema apical. Os tamanhos de colheita dos rebentos influenciam sobre a massa seca da raiz e do caule das coroas. A adubação nitrogenada aumenta os teores de N e influencia negativamente os teores foliares de P, K, Ca e S das coroas do abacaxizeiro ‘Smooth Cayenne’.

Abstract Pineapple fruit crowns are rarely used as planting material in Brazil. However, they can be used to produce plantlet in situations of scarcity of planting material of adequate quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the production and nutritional status of early shoots of different sizes produced from ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple crowns with nitrogen fertilization after the removal of its apical meristem. The experimental design adopted was that of randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four nitrogen doses (5, 10, 15 and 20 g of urea per pot), four minimum shoot lengths at harvesting (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm), with four replicates. Under full sun cultivation conditions, crowns produced 18.11 and 6.83 shoots with 10 and 25 cm in length, respectively, up to 380 days after planting and removal of the apical meristem. Pineapple shoots harvested at 180 days presented better biometric quality and can be harvested up to 380 days after crown planting. Increasing urea doses reduce P, K and Ca levels in the dry mass of shoots.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a influência das deficiências de macronutrientes e de boro nas características físico-química dos frutos de abacaxizeiro da cultivar Vitória. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (solução completa, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S e -B) e seis repetições. A condução do experimento foi de outubro de 2016 a março de 2018, e as variáveis avaliadas foram: massas frescas do fruto e da coroa, diâmetro do fruto, comprimentos do fruto e da coroa, volume e massa do suco, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), vitamina C, pH do suco e relação SS/AT. Todos os tratamentos com deficiência de nutrientes reduziram a massa fresca do fruto. Nos tratamentos -N e -Ca houve redução de 41,9 e 35,3%, respectivamente, na massa fresca da coroa. O diâmetro dos frutos sob deficiência de N, K e Mg, foi menor, já o comprimento do fruto, os sólidos solúveis e o pH do suco foram menores no tratamento deficiente em N. Deficiências isoladas de cada um dos macronutrientes e de B reduziram a massa fresca do fruto inteiro e do fruto sem coroa. O nutriente que mais limitou o tamanho e qualidade do fruto de abacaxizeiro ‘Vitória’ foi o nitrogênio.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of macronutrient and boron deficiencies on physico-chemical characteristics of pineapple fruits, ‘Vitoria’ cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatments (complete solution, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S and -B) and six replicates. The experiment was conducted from October 2016 to March 2018, and the variables evaluated were: fresh fruit and crown mass, fruit diameter, fruit and crown length, juice volume and mass, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), vitamin C, juice pH and SS/TA ratio. All treatments with nutrient deficiency reduced the fresh fruit mass. In treatments -N and -Ca there was a reduction of 41.9 and 35.3%, respectively, in the crown fresh mass. Fruits diameter under N, K and Mg deficiency was lower, fruit length, soluble solids and juice pH were lower in treatment with N deficiency. Isolated deficiencies of each of the macronutrients and B reduced the mass of the whole fruit and the crownless fruit. The nutrient that most limited the size and quality of ‘Vitoria’ pineapple fruit was nitrogen.

ABSTRACT Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don (Madagascar periwinkle) belongs to the Apocynaceace family and is widely spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plant produces several important alkaloids, such as ajmalicine and serpentine, which are used in the treatment of circulatory diseases. The potential of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen fertilization to enhance the production of alkaloids was investigated in periwinkle. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and N fertilizer dosages on plant growth, production of ajmalicine, and nutrient content in roots. The concentration of ajmalicine was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four microbiological treatments (control - without mycorrhiza; Claroideoglomus etunicatum; Rhizophagus intraradices; mixed inoculum - Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita), and four N fertilizer dosages (15, 30, 60, and 120 mg kg-1) with four replications. Catharanthus roseus growth was higher when plants were inoculated with mixed inoculum (R. intraradices + G. margarita) and C. etunicatum. The mixed inoculum (R. intraradices + G. margarita) and C. etunicatum, combined with N fertilization, enhanced ajmalicine yield. Catharanthus roseus inoculated with mycorrhiza showed increased P absorption and reduced N content.

