ABSTRACT This research evaluated the influence of stem conduction types on the production and physicochemical characteristics of tomato fruits (hybrid Coco, mini type) under organic management. The experiment was conducted between August 2013 and January 2014. The treatments consisted of 4 different conduction systems: 2 traditional stems; 2 stems emerging from axillary cotyledon buds (“bottom stem”); 3 “traditional” stems and 4 stems emerging from tip pruning. Eleven harvests were conducted from 22nd November 2013 to 31st January 2014. Data collected included fruit number per plant, yields (g∙plant−1), fruit physicochemical characteristics, average weight, fruit diameter, pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), SS/TA ratio, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b. Stem conduction types did not affect fruit yields per plant (g∙plant−1). However, the greater number of stems resulted in more fruits per plant, but the fruit produced had a smaller diameter and average weight. The treatments with more stems also showed higher fruit lycopene levels, TA, and reducing sugars. Thus, under similar growing conditions, it may be recommended that organic mini tomatoes be pruned with 3 or 4 stems to increase the number of fruits per plant.

RESUMO O ozônio é utilizado em muitos países para o tratamento de efluentes tornando-se uma alternativa viável no saneamento da água residuária do café porém a forte oxidação do ozônio, responsável pelo seu efeito germicida, também pode comprometer a qualidade do grão e da bebida. Propôs-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade do café arábica em diferentes períodos de tratamento com água ozonizada e verificar seu efeito após a secagem. Os frutos de café foram submetidos durante 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30 min de ozonização, com agitação contínua promovida pelo sistema de recirculação da água em taxa constante de 1 ppm de ozônio solubilizado. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Após obtenção dos dados foi realizada a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Os resultados mostraram a redução parcial de fungos após a lavagem com água ozonizada, porém não foi verificado o mesmo efeito após a secagem. Para as análises de qualidade do café os maiores tempos de exposição ao gás solubilizado na água proporcionaram variações negativas na condutividade elétrica e nos açúcares totais e redutores; entretanto, a qualidade sensorial da bebida se manteve.

ABSTRACT Ozone is used in many countries for the treatment of effluents, becoming a viable alternative in sanitation of coffee wastewater. However, the strong ozone oxidation, responsible for its germicidal effect, can also compromise grain and beverage quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of Arabica coffee in different periods of treatment with ozonated water and its effect after drying. Coffee fruits were subjected to ozonation at regular intervals of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min, with continuous stirring promoted by a recirculating water system at constant rate of 1 ppm of solubilized ozone. The design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. After obtaining the data, the analysis of variance was performed and means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed a partial reduction of fungi after washing with ozonated water, but the same effect was not observed after drying. For coffee quality analysis, the longest times of exposure to the solubilized gas in the water produced some negative results in electrical conductivity and total and reducing sugars. However, the sensory quality of the beverage was maintained.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irradiação gama associada à atmosfera modificada passiva na qualidade pós-colheita de goiabas 'Pedro Sato', verificando suas características físico-químicas. Foram utilizadas goiabas provenientes da região de Vista Alegre do Alto-SP,Brasil. Após a colheita, as goiabas foram imediatamente transportadas ao Laboratório de Frutas e Hortaliças, pertencente ao Departamento de Gestão e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu-SP, onde foram armazenadas a 10ºC e 90-95%UR, em câmara frigorífica, por 28 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle 1 (sem embalagem e sem irradiação); controle 2 (embalagem de poliestireno (PS) + polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e sem irradiação); tratamento 1 (PS+PEBD e 0,2kGy); tratamento 2 (PS+PEBD e 0,6kGy), e tratamento 3 (PS+PEBD e 1,0kGy). As análises realizadas foram: firmeza, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT) e índice de maturação. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (tratamento x tempo). Concluiu-se que as altas doses de irradiação promoveram efeito negativo nas características físico-químicas da goiaba 'Pedro Sato', e que apenas a menor dose utilizada (0,2kGy) associada à atmosfera modificada conservou frutos com maior qualidade e aceitabilidade, indicado por maiores índice de maturação e teor de sólidos solúveis obtidos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation associated with modified atmosphere, on postharvest quality of guavas 'Pedro Sato', checking their physicochemical characteristics. Guavas from the region of Vista Alegre do Alto/SP/Brazil, were used. After harvest, the fruits were immediately transported to the Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory of the Agroindustrial Management and Technology Department, Agronomic Sciences College - UNESP - Botucatu / SP, where they were kept at 10 ° C and 90-95% RH in cold storage, for 28 days. The treatments were: control 1 (without package or irradiation), control 2 (polystyrene package-PS) + low density polyethylene package-LDPE and without irradiation) treatment 1 (PS + LDPE and 0.2 kGy), treatment 2 (PS + LDPE and 0.6 kGy) and treatment 3 (PS + LDPE and 1.0 kGy). The analyses were: firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and maturity index. It was used the randomized design with a factorial design 5 x 5 (treatment x time). In the end of this work it was concluded that high doses of irradiation promoted a negative effect on physicochemical characteristics of guava 'Pedro Sato', verifying that only the lowest dose associated with modified atmosphere provided fruits with higher quality and acceptability, due to the higher maturity index and soluble solids obtained.

The micronuclei test in lymphocyte culture is a validated procedure to study mutagenicity. It consists in detecting damaged interphasic nuclear material produced by chromosome fragmentation or nuclear division errors in 2000 binucleated cells with well defined cytoplasm. Standard protocol derives from blood chromosome preparation with hypotonic and fixing solutions as well as preparing slides by dropping fixed cells. We modified the protocol to improve the number and quality of micronuclei. First, lymphocytes are separated from red cells before culture. After 72 hours, hypotonic and repeated fixer washing steps are eliminated. Cells are put onto slides by spreading instead of dropping. With these modifications we obtained more (about 8 times per slide) and better defined binucleated cells to help micronuclei detection.

El test de micronúcleos en cultivo de linfocitos es una prueba validada para estudiar mutagenicidad. Consiste en detectar material nuclear interfásico dañado, producto de fragmentación cromosómica o errores de división nuclear en 2000 células binucleadas con citoplasma definido. El protocolo estándar deriva de la preparación citológica de cromosomas de sangre periférica con solución hipotónica, lavados de fijador y goteo de láminas. Nosotros proponemos modificaciones para mejorar el número y la observación de los micronúcleos. Primero se purifica linfocitos de glóbulos rojos antes del cultivo, luego de 72 horas, se elimina la solución hipotónica y los lavados repetidos con fijador, y finalmente se coloca las muestras en láminas por frotis en vez de goteo. Con las modificaciones obtenemos mas células binucleadas bien definidas (un promedio de 8 veces más por lámina) mejorando la eficiencia de este test.