Abstract It was impregnated commercial titanium dioxide into Pinus elliottii wood, aiming to increase its durability against the attack of brown rot fungus Postia placenta and photodegradation caused by ultraviolet radiation. The samples were put under 8 bar pressure for 3 hours at different concentrations of TiO2 (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.124% and 0%-control). To evaluate the effect of the fungus on the wood, the test was carried out according to ASTM D2017-05 and UNE-EN 113:1996 with modifications. The photodegradation was performed by exposing a tangential section to ultraviolet radiation for 400 hours, and the colorimetric parameters were periodically evaluated. Statistically, the treatments with TiO2 did not differ among themselves, but were much lower than the control, showing the effectiveness of this product in protecting the wood against the attacks of degraders. As for the photodegradation, the treated wood remained practically unchanged, differently from the control that had a darkening accelerated mainly in the first 50 hours. With this information, it can be stated that TiO2 treated wood is able to hinder the fungus access to the cell wall, to inhibit its growth and to create a barrier that protects the polymers from photodegradation, increasing its durability and emerging as a potential alternative for wood treatment.

Resumen Se impregnó dióxido de titanio comercial en la madera de Pinus elliottii, con el objetivo de aumentar su durabilidad contra el ataque del hongo pardo de la Postia placenta y la fotodegradación causada por la radiación ultravioleta. Las muestras se pusieron a una presión de 8 bar durante 3 horas a diferentes concentraciones de TiO2 (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.124% y 0% de control). Para evaluar el efecto del hongo en la madera, la prueba se realizó de acuerdo con la norma ASTM D2017-05 y UNE-EN 113:1996 con modificaciones. La fotodegradación se realizó exponiendo una sección tangencial a radiación ultravioleta durante 400 horas, y los parámetros colorimétricos se evaluaron periódicamente. Estadísticamente, los tratamientos con TiO2 no diferían entre sí, pero eran mucho más bajos que el control, mostrando la efectividad de este producto en la protección de la madera contra los ataques de los degradadores. En cuanto a la fotodegradación, la madera tratada se mantuvo prácticamente sin cambios, a diferencia del control que tuvo un oscurecimiento acelerado principalmente en las primeras 50 horas. Con esta información, se puede afirmar que la madera tratada con TiO2 puede dificultar el acceso del hongo a la pared celular, inhibir su crecimiento y crear una barrera que protege a los polímeros de la fotodegradación, aumentando su durabilidad y emergiendo como una alternativa potencial para tratamiento de la madera.

