Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections are an increasing problem and currently represent a threat to public health, overcoming diseases such as HIV. Bacteremia accounts for approximately 15% of all nosocomial infections and affects 1% of all hospitalized patients. Aim: To describe the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristic of episodes of nosocomial bacteremia occurring in a Colombian hospital. Methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study including adult patients, hospitalized in the internal medicine unit at the University Hospital of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, during years 2014 to 2016, who met the criteria of the CDC for bloodstream infection. The protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Industrial University of Santander. Results: We reviewed 450 clinical records with 148 patients and 182 microbiological isolates. 53% were male. The most frequent comorbidities were: high blood pressure (46.6%), HIV infection (29.7%). The vascular and urinary systems were the most frequent anatomical sites as the source of the infection (respectively 37.3% and 38.3%). Case fatality rate was 29%. The pathogens most frequently isolated were: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (globally: 49.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus 12.1%. The multivariate analysis showed a relationship between anemia and in-hospital mortality (OR = 17.3, 95%CI 2.95-102.0). Conclusions: Bacteremia is a frequent infection during hospital care that presents high mortality. It is noteworthy the predominance of Enterobacteriaceae isolates with broad profiles of resistance. The history of HIV infection is one of the most frequent which deserves to be evaluated as a risk group.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo son un problema creciente y actualmente son una amenaza para la salud pública. La bacteriemia representa aproximadamente 15% de todas las infecciones nosocomiales y afecta a 1% de los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de episodios de bacteriemia nosocomial ocurridos en un hospital colombiano. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal, con inclusión de pacientes adultos, hospitalizados por el Servicio de Medicina Interna en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, durante los años 2014 a 2016. El protocolo fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. Resultados: Se revisaron 450 historias clínicas, con 148 pacientes y 182 aislados microbianos. Los antecedentes más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial (46,6%) e infección por VIH (29,7%). El sistema vascular y urinario ocuparon los sitios anatómicos más frecuentes (37,3 y 38,3%, respectivamente). La letalidad fue de 29%. Los patógenos más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (en suma: 49,8%) y Staphylococcus aureus 12,1%. El análisis multivariado mostró relación de la anemia con mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR = 17,3; IC95% 2,95-102,0). Conclusiones: La bacteriemia es una infección frecuente durante la atención hospitalaria que presenta gran mortalidad. Es destacable el predominio de aislados de enterobacterias multiresistentes. El antecedente de infección por VIH es uno de los más frecuentes el que amerita ser evaluado como grupo de riesgo.

Resumen El niño VIH (+) enfrenta no solo el drama de su enfermedad, sino también se desenvuelve en un contexto social que lo rechaza y profundiza aún más su sufrimiento. Por esta razón su atención debe ser de carácter interdisciplinario en donde participen; psicólogos, psicopedagogos, odontopediatras, médicos infectologos, pediatras, anestesiólogos y los profesionales que sean necesarios según cada caso individual.1 Los niños por su corta edad, presencia de caries rampante y muchas veces por sus experiencias traumáticas de procedimientos médicos anteriores, son incapaces de adaptarse a la consulta odontológica², por lo que la anestesia general es un alternativa valiosa para el tratamiento odontológico de los niños VIH(+). Las complicaciones sistémicas, cardiovasculares, respiratorias y neuromusculares; así como el tratamiento farmacológico que reciben por su patología de base (antirretrovirales, antibióticos y antimicóticos) hacen de ellos pacientes de cuidado desde el punto de vista anestésico así como también la interacción farmacológica entre los agentes antirretrovirales y algunos agentes anestésicos, especialmente aquellos que requieren metabolismo rápido por su excreción y su disminución de la inmunidad celular con modificación de la actividad de los mediadores inmunológicos tras anestesia.3 Presentamos el tratamiento odontológico bajo anestesia general que realizamos interdisciplinariamente en el Quirófano de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, a los niños VIH (+) que acuden al Servicio de Atención a Pacientes con enfermedades Infectocontagiosas "Dra. Elsa La Corte", así como también el protocolo de atención que realizamos en conjunto con el Hospital Universitario de Caracas.

Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (+) children not only face the drama of his/her disease, but also a little supportive social environment that discriminates which deadening his/her suffering even more. For these reason their attention should be done by an interdisciplinary team conformed by psychologist, physicians, dentist, social worker, etc. Because of their short ages, presence of rampant caries and traumatic experiences, are incapable of adapting to the dentist’ consultation, therefore general anesthesia is a valuable alternative for dental treatment of these children. The systemic, cardiovascular, respiratory and neuromuscular complications; as well as the pharmacological treatment given to these children for their pathology, make them special care patients for general anesthetic. Since there is a pharmacological interaction between the antiretroviral agents and some anesthetic agents, specially those who require fast metabolism for excretion and their low cellular immunity with modification of the activity of inmunological mediators following anesthesia. We present dental treatment under general anesthesia interdisciplinary done in the operating room of our faculty to HIV(+) children of Servicio de Atención a Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectococntgiosas "Dra. Elsa La Corte" of The Central University of Venezuela as well as the attention protocol we perform to all of our patients together with Hospital Universitario de Caracas

O texto analisa setenta trabalhos apresentados no GT Formação de Professores da ANPEd, no período1992-1998. As pesquisas foram organizadas segundo cinco descritores: formação inicial de professores, formação continuada, práticas pedagógicas, profissionalização docente e revisão da literatura sobre formação de professores. O estudo procura oferecer uma visão compreensiva sobre as questões, os referenciais teóricos e os avanços do conhecimento na área, explorando relações, explicitando divergências e delineando tendências de pesquisa. O conjunto dos trabalhos traz contribuições para fundamentar e subsidiar propostas e políticas de formação e de desenvolvimento profissional docente.

This texts sets out to analyse seventy papers presented in the ANPEd Working Group on Teacher Formation during the period 1992-1998. The research was organised employing five categories: initial teacher formation, continued formation, pedagogical practices, teacher professionalisation and literature review on teacher formation. The study seeks to offer a comprehensive vision with regard to theoretical frameworks and recent advances in the area, exploring relations, expressing divergences and outlining research tendencies. The set of papers offers contributions to substantiate proposals and policies for teacher formation and professional development.

A pesquisa teve por objetivo registrar eventuais mudanças nas decisões instrucionais e nas representações sobre o ensino, resultantes de um trabalho sistemático de reflexão sobre a prática, em um curso de formação inicial de professores de Física. Na Faculdade, os participantes assistiam aos vídeos de seus desempenhos em classes do secundário, analisando, problematizando e propondo reformulações para suas práticas docentes. O estudo descreve as características que marcaram a interação professor-licenciandos, facilitando o processo de (re)construção e (re)formulação das representações e das práticas docentes.

This study aims to register possible changes in teaching concepts and teaching practices, resulting from a systematic effort of reflection, in a preparation course for science teachers. In the School of Education, the participants used to see the videos showing their actions in secondary classes, analyzing, discussing and reelaborating their teaching concepts and practices. The study describes also the features of teacher-students interactions, which promoted the desiquilibrium and accommodation processes.