Abstract Refractory ceramic materials were manufactured, mainly composed of magnesia grains (coarse and medium fraction) and CaZrO3/MgO as a binding phase produced from the reaction sintering between CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite) and m-ZrO2 (monoclinic zirconia), which constituted the finer fraction. Different relationships between the proportion and the size of the different aggregates were studied. The microstructure of the materials was characterized in terms of density, crystalline phases, grain phase distribution, and morphology. A combination of X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis was used. The mechanical behavior was determined in terms of the room temperature dynamic Young’s modulus and the 3-point bending modulus of rupture (MOR) at room temperature. All the materials remained with porosities above 30%. The microstructure developed was similar between the sintered materials, characterized with MgO coarse grains bonded by CaZrO3/c-ZrO2 phases, and dispersed irregularly shaped pores. The MOR was directly related to the finer fraction content in the composition, where a higher quantity of finer fraction resulted in a higher MOR.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar y caracterizar, con base en características microbiológicas y marcadores moleculares, bacterias de los nódulos de tres especies nativas de árboles de América del Sur: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo), y Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). En línea con esto se aislaron y caracterizaron 15 bacterias de P. parviflora, 6 de V. caven, y 1 de E. contortisiliquum. Se identificaron representantes de Bradyrhizobium sp. de E. contorsiliquum y de P. parviflora, así como también representantes de Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) y de Mesorhizobium sp. de V. caven. Además, se encontraron bacterias de los géneros Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. y Curtobacterim sp., así como también representantes de Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. y Enterobacter sp. Algunos aislados inhibieron el crecimiento de dos hongos fitopatógenos. En síntesis, los nódulos de las leguminosas nativas no solo están ocupados por una población de rizobios diversa sino también con otras bacterias que podrían promover el crecimiento de las plantas.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize, based on microbiological as well as molecular markers, bacteria within nodules of three native trees species from South America: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo), and Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). In line with this, we isolated and characterized 15 bacteria from P. parviflora, 6 from V. caven and 1 from E. contortisiliquum. Among them we identified representatives of Bradyrhizobium sp. from E. contorsiliquum and P. parviflora, as well as of Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) and Mesorhizobium sp. from V. caven. Also, other bacteria were found, like representatives of Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. and Curtobacterim sp., as well as Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. Some of these isolates inhibited the growth of two fungal plant pathogens. So, nodules of these native legumes not only are occupied by highly diverse rhizobia but also by other bacteria that might promote plant growth.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e caracterizar, com base em características microbiológicas e marcadores moleculares, bactérias dos nódulos de três espécies arbóreas nativas da América do Sul: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo ) e Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). Em consonância com isso, foram isoladas e caracterizadas 15 bacterias de P. parviflora, 6 de V. caven e 1 de E. contortisiliquum. Foram identificados representantes de Bradyrhizobium sp. de E. contorsiliquum e de P. parviflora, bem como representantes de Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) e Mesorhizobium sp. por V. caven. Os nódulos continham outros bacterias dos gêneros Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. e Curtobacterim sp. bem como representantes de Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. e Enterobacter sp. Alguns isolados inibiram o crescimento de dois fungos fitopatogênicos. Em síntese, os nódulos das leguminosas nativas não são ocupados apenas por uma população diversa de rizobia, mas também por outras bactérias que podem promover o crescimento das plantas.

Resumo O mineral de argila de beidelita após intercalação das espécies OH-Cr(III) foi termicamente analisado até 1350 °C em atmosferas de oxigénio e nitrogênio. A OH-Cr-beidelita pode ser utilizada como um precursor de argila pilarizada para catálise ou para aplicações adsorventes. No entanto, neste trabalho, a beidelita enriquecida em cromo foi analisada em diferentes tratamentos térmicos até alta temperatura para avaliação de mudanças estruturais para possíveis aplicações cerâmicas futuras. As alterações estruturais foram acompanhadas por análise térmica e difração de raios X. O tratamento térmico da OH-Cr-beidelita em atmosferas de oxigênio e nitrogênio desenvolveu diferentes fases mineralógicas até 1050 °C, mas em temperaturas mais altas, as mesmas fases foram desenvolvidas em ambas atmosferas. A fase eskolaita (Cr2O3) apareceu na amostra após aquecimento a 400 °C em atmosfera de oxigênio, enquanto grimaldita (CrO-OH) em atmosfera de nitrogênio, mantendo as fases iniciais. Em 1000 °C, os minerais originais da argila desapareceram, como é conhecido. Em 1050 °C em atmosfera de nitrogênio, a grimaldita estava ausente e apareceu eskolaita. Em amostras calcinadas a 1350 °C em ambas as atmosferas, estavam presentes quartzo, cristobolita e mulita como fases principais e em menores teores óxido de alumínio e óxido de alumínio e cromo [(Al,Cr)2O3].