RESUMO A recuperação de diferentes ecossistemas degradados demanda pesquisas com espécies florestais nativas que possam subsidiar programas de recuperação florestal. A produção de mudas com espécies arbóreas nativas em associação com os microrganismos do solo é uma importante técnica para a reabilitação desses ambientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e nutrição fosfatada sobre o crescimento e conteúdos nutricionais de mudas de paricá [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. O experimento casa de vegetação por um período de 75 dias, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, inoculação com os FMAs: Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, inóculo misto (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) e controle (sem FMAs); quatro doses de P: 0, 60, 120 e 180 mg dm-3 de solo, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura, matéria seca da parte área (MSPA), matéria seca da raiz (MSR), área foliar (AF), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e os conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea. As mudas de paricá apresentaram maior porcentagem de colonização para Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto (80 e 90%, respectivamente), diferentemente do observado para a espécie Gigaspora margarita, com menor porcentagem (20%). O Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto, na ausência de P, propiciaram incremento para as variáveis de crescimento em relação ao controle. Os conteúdos de N, P, Ca e Mg foram influenciados pelos FMAs e pelas doses de P.

ABSTRACT The recovery of degraded ecosystems demands research with native species that can support forest restoration programs. The production of seedlings with native tree species in association with soil microorganisms is an important technique for the rehabilitation of these environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus nutrition on growth and nutrient content of paricá seedlings [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for a period of 75 days, using a completely randomized design in a factorial 4x4, inoculation with AMF: Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, mixed inoculum (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) and control (without AMF), four P doses: 0, 60, 120 and 180 mg dm-3 soil, with four replications. The variables height, dry matter area, root dry matter, leaf area, stem diameter and the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in shoots, were evaluated. Paricá seedlings showed higher colonization percentage for Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum (80 and 90%, respectively), different from that observed for the species Gigaspora margarita, with a lower percentage (20%). The Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum, in the absence of P, increased the growth variables relative to the control plants. The contents of N, P, Ca and Mg were influenced by the AMF and by the doses of P.

RESUMO O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar diferentes manejos de adubação em dez progênies de maracujazeiro-azedo do terceiro ciclo de seleção recorrente e seus efeitos sobre variáveis de produção e qualidade de frutos. Para isso lançou-se mão da estratégia da análise de correlações via correlações fenotípicas e de trilha, em diferentes condições de ambiente caracterizados por três níveis de adubação. O ensaio foi montado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso num esquema de parcelas subdivididas com as progênies nas parcelas e os três níveis de adubação potássica e nitrogenada nas subparcelas, com três repetições. Observou-se através da análise de trilha que a variável número de frutos foi a que apresentou a correlação de maior magnitude com o diâmetro do fruto na adubação I, entretanto o peso do fruto e o peso da polpa correlacionaram-se entre si e com outras variáveis como o comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos nos três níveis de adubação, exceto o número de frutos que correlacionou com a variável nitrogênio e potássio apenas na adubação II. A análise de trilha, também mostrou que a variável diâmetro do fruto (3,125) apresentou maior efeito direto sobre a produtividade na adubação I. Entretanto o peso de frutos e o número de frutos apresentaram na adubação II os maiores efeitos diretos de 2,964 e 1,134 sobre a produtividade, respectivamente, e o número de frutos apresentou alta correlação fenotípica e efeito direto com a produtividade nos três níveis de adubação, de (0,528) na adubação I, de (2,206) na adubação II e de (0,928) na adubação III, evidenciando o maior efeito direto com a adubação II, indicando que no nível da adubação II pode proporcionar ganhos satisfatórios na variável produtividade, sendo recomendada para a população em questão.

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate different fertilization-management strategies in ten progenies of passion fruit from the third recurrent selection cycle and their effects on yield and fruit-quality traits. For this purpose, we adopted the strategy of correlations analysis, using the phenotypic and path correlations in different environmental conditions characterized by three levels of fertilization. The trial was set up as a randomized-block design in a split-plot arrangement with progenies representing the plots and three levels of potassium-nitrogen fertilization as the sub-plots, with three replicates. Path analysis showed that number of fruits was the variable of highest correlation with fruit diameter at fertilization I. Fruit weight and pulp weight were correlated with each other and with other traits like fruit length and fruit diameter at the three fertilization levels, except for number of fruits, which was correlated with nitrogen and potassium only at fertilization II. Path analysis also revealed that fruit diameter (3.125) showed the highest direct effect on yield at fertilization I. However, fruit weight and number of fruits showed, at fertilization II, the highest direct effects of 2.964 and 1.134 on yield, respectively, and number of fruits had a high phenotypic correlation and direct effect on yield at the three fertilization levels: 0.528 at fertilization I; 2.206 at fertilization II; and 0.928 at fertilization III. The results demonstrate the greater direct effect obtained with fertilization II, suggesting that the level adopted at fertilization II can provide satisfactory gains in yield and is thus recommended for the population in question.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento e os teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg em mudas de cedro australiano em resposta à inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), em diferentes tipos de recipientes. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com esquemafatorial de 4x 4 sendo: quatro tratamentos de inoculação com FMAs (Rhizophagus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, inóculo misto (R. clarum + G margarita) e o controle (sem inoculação com FMAs); quatro tipos de recipientes (sacosplásticos de 250 cm3, tubetes de 55 e 130 cm3 e bloco prensado 440 cm3. planta-1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas altura, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca da raiz (MSR) e massa seca total (MST), índice de qualidade de Dickson, porcentagem de colonização micorrízica e teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na massa seca da parte aérea. Observou-se, aos 138 dias após a semeadura, maior crescimento e/ou maiores teores de P, K e Ca na massa seca da parte aérea das mudas de cedro australiano cultivadas no recipiente bloco prensado e inoculadas com a mistura de duas espécies de FMAs (G margarita + R. clarum) ou com R. clarum. Os FMAs podem contribuir significativamente para a produção de mudas de cedro australiano.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the growth and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in Australian cedar seedlings which had been inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different types of containers. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and the experimental design was that of randomized complete blocks (RCB), with a 4 x 4 factorial design consisting of four inoculation treatments with AMF (Rhizophagus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed inoculation (R. clarum + G. margarita) and the control (with no AMF inoculation); four types of containers (plastic bags measuring 250 cm3, tubes of 55 and 130 cm3 and pressed blocks 440 cm3. plant-1), with four repetitions. The height, the diameter of the stem base, the aerial part dry weight (APDW), the dry weight of the root (DWR) and the total plant dry weight (DW) were measured, along with the Dickson quality index, the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the aerial part dry weight. One hundred and thirty eight days (138) days after sowing, the greatest growth and/or the highest levels of P, K and Ca could be observed in the aerial part dry weight of the Australian cedar seedlings which had been planted in the pressed block container and inoculated with a mixture of the two AMF species (G. margarita + R. clarum) or with just R. clarum. Thus it can be seen that AMF can make a significant contribution to the production of Australian cedar seedlings.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de mudas de cedro-australiano quanto à capacidade de crescimento, nutrição e produção de fenóis totais inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). Realizou-se experimento em casa de vegetação com três tratamentos compostos por Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum testados de forma isolada e quatro tratamentos compostos pela combinação destas espécies: Gigaspora margarita +Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum e Gigaspora margarita + Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum. Todos os tratamentos com o inóculo fúngico foram avaliados sem a adição de fósforo no substrato. Em comparação, foram utilizadas três testemunhas (sem fungo) contendo três doses de fósforo: 0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3, totalizando dez tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Após 140 dias de germinação, foi observado que todas as espécies de FMAs inoculadas de forma isolada ou combinada promoveram benefícios significativos no crescimento, nutrição e produção de fenóis totais nas mudas de cedro-australiano em solos contendo baixa disponibilidade de fósforo. A mistura no solo de Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum foi capaz de proporcionar incrementos significativos no desenvolvimento das plantas na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, obtendo-se desempenhos superiores ou equivalentes às plantas testemunhas não micorrizadas e cultivadas em solos adubados com fósforo. Isto sugere que os FMAs podem promover redução na adubação fosfatada no processo de produção de mudas de cedro-australiano.