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to subject Pinus elliottii wood specimens to TiO2-based modification in order to make them resistant to water and UV radiation. The microwave-assisted solvothermal method, which is little reported in the literature, was here in use for this purpose. The adopted methodology led to a 1 % mass gain; although it was a low value, it was enough to fully coat the surface of the wood with nanoparticles to the extent of changing its characteristics and turning it into a functional material. The nanoparticle distribution on the surface of the wood changed your natural topography by increasing the surface area and, consequently, increasing the contact angle of the modified wood (approximately 130°). The leaching test showed that the wood remained coated after it was immersed in water, as well as that it did not lose its water-repelling ability. This result demonstrates the stable interaction between the two materials, due to hydroxyl radicals found in them. The coating also protected the wood against UV radiation for 500 hours of intense exposure, besides preserving its initial color. The properties achieved through this simple and fast modification process provide an alternative to help to improve the performance of the herein investigated wood species, mainly for applications in environments subjected to high solar incidence and humidity.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the variations in thermal and chemical characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis wood submitted to a deterioration test by Nasutitermes termites. For this purpose, a biodeterioration test with termites was conducted according to ASTM D 3345 (2008), in which, after the end of the period corresponding to the test (40 days), we evaluated the mass loss, chemical composition and thermal stability of the main components of the deteriorated wood samples and those belonging to the control group. We found that deterioration due to exposure of the samples to Nasutitermes sp. termites caused a mass loss of 66,88% for wood with a density at 12% moisture content of 412 kg/m3. The quantitative chemical composition showed a reduction in the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Analysis of the variations of the organic functional groups related to the chemical composition of the wood by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and relative intensity of the spectral bands also showed reductions, demonstrating homogeneous deterioration of the main components of the deteriorated woods. The thermal stability showed an increase in deteriorated wood for most of the temperature ranges, mainly for those that corresponded to losses in moisture and volatiles (25 °C - 100 °C), hemicelluloses (240 °C - 300 °C), celluloses, and together with initial lignin degradation (310 °C to 400 °C), possibly due to the removal of cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as the deposition of substances expelled by the termites in the cell wall. From the results, we conclude that the termites do not have specificity regarding the chemical component and that the deterioration caused variations in the chemical composition of the wood, whereas the opposite was observed for thermal stability, which presented an increase in most of the temperatures ranges for the deteriorated woods compared to the control group.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo, avaliações e correlações entre propriedades físicas da madeira, sendo estas, massa especifica básica, teor de umidade, absorção de água, perda de massa em 50°C e 100°C, contração linear máximo (β), coeficiente de anisotropia de contração (Ca β), inchamento linear máximo (α) e coeficiente de anisotropia de inchamento (Ca α), sendo analisado para as madeiras das seguintes espécies: Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus tereticornis. Para isso, foram confeccionados corpos de prova de 20 mm x 20 mm x 15 mm. Para as análises físicas, os corpos de prova foram submersos em água até a saturação, condicionados sob temperatura de 20°C com umidade relativa (UR) de 65% e secos em estufa (100 ± 3°C). Foram coletados dados de massa e dimensões desses corpos de prova em cada uma dessas etapas, para posterior cálculo das propriedades tecnológicas. Observou-se que as madeiras das sete espécies apresentaram diferença significativa. Analisando-se as propriedades de perda de massa a 100°C e massa específica básica, como também, anisotropia para inchamento (Ca α) e contração (Ca β), apresentam uma correlação significativa, sendo diretamente proporcional. A massa específica básica e absorção de água, perda de massa a 100°C e absorção de água, Coeficiente de Anisotropia de Contração (Ca β) e absorção de água, apresentaram correlações significativas, sendo essas propriedades inversamente proporcionais. As madeiras do gênero Corymbia apresentaram valores médios de propriedades tecnológicas, superiores às do gênero Eucalyptus, destacando a madeira Corymbia citriodora.

ABSTRACT This study aims at assessing and correlating physical properties of wood, such as basic specific mass, moisture content, water absorption, loss of mass at 50 ° C and 100 ° C, maximum linear contraction (β), coefficient of contraction anisotropy (Ca β), maximum linear swelling (α) and coefficient of swelling anisotropy (Caα), being analyzed for wood of the following species: Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus tereticornis. For that, 20 mm x 20 mm x 15 mm specimens were prepared. For the physical analyzes, the specimens were submerged in water until saturated, conditioned at a temperature of 20 ° C with relative humidity (RH) of 65% and oven dried (100 ± 3 ° C). Mass data and dimensions of these specimens were collected in each of these stages, for later calculation of the technological properties. It was observed that the wood of the seven species presented significant difference. Analyzing the mass loss properties at 100 ° C and basic specific mass, as well as anisotropy for swelling (Ca α) and contraction (Caβ), they present a significant correlation, being directly proportional. The basic specific mass and water absorption, loss of mass at 100 ° C and water absorption, Coefficient of Contraction Anisotropy (Caβ) and water absorption, showed significant correlations, being these inversely proportional properties. The wood of the genus Corymbia presented average values of technological properties superior to those of the genus Eucalyptus, highlighting the wood Corymbia citriodora.