Abstract Beidellite clay mineral after intercalation of OH-Cr(III) species were thermally analyzed up to 1350 °C in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres. OH-Cr-beidellite can be used as a pillared clay precursor for catalysis or as adsorbent applications. However, in this paper beidellite enriched in chromium were analyzed at different thermal treatments up to high temperature for evaluating structural changes for possible future ceramic applications. The structural changes were followed by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The thermal treatment of OH-Cr-beidellite in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres developed different mineralogical phases up to 1050 °C, but at higher temperatures, the same phases were developed in both atmosphere treatments. Eskolaite phase (Cr2O3) appeared in the sample after heating at 400 °C in oxygen atmosphere, whereas grimaldite (CrO-OH) in nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the starting phases. At 1000 °C the raw clay minerals disappeared, as it is knew. At 1050 °C in nitrogen atmosphere, grimaldite was absent and eskolaite appeared. At 1350 °C in the samples calcined in both atmospheres, quartz, cristobalite and mullite as the main phases and in lower contents aluminum oxide and aluminum-chromium oxide [(Al,Cr)2O3] were present.

ResumoCrustáceos da superordem Peracarida formam importantes aglomerados em habitats sedimentares. O anfípode Monocorophium insidiosum (CRAWFORD, 1937) e o tanaidáceo Tanais dulongii (AUDOUIN, 1926) são classificados como espécies invasoras. No presente estudo, investigamos a ecologia de M. insidiosum e de T. aff. dulongii na costa argentina. Cultivamos ambos os crustáceos para estudar sua fecundidade e crescimento, e investigamos seu comportamento e potenciais relações interespecíficas em quatro experimentos laboratoriais. Avaliamos a capacidade de construção de tubos (experimento 1) e testamos a reação de machos e fêmeas de M. insidiosum em construir tubos na presença de tubos vazios (experimentos 2 e 3) e ocupados (experimento 4) de T. aff. dulongii. Nossos resultados mostraram alta fecundidade (três gerações em quatro semanas) e taxa de crescimento (duplicação do comprimento corporal em duas semanas) de >M. insidiosum. Duas estratégias de construção de tubos foram identificadas: um comportamento de mudança de tubo para M. insidiosum, em que fêmeas mostraram maior atividade de construção; e um comportamento de manutenção de tubo para T. aff. dulongii. De maneira geral, tubos de tanaidáceos foram frequentemente reivindicados por M. insidiosum, demonstrando uma relação interespecífica próxima e resultando numa menor atividade de agregação sedimentar. Segundo nossas observações, é provável que essas espécies invasoras já sejam encontradas ao longo da costa atlântica patagônica, ou que venham a se propagar no futuro.

AbstractPeracarid crustaceans belong to the most important agglomerating macrofauna in sedimentary habitats. The amphipod Monocorophium insidiosumCRAWFORD, 1937 and the tanaid Tanais dulongii AUDOUIN, 1926 are listed as invasive species. In the present study, we investigated the ecology of M. insidiosum and T. aff. dulongii from the Argentinian coast. Both crustaceans were breeding under laboratory conditions to study their fecundity and growth. Additionally their behavior and potential interspecific relations have been investigated in four different laboratory experiments. We evaluated tube building capabilities (experiment 1), and tested gender specific responses of M. insdiosum to the presence of empty (experiments 2 and 3), and inhabited T. aff. dulongii tubes (experiment 4). Our results showed high fecundity (three generations within four weeks) and growth rates (duplication of body lengths in two weeks) for M. insidiosum. Two tube construction strategies were distinguished: a tube changing behavior for the amphipod M. insidiosum, showing greater construction activity for females, and tube keeping behavior for T. aff. dulongii. Overall, tanaid tubes were frequently claimed by M. insidiosum, demonstrating a close interspecific relationship and resulting in decreased sediment aggregating activity. In the light of our observations it may be affirmed that these invasive species are probably frequently distributed along the Patagonian Atlantic coast and will still spread in future.

