ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the correlation between human development and dental caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren from the twenty-seven Brazilian states and to analyze the spatial distribution of these variables. Material and Methods: This was an ecological study using secondary data from the National Epidemiological Oral Health Survey 2010 and from the United Nations Development Program. Human development was measured by the Human Development Index (HDI) and dental caries by the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT). Dental caries prevalence and experience at the age of 12, and state HDI were entered into Google Sheets® and Google My Maps® for map creation. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation (HDI and DMFT, DMFT individual components, prevalence of dental caries and prevalence of dental pain) (p<0.05). Results: Prevalence of dental caries ranged from 37.3% to 78.2% among the states. Dental caries was more prevalent in Rondônia (78.2%) and less prevalent in Santa Catarina (37.3%). Mean DMFT ranged from 1.06 to 4.81, with the highest value in Rondônia (4.81) and the lowest in Distrito Federal (1.06). HDI ranged from 0.631 (Alagoas) to 0.863 (Distrito Federal). There were negative correlations between HDI and dental caries (r=-0.504), dental caries experience (r=-0.459), decayed (r=-0.441) and missing (r=-0.441) components of the DMFT (p<0.05). Conclusion: Higher human development of the region lower dental caries experience and prevalence in 12-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar, por meio de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, as áreas atingidas pelas inundações ocorridas no período do verão de 2008/2009 na região Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens dos sensores TM Landsat-5 e CCD CBERS-2B adquiridas antes e após a ocorrência das inundações. Nessas imagens foram aplicadas o Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral - MLME para realçar as áreas ocupadas com os corpos d'água. Concluiu-se que, após comparar a imagem TM do dia 26/07/2007 (sem inundação) com as imagens TM (17/11/2008) e CCD (20/01/2009) tomadas depois do período chuvoso na região, o espelho d'água da região sofreu um incremento de 2,61 vezes, correspondendo a área total de 99.000 ha atingida pelas águas.

This study aimed to identify and to quantify the flooded area in the 2008/2009 summer period in the Norte Fluminense region, Rio de Janeiro state using remote sensing images. For this, Landsat-5 TM and CBERS-2B CCD images acquired before and after flooding occurrence were used. In these images, the Linear Spectral Mixture Model - LSMM was applied in order to highlight the areas occupied by water bodies. It was concluded that the water bodies in the region suffered an increment of 2.61 times corresponding to 99,000 ha of total area of water surface based on the comparison of the TM image acquired on July 26, 2007 (without flooding) with TM acquired on November 17, 2008 and with the CCD image of January 20, 2009 acquired after the rainy season in this region.

Abstract The work reported in the present paper was performed to honor the centennial of the flight by Alberto Santos Dumont with his 14-Bis aircraft. The paper describes results for a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the 14-Bis aircraft aerodynamics and flight stability. The 14-Bis aircraft geometry was generated from historical sources and observations. CFD computations were performed using well-established commercial codes for calculation of the historical flight conditions. Simulations considered a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes formulation, in which turbulence closure was achieved by using Menter's model. The flight conditions investigated were primarily concerned with historical observations regarding flight speeds and the need for a more powerful engine, as well as flight stability characteristics of the 14-Bis airplane, which are unknown up to the present day. The results led to qualitative agreement with historical reports, although quite interesting conclusions could be drawn with regard to the actual aerodynamic flight speeds and the aircraft stability parameters.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dados multitemporais, obtidos pelo sensor "moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer" (MODIS), para o estudo da dinâmica espaço-temporal de duas sub-regiões do bioma Pantanal. Foram utilizadas 139 imagens "enhanced vegetation index" (EVI), do produto MOD13 "vegetation index", dados de altimetria oriundos do "shuttle radar topography mission" (SRTM) e dados de precipitação do "tropical rainfall measuring mission" (TRMM). Para a redução da dimensionalidade dos dados, as imagens MODIS-EVI foram amostradas com base nas curvas de nível espaçadas em 10 m. Foram aplicadas as técnicas de análise de autocorrelação e análise de agrupamentos aos dados das amostras, e a análise de componentes principais na área total da imagem. Houve dependência tanto temporal quanto espacial da resposta espectral com a precipitação. A análise de agrupamentos apontou a presença de dois grupos, o que indicou a necessidade da análise completa da área. A análise de componentes principais permitiu diferenciar quatro comportamentos distintos: as áreas permanentemente alagadas; as áreas não inundáveis, compostas por vegetação; as áreas inundáveis com maior resposta de vegetação; e áreas com vegetação ripária.

The objective of this work was to evaluate multitemporal data, obtained by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, for the study of spatial-temporal dynamics in two subregions of the Pantanal biome. One hundred and thirty nine enhanced vegetation index (EVI) images, from MOD13 vegetation index product, altimetry data from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) and tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) precipitation data were used. In order to reduce data dimensionality, MODIS EVI images were sampled based on contour lines spacing of 10 m. The autocorrelation and cluster analysis were used for spatial and temporal evaluation of the samples; and the principal components analysis was applied to all dataset for spatial and temporal analysis. Results showed a spatial and temporal dependence between spectral response and precipitation. The cluster analysis indicated two spatial groups, suggesting the need for the analysis of the entire study area. The principal components analysis allowed to distinguish four behaviors: the areas permanently flooded; nonflooded areas composed by vegetation; flooded areas with higher spectral vegetation response; and riparian vegetation areas.

Objetivou-se verificar a influência da inclusão de diferentes níveis do ionóforo monensina sódica na dieta sobre os parâmetros ruminal, sangüíneo e urinário e a digestibilidade aparente em novilhas leiteiras. Foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal (imediatamente antes e duas horas após a alimentação), sangue, urina e fezes de 28 novilhas da raça Holandesa mantidas em regime de confinamento por 84 dias. As dietas possuíam 32,84% de concentrado (grão de milho, farelo de soja, uréia e mistura mineral), 33,58% de silagem de milho e 33,58% de cana-de-açúcar na matéria seca. Os níveis de ionóforo avaliados foram 0, 14, 28 e 42 mg de monensina/kg de matéria seca da dieta. O experimento foi instalado conforme delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, realizando-se estudos de regressão e contrastes ortogonais. Antes da alimentação, a monensina não influenciou o pH ruminal e a concentração de amônia e dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico, mas promoveu redução da relação acetato:propionato. Duas horas após a alimentação, verificou-se redução do pH e da relação acetato:propionato; e aumento da concentração de ácido propiônico. O estudo de contrastes revelou que ocorreu diminuição da concentração de amônia antes da alimentação. Não foram verificadas mudanças significativas nas concentrações de glicose e uréia sangüínea. A monensina também não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT) e fibra em detergente neutro. As digestibilidades da MS, EE e CHOT e a perda de nitrogênio urinário apresentaram respostas quadráticas.

The objective of this trial was to study the effects of different dietary levels of the ionophore monensin on apparent digestibility of nutrients and on ruminal, blood, and urinary metabolites in dairy heifers. Samples of ruminal fluid (pre-feeding and 2 hours post-feeding), blood, urine, and feces all were collected from 28 confined Holstein heifers. Diets contained (dry matter basis): 32.84% of concentrate (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, and mineral salt mixture), 33.58% of corn silage, and 33.58% of sugarcane. The following amounts of monensin were included in the diets: 0, 14, 28 or 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Both regression analysis and orthogonal contrasts were part of the statistical model. No significant differences before feeding were observed for ruminal pH and for the ruminal concentrations of ammonia, acetate, propionate, and butyrate by adding monensin to the diets. However, a significant reduction in the acetate:propionate ratio was detected. Conversely, ruminal pH decreased and ruminal propionate increased when samples were taken at two hours after feeding. As before, the acetate:propionate ratio was reduced when monesin was increased from 0 to 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. In addition, orthogonal contrasts showed a decrease in the concentration of ruminal ammonia before feeding. Including monesin in diet of dairy heifers did not alter the concentrations of glucose and blood urea. Similarly, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), and neutral detergent fiber were all unchanged by dietary supplementation with monensin. Significant quadratic effects were observed for apparent digestibilities of DM, EE, and TC and also for the excretion of urinary nitrogen.