RESUMO As madeiras apresentam propriedades tecnológicas distintas, por ser material orgânico e heterogêneo, sendo necessário uma avaliação para o uso adequado. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a avaliação de propriedades tecnológicas, sendo elas: massa especifica básica, massa especifica aparente a 12%, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, flexão estática (MOE e MOR), compressão paralela as fibras (Fc e Ec), análise colorimétrica, termogravimetria (TGA e DTG) e fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), das espécies de Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus elliottii. Determinaram-se as propriedades tecnológicas conforme descrito nas normas ASTM D 2395-17 (2017) e ASTM D 143-94 (2014). Em relação as propriedades físico-mecânicas, as species apresentaram diferenças significativas baseadas em análises estatisticas, possuindo destaque a espécie de Corymbia maculata. Em relação a análise colorimétrica, foi verificado que a espécie Corymbia maculata possui uma coloração marrom-avermelhado, a espécie de Pinus elliottii amarelo com tonalidade clara, enquanto o Eucalyptus grandis avermelhada com tonalidade clara. Para o FT-IR foi constatado picos semelhantes entre as espécies, porém com intensidades distintas, sendo estes referentes as vibrações moleculares características dos componentes orgânicos da madeira. Por meio da análise termogravimétrica percebe-se que as espécies de Pinus elliottii e Corymbia maculata, apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica, quando comparadas ao Eucalyptus grandis, possuindo um menor percentual de perda de massa e um retardo de temperatura em relação ao pico máximo de degradação (DTG), próximo aos 400°C, sendo essas propriedades analisadas com testes ANOVA com significância de 5%. Sendo assim destaca-se uma heterogeneidade entre as espécies avaliadas nesse estudo, tanto do ponto de vista físico, mecânico, térmico e químico, fazendo-se necessário a caracterização de tais propriedades para o emprego correto destes materiais.

ABSTRACT The woods have distinct technological properties, as they are organic and heterogeneous material, requiring an assessment for proper use. Therefore, the objective of this work was the evaluation of technological properties, which are: basic density, apparent density at 12%, equilibrium moisture content, static flexion (MOE and MOR), parallel compression of the fibers (Fc and Ec), colorimetric analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA and DTG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), of the species of Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus elliottii. The technological properties were determined as described in the ASTM D 2395-17 (2017) and ASTM D 143-94 (2014) standards. Regarding the physical-mechanical properties, the species showed significant differences based on statistical analysis, highlighting the species of Corymbia maculata. Regarding the colorimetric analysis, it was found that the species Corymbia maculata has a reddish-brown color, the Pinus elliottii species loves it with a light shade, while the Eucalyptus grandis reddish with a light shade. For FT-IR, similar peaks were found between species, but with different intensities, these being related to the molecular vibrations characteristic of the organic components of wood. Through thermogravimetric analysis, it can be seen that the species of Pinus elliottii and Corymbia maculata, presented greater thermal stability when compared to Eucalyptus grandis, having a lower percentage of mass loss and a delay in temperature in relation to the maximum peak of degradation ( DTG), close to 400 ° C, and these properties were analyzed with ANOVA tests with 5% significance. Thus, there is a heterogeneity among the species evaluated in this study, both from a physical, mechanical, thermal and chemical point of view, making it necessary to characterize these properties for the correct use of these materials.

RESUMO O interesse pela síntese de nanopartículas utilizando extratos vegetais vem crescendo nas últimas décadas, devido a não geração de resíduos de químicos tóxicos e condições mais brandas de síntese. O Brasil é um dos líderes em florestas plantadas, principalmente do gênero Eucalyptus, em razão disso o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar nanopartículas de óxido de zinco utilizando extrato etanólico das folhas de Eucalyptus dunnii. As folhas foram secas e moídas para obtenção de pó, 10 g deste foram adicionadas em 100 mL de álcool etílico, a solução foi mantida em banho-maria a 80 ºC por 75 min, a solução foi filtrada para obtenção do extrato. Para a síntese utilizou-se 20 mL de extrato e 1,57 g de acetato de zinco, a solução foi mantida a 80 ºC sob agitação magnética vigorosa por 20 min, transcorrido o tempo foi realizado tratamento térmico em mufla a 500 ºC por 2h. As nanopartículas obtidas apresentaram característica cristalina e diâmetro médio de 32,24 nm. O espectro FTIR do extrato apresentou diversos picos relacionados a compostos redutores capazes de realizar a síntese, enquanto o espectro das nanopartículas demonstrou que mesmo após a calcinação, ainda se detecta a presença de compostos orgânicos que podem ser responsáveis pela estabilização das mesmas. Sendo assim, o extrato etanólico de E. dunnii possui capacidade redutora para realizar a síntese de nanopartículas cristalinas de óxido de zinco.