As transformações de queima de cerâmicas tradicionais (à base de argila) são de interesse tecnológico e arqueológico, e são geralmente reportadas qualitativa ou semi-qualitativamente. Estes tipos de sistemas apresentam uma importante complexidade, especialmente para técnicas de difração de raios X, devido à presença de fases totalmente cristalinas, de baixa cristalinidade e amorfas. Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de análise de Rietveld qualitativa e quantitativa de difração de raios X de amostras totalmente cristalinas (caulinita, quartzo, cristobalita, feldspato e/ou mulita), de baixa cristalinidade (metacaulinita e/ou pré-mulita tipo espinélio) e evolução de fases vítreas de cerâmica triaxial (argila-quartzo-feldspato) após queima em ampla faixa de temperaturas entre 900 e 1300 ºC. A metodologia empregada para determinar as abundâncias de fases de baixa cristalinidade e amorfas é baseada em uma combinação de método de padrões interno se o uso de modelo nanocristalino no qual a ordem de longo alcance é perdida, respectivamente. Uma caracterização preliminar de sinterização foi feita por evolução de retração, densidade e porosidade em função da temperatura de queima. Análise simultânea termogravimétrica e térmica diferencial (TG-ATD) foi feita para avaliar as temperaturas reais em que ocorrem as transformações químicas. Finalmente, foi feita uma análise quantitativa baseada no método de refinamento de Rietveld dos difratogramas de raios X. A decomposição de caulinita em metacaulinita foi determinada quantitativamente; a formação intermediária (980 ºC) de alumino-silicato tipo espinélio foi também quantificada; a fusão incongruente de feldspato potássico foi observada e quantificada juntamente com a mulitização final e formação de fase amorfa (vítrea). A metodologia usada para analisar os difratogramas de raios X provaram ser adequadas para avaliar quantitativamente as transformações térmicas que ocorrem em um sistema complexo como as cerâmicas triaxiais. As fases determinadas podem ser facilmente correlacionadas com as variáveis de processo e as propriedades dos materiais. Essas correlações podem ser empregadas para caracterização, projeto e controle de processamento de materiais.

The firing transformations of traditional (clay based) ceramics are of technological and archeological interest, and are usually reported qualitatively or semiquantitatively. These kinds of systems present an important complexity, especially for X-ray diffraction techniques, due to the presence of fully crystalline, low crystalline and amorphous phases. In this article we present the results of a qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis of the fully crystalline (kaolinite, quartz, cristobalite, feldspars and/or mullite), the low crystalline (metakaolinite and/or spinel type pre-mullite) and glassy phases evolution of a triaxial (clay-quartz-feldspar) ceramic fired in a wide temperature range between 900 and 1300 ºC. The employed methodology to determine low crystalline and glassy phase abundances is based in a combination of the internal standard method and the use of a nanocrystalline model where the long-range order is lost, respectively. A preliminary sintering characterization was carried out by contraction, density and porosity evolution with the firing temperature. Simultaneous thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis was carried out to elucidate the actual temperature at which the chemical changes occur. Finally, the quantitative analysis based on the Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns was performed. The kaolinite decomposition into metakaolinite was determined quantitatively; the intermediate (980 ºC) spinel type alumino-silicate formation was also quantified; the incongruent fusion of the potash feldspar was observed and quantified together with the final mullitization and the amorphous (glassy) phase formation.The methodology used to analyze the X-ray diffraction patterns proved to be suitable to evaluate quantitatively the thermal transformations that occur in a complex system like the triaxial ceramics. The evaluated phases can be easily correlated with the processing variables and materials properties. These correlations can be employed for materials characterization, design and processing control.

The objective of the present study is to report for the first time the occurrence of Spermatozopsis similis H. R. Preisig et M. Melkonian in a marine environment, describing the morphology and its abundance in Ría del Jabalí; Bahía Anegada, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Samples were taken monthly between June and November 2006 and were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. Specimens of S. similis showed biflagellate, fusiform and slightly spiraled cells, with flagella of unequal length. S. similis was an important component of phytoplankton in Ría del Jabalí between June and August 2006, reaching its maximum abundance in August (6 770 cél.ml-1), during this period there were observed very high and fluctuating values of salinity. This paper is the first record of S. similis in a marine environment.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es registrar por primera vez la presencia de Spermatozopsis similis H. R. Preisig et M. Melkonian en un ambiente marino y describir su morfología y abundancia en la ría del Jabalí; bahía Anegada, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre junio y noviembre de 2006, las muestras se observaron bajo microscopio óptico y electrónico de barrido. Los ejemplares de S. similis presentaron células biflageladas fusiformes y levemente espiraladas, con flagelos de largo desigual. Spermatozopsis similis fue un componente importante del fitoplancton en la ría del Jabalí entre junio y agosto de 2006, alcanzando su máxima abundancia en agosto (6 770 cél.ml-1), durante este periodo se observaron valores muy altos y fluctuantes en la salinidad. Este trabajo constituye el primer registro de S. similis en un ambiente marino.

Stress in pregnant rats alters the pattern of secretion of corticosterone (COR) and modifies transplacentally hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) fetus. Prenatal stress during the critical hypothalamic differentiation is related to decreased fertility of male offspring by an increase in the basal level of COR