This study aimed to evaluate the Australian red cedar seedlings for their ability to growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds under arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with three treatments consisting of Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum in single inoculation, and four treatments composed by the combination of these species, Gigaspora margarita +Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum + Glomus clarum. All treatments with the fungal inoculum were evaluated without addition of phosphorus in the substrate. In comparison, three treatment controls were used (without fungus) containing three levels of phosphorus: 0, 50 and 100 mg dm-3, performing ten treatments. The experimental design was in random blocks with five replicates. After 140 days of germination, it was observed that all species of AMF inoculated alone or in combination, led to significant benefits on growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds in Australian red cedar seedlings in soils containing low phosphorus availability. The mixture in the soil of Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus clarum was able to provide significant increases in plant growth in most parameters assessed, resulting in performance equivalent or higher than non-mycorrhizal and control plants grown in soil fertilized with phosphorus. This suggests that AMF can promote reduction in phosphorus addition during the production of Australian red cedar seedlings.

A composição de comunidades e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como o clima, a biota do solo e as plantas hospedeiras. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da revegetação de uma cava de extração de argila com Sesbania virgata (SV) em plantios puro e consorciado com Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) e Acacia mangium (AM), na composição e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina (PSRG). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantio puro de SV - 100SV; consórcio de SV + EC - 50SV:50EC; consórcio de SV + AM - 50SV:50AM; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea - ADVE), com três repetições. A revegetação da cava de extração de argila com SV, em plantios puro ou consorciado, reduziu a abundância de esporos e a dominância de espécies (Índice de Simpson - IDS) e aumentou a riqueza de espécies de FMAs e o índice de diversidade de Shannon e Wiener. Além disso, aumentou a quantidade de proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina, quando comparada a área degradada com vegetação espontânea.

The community composition and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be affected by several factors, including the climate, soil biota and host plants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Sesbania virgata (SV) revegetation in pure and intercropped with plantation Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) and Acacia mangium (AM), in the composition and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the amount glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in an area damaged by clay extraction. The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments (planting pure SV - 100SV); consortium of SV + EC - 50SV: 50EC; consortium AM SV + - 50SV: 50AM) and degraded area with natural vegetation - ADVE) and three replications. Revegetation of mining digging clay with SV in pure or intercropped planting reduced the abundance of spores and increased species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, increased the amount of glomalin-related soil protein compared with the degraded area and spontaneous vegetation.

O desconhecimento de tecnologias, que permitam melhorias no manejo da cultura da pinha, principalmente no que se refere às épocas de podas e métodos de polinização, limita o crescimento da área plantada desta fruta no Brasil. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de frutos de pinha em função de épocas de poda e de métodos de polinização. O experimento foi conduzido no município de São Francisco do Itabapoana-RJ, no período compreendido entre abril de 2001 e fevereiro de 2002. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 5x3, sendo cinco épocas de poda (maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro de 2001) e três métodos de polinização (Polinização aberta ou natural; Polinização com pincel macio, realizada diretamente na flor, e Polinização realizada com bomba polinizadora), com quatro repetições. O comprimento e o diâmetro dos ramos foram influenciados pela época de poda. Os dois métodos de polinização artificial aumentaram a porcentagem de fecundação de frutos. O florescimento foi influenciado pela época de poda. Em média, o pico de desenvolvimento dos frutos foi verificado com aproximadamente 50 dias após a polinização e foi superior quando se utilizou a polinização artificial.

The lack of technologies that allow improvements in sugar-apple culture management, mainly regarding to pruning time and pollination methods, restricts the growth of the cultivated area with this fruit in Brazil. In this sense, the aim is of evaluating sugar-apple fruit development and growth on the basis of pruning time and pollination methods. The experiment was conducted in the city of São Francisco do Itabapoana-RJ, in the period from April 2001 to February 2002. The experimental design was randomized blocks design (RBD), with plots subdivided in 5x3 factorial scheme, being five times of pruning (May, June, July, August and September 2001) and three pollination methods (natural pollination; pollination with soft brush, held directly in flower and pollination with pump), with four replications. The length and diameter of the branches were influenced by the pruning season. Both artificial pollination methods increased the percentage of fruit fertilization. Flowering was influenced by pruning time. On average, the peak of fruit development was verified about 50 days after pollination and it was higher when artificial pollination was used.