ABSTRACT The interest in the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has been growing in recent decades due to the non-generation of toxic chemical residues and bland synthesis conditions. Brazil is one of the leaders in planted forests, mainly of the genus Eucalyptus, because of this the objective of this work was to synthesize nanoparticles of zinc oxide using ethanolic extract of the leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii. The leaves were dried and ground to obtain powder, 10 g of this was added in 100 ml of ethyl alcohol, the solution was kept in a water bath at 80 °C for 75 min, the solution was filtered to obtain the extract. For the synthesis 20 mL of extract and 1.57 g of zinc acetate were used, the solution was maintained at 80 ºC under vigorous magnetic stirring for 20 min, after which the heat treatment was carried out in a muffle at 500 ºC for 2 h. The obtained nanoparticles presented crystalline characteristic and average diameter of 32,24 nm. The FTIR spectrum of the extract showed several peaks related to reducing compounds capable of performing the synthesis, while the spectrum of the nanoparticles showed that even after calcination, the presence of organic compounds that can be responsible for their stabilization is still detected. Thus, the ethanolic extract of E. dunnii has a reducing capacity to perform the synthesis of crystalline na-noparticles of zinc oxide.

Abstract: Organic substances have been used for different wood treatments, especially impregnation procedures, aiming at improve certain wood properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate dimensional stability and colourimetric features for a mature pine wood (Pinus elliottii) impregnated by vacuum-pressure process with variable concentrations (10 wt%, 25 wt% and 50 wt%) of furfuryl alcohol and using ethyl alcohol as catalyst. The wood samples were characterized for:linear shrinkages, linear swellings, shrinkage anisotropy, swelling anisotropy, as well as colorimetric parameters (following the CIELab method). The impregnation with furfuryl alcohol increased the dimensional stability of the studied pine wood and the treatment with a concentration of 50 wt% stood out based on these results. Regarding the colourpatterns, there were changes in the final colorimetric appearances of the treated wood samples, which acquired darker and reddish colours when compared to the pristine group. The treatment with 50 wt% of furfuryl alcohol also was responsible for the highest colour change and, because of that, may be indicated for solid wood products with high added value.

RESUMO O Pinus elliottii Engelm. possui uma vasta possibilidade de aplicações, porém, apresenta características indesejáveis às quais podem ser atenuadas com a adoção dos tratamentos de termorretificação e a furfurilação. Assim, este trabalho analisou a influência que os tratamentos de furfurilição e termorretificação exerceram em propriedades tecnológicas da madeira de Pinus elliottii. Para tanto, confeccionaram-se corpos de prova com dimensões de 15 x 15 x 250 mm (tangencial, radial e longitudinal), distribuídos igualmente em 5 tratamentos: controle, furfurilação com carga de 25% de álcool furfurílico (T F25%) e termorretificação em diferentes temperaturas (T 180°C, T 200°C e T 220°C). Avaliaram-se a variação da massa (ΔM) segundo adaptação da norma ASTM D 2017 (2005), à massa específica aparente ao teor de umidade de 12% (ρ12%), os módulos de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR) obtidos pelo ensaio de flexão estática conforme a norma ASTM D 143 (2014), e a variação colorimétrica da madeira em conformidade com as recomendações do sistema CIE-L*a*b*. Verificou-se que o tratamento com furfurol provocou: aumentos significativos na massa, ρ12%, MOR, e causou o escurecimento da madeira, não afetando significativamente o MOE, em 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os tratamentos de termorretificação afetaram significativamente a perda de massa, contudo a maior diferença foi observada no tratamento T 220°C, o qual acarretou redução significativa no MOR em relação ao grupo controle, destacando-se que tal tratamento deixou a madeira com coloração semelhante aquela adquirida pela madeira tratada com furfurol. Conclui-se que ambos os tratamentos causaram o escurecimento da madeira de Pinus elliottii agregando assim valor estético, sendo que o tratamento à base de furfurol, com carga de 25%, ocasionou melhora nas propriedades tecnológicas da madeira. Apesar dos tratamentos de termorretificação terem aumentado o MOE, geraram perda de massa significativa, principalmente nos tratamentos mais agressivos, comprometendo assim possíveis usos da madeira com finalidade estrutural.

ABSTRACT The Pinus elliottii Engelm. has a wide range of applications, but it has undesirable characteristics that can be attenuated with the adoption of thermal rectification and furfurylation treatments. Thus, this work analyzed the influence of two treatments of modification, furfurilatyon and thermal rectification, in technological properties of Pinus elliottii Engelm. wood. For this, samples with dimensions of 15 x 15 x 250 mm (tangential, radial and longitudinal) were prepared, distributed equally among 5 treatments: control, furfurylation with 25% loading of furfuryl alcohol (T F25 %) and thermortification at different temperatures (T 180 ° C, T 200 ° C and T 220 ° C). It were evaluated the mass loss (PM) according to ASTM D 2017 (2005), specific gravity at 12% moisture content (ρ12%), elastic modulus (MOE) and rupture (MOR) by performing the static bending test in accordance with ASTM D 143 (2014), and wood color variation in accordance with the CIE-L*a*b* system recommendations. It was verified that the treatment with furfurol caused: significant increases in the mass, ρ12%, MOR, and caused the wood darkening, not significantly affecting the MOE, in 5% probability of error. The thermal rectification treatments significantly affected the mass loss, however the highest difference was observed in the T 220 ° C treatment, which caused a significant reduction on MOR in relation to the control group, highlighting that such treatment left the wood with coloration similar to that obtained by wood treated with furfurol. It's concluded that both treatments caused darkening of Pinus elliottii wood, thus adding aesthetic value, being that the furfurol treatment with a 25% load caused an improvement on technological properties of wood. In spite of the thermal rectification treatments increased the MOE, they generated significant mass loss, mainly in the more aggressive treatments, thus compromising possible uses of the wood with structural purpose.

RESUMO As madeiras de Pinus apresentam características indesejáveis às quais podem ser atenuadas com a aplicação de tratamentos, no qual é destacado a furfurilação. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da impregnação de álcool furfurílico nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Pinus elliottii. Para tanto, foram utilizados 4 tratamentos: controle e com diferentes cargas de álcool furfurílico (10%, 25% e 50%). Determinaram-se às propriedades tecnológicas conforme descrito nas normas ASTM D 2395-17 (2017) e ASTM D 143-94 (2014). Verificou-se que para as propriedades mecânicas, a resistência à compressão paralela às fibras, em que o parâmetro MOE teve um acréscimo significativo para todos os tratamentos em relação ao grupo controle, em destaque especial para o tratamento (TF25%), para o MOR obteve-se valores superiores, porém sem diferenças significativas. Em relação a dureza Janka, a tensão máxima no plano anatômico transversal, constatou-se valores superiores se comparados ao controle, com destaque o tratamento (TF50%), o qual demonstrou maiores valores com diferença significativa. Para o plano tangencial não foram constatadas diferenças significativas, se mantendo praticamente constantes os valores médios entre os tratamentos e o controle. Para flexão estática, MOR e MOE, não se observaram diferenças significativas, sendo essas propriedades analisadas com testes ANOVA com significância de 5%. Com isso pode-se concluir que a impregnação com álcool furfurílico foi eficaz, devido às melhorias de desempenho mecânico observado. Visto o potencial da furfurilação empregada na madeira com base nestes resultados, sugere-se mais pesquisar neste campo de modo a fomentar maiores informações sobre a utilização deste tratamento em madeira.

ABSTRACT Pinus wood presents undesirable characteristics that can be attenuated with the application of treatments, in which the furfurylation is highlighted. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of impregnation of furfuryl alcohol on the physical and mechanical properties of Pinus elliottii wood. For this, 4 treatments were used: control and with different loads of furfuryl alcohol (10%, 25% and 50%). The properties were determined as described in ASTM D 2395-17 (2017) and ASTM D 143-94 (2014). It was verified that, for the mechanical properties, the compression resistance parallel to the fibers, in which the MOE parameter had a significant increase for all the treatments in relation to the control group, especially for treatment (TF25%), for the MOR, higher values were obtained, but without significant differences. Regarding Janka hardness, the maximum tension in the transverse anatomical plane, higher values were observed when compared to the control, with emphasis on treatment (TF50%), which showed higher values with significant difference. For the tangential plane, no significant differences were observed, maintaining the average values between the treatments and the control practically constant. For static flexion, MOR and MOE, no significant differences were observed, these properties being analyzed with ANOVA tests with significance of 5%. With this it can be concluded that the impregnation with furfuryl alcohol was effective, due to improvements in mechanical de-performance observed. Considering the potential of furfurylation employed in wood based on these results, it is suggested to do more research in this field in order to promote more information on the use of this wood treatment.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze chemical changes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Eucalyptus dunnii and Pinus elliottii treated woods subjected to an accelerated decay test with the white rot fungus Ganoderma applanatum. The wood test specimens (2,5x2,5x0,9 cm) were impregnated with preservative solutions of chromated copper borate and synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates with 6% concentration by a vaccum-pressure process. After a decay test of 16 weeks, the chemical changes of the treated and untreated wood samples were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. It was observed that the rot fungus attack caused a variation in the intensity and a displacement of spectrum peaks, indicating a change to the woods’ chemical composition after fungal exposure. The lignin / carbohydrate ratio indicated that the fungus had no preference for a specific cell wall component, pointing to a simultaneous deterioration of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the treated and untreated woods. Finally, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy technique, together with the lignin / carbohydrate ratio analysis, proved efficient in the study of the variation of the wood chemical modifications deteriorated by rot fungi.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as propriedades tecnológicas das espécies florestais Corymbia maculata. Eucalyptus dunnii e Eucalyptus saligna, e verificar as modificações nas características destas madeiras após ensaio de preferência alimentar com térmitas Nasutitermes. O ensaio de preferência alimentar foi conduzido através da norma ASTM D 3345 (2008) adaptada, avaliando a perda de massa e as propriedades mecânicas no fim do período correspondente. Para obtenção dos resultados, fez-se análise da massa específica básica (µEB), com o auxílio da norma ASTM D 143 (2014), dureza Janka nos planos tangencial e radial e o módulo de elasticidade (EC) e resistência à compressão (FC), obtidos pelo ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras, antes e após o ataque de térmitas. Acerca das propriedades tecnológicas, verificou-se que a espécie Corymbia maculata apresentou a maior µEB (0,674g/cm3) e resistência mecânica, com os maiores valores de dureza Janka em ambos os planos anatômicos (tangencial = 664,6kgf/cm2; radial = 593,8kgf/cm2) e parâmetros relacionados à compressão paralela às fibras (EC = 294.873kgf/cm2; FC = 667,7 kgf/cm2). Após o ensaio com térmitas Nasutitermes, a maior perda de massa foi observada na espécie Eucalyptus dunnii, indicando assim a sua preferência alimentar. Estes ocasionaram decréscimos não significativos nas propriedades mecânicas, quando comparada às mensuradas antes do ensaio de preferência alimentar. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a deterioração das madeiras por Nasutitermes, em conjunto com as características anatômicas, ocasionaram variações nas propriedades tecnológicas analisadas, contudo, as espécies Eucalyptus saligna e Corymbia maculata mostraram resistência natural elevada em relação aos cupins.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine technological properties of Corymbia maculata. Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus saligna forest species, and to verify the changes in the characteristics of these Woods after food preference assay with Nasutitermes termites. The food preference assay was conducted through of the standard ASTM D 3345 (2008) adapted, evaluating the mass loss and mechanical properties at the end of the corresponding period. To obtain the results, the basic specific mass (μEB) was analyzed, with the aid of standard ASTM D 143 (2014), Janka hardness in the tangential and radial planes and the elasticity modulus (EC) and compression resistence (FC), both obtained by the compression parallel to grain test, before and after the termites attack. About the technological properties, it was verified that the Corymbia maculata species had the highest μEB (0.674 g/cm3) and mechanical resistance, with the highestvalues of Janka hardness in both anatomical planes (tangential = 664.6 kgf/cm2, radial = 593.8 kgf/cm2) and parameters related to compression parallel to grain (EC = 294.873 kgf/cm2, FC = 667.7 kgf/cm2). After the Nasutitermes termites test, the greatest mass loss was observed in the Eucalyptus dunnii species, thus indicating its food preference. These caused insignificant decreases in the mechanical properties, when compared to those measured before the food preference assay. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the wood deterioration by Nasutitermes, together with the anatomical characteristics, caused variations in the technological properties analyzed, however, the species Eucalyptus saligna and Corymbia maculata showed high natural resistance in relation to the termites.

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus como prétratamento para biopolpação de três espécies de eucalipto. As madeiras ficaram expostas ao fungo por 30, 60 e 90 dias, em condições favoráveis. Para verificar a eficiência da deslignificação causada pelo fungo foram quantificados: perda de massa, teor de extrativos, lignina insolúvel e modificação morfológica da fibra. Os resultados demonstraram que a madeira de Eucalyptus globulus no período de 90 dias, foi a mais promissora para o pré-tratamento fúngico, onde nesse período foi o que ocorreu maior deslignificação. De modo geral, foi possível concluir que o fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus promoveu a degradação de lignina o que o torna um processo em potencial para a indústria de celulose e papel a qual necessita a retirada desses polímeros sempre visando uma produção mais econômica e ambientalmente viável.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate lignin removal efficiency of three eucalypt species through Pycnoporus sanguineus fungus inoculation. The wood samples were inoculated at different periods: 30, 60 and 90 days. To verify the efficiency of the delignification caused by the fungus were quantified: mass loss, extractives, acid insoluble lignin and morphological modification of inoculated and not inoculated fiber. The results showed that Eucalyptus globulus wood in the 90day period was the most promising for fungal pretreatment, where delignification occurred the most. In general, it was possible to concude that the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus is efficient in the degradation of lignin, which makes it a potential process for the pulp and paper industry, which desires the removal of these polymers always aiming at the most economical production and environmental feasible.

RESUMO A madeira é um material formado basicamente por polímeros, os quais são pouco resistentes a altas temperaturas e suscetíveis ao fogo. Em aplicações é desejável que esta madeira tenha um melhor desempenho quanto à ignição e perda de resistência mecânica devido à degradação térmica de seus componentes. O aumento de desempenho pode ser obtido pela modificação das propriedades térmicas madeira através de seu tratamento. Assim, utilizou-se o processo solvotermal assistido por micro-ondas para a modificação da superfície e do interior da madeira de Pinus elliotttii com TiO2 visando o aumento da resistência à inflamabilidade e à degradação térmica pelo retardamento da carbonização. Para isso, foi preparada uma solução precursora alcoólica com isopropóxido de titânio. Com temperatura de 140°C, por 60 minutos, foram cristalizadas, na superfície interna e externa da madeira, nanopartículas de TiO2 na fase anatase. Utilizando a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura foi possível demostrar o recobrimento uniforme e homogêneo. Através do espectro no infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier verificaram-se indícios de ligação por ponte de hidrogênio entre os dois materiais. A formação de uma camada protetora com as partículas proporcionou maior estabilidade e resistência térmica devido ao caráter cerâmico das nanopartículas de TiO2. A partir das análises termogravimétricas foi determinada uma perda de massa de 70% aos 380°C e 11% de resíduos aos 700°C, diferentemente da madeira modificada que nestas temperaturas atingiram percentagens de 45% e 46%, respectivamente. Em adição, verificou-se pelos testes de chama, retardo em cerca de 7 vezes o tempo para a ignição da madeira modificada, quando comparada com o controle. Desse modo, pode-se afirmar que a modificação da madeira pelo processo solvotermal assistido por micro-ondas foi efetiva na redução de sua inflamabilidade bem como de sua degradação com o aumento da temperatura. Cita-se ainda, que o método se apresenta com grande potencial para o aumento da qualidade da madeira e consequentemente de suas aplicações.

ABSTRACT Wood is composed by polymeric materials, with fire susceptibility. For applications, wood with better ignition resistance and lower fire stenght reduction is desirable. Enhancing of wood thermal properties can be achieved by means of right modification of wood by treatment. Thus, the microwave-assisted solvotermal process was implemented to modify the surface of the Pinus elliotttii wood with TiO2 in order to increase the resistance to flammability and thermal degradation through the retardation of carbonization. An alcoholic precursor solution with titanium isopropoxide was prepared and nanoparticles of TiO2 were crystallized to anatase on wood surface and interior at 140°C, for 60 minutes. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, it was possible to demonstrate the uniform and homogeneous coating, and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was possible to indicate presence of hydrogen bonds between the two materials. The formation of protective particle layer afforded greater stability and thermal resistance due to the ceramic character of TiO2. From the thermogravimetric analysis, 70% of weigh loss at 380°C and 11% of residual content at 700°C was verified, differently from the modified wood that at these temperatures reached 45% and 46%, respectively. Corroborating with these results, it was evident from the flame tests that wood with the presence of particles delayed about 7 times the moment of ignition. Thus, the microwave-assisted solvotermal process has great potential to transform wood and other porous materials into a less flammable material, maintaining its entire structure for a longer time when exposed to adverse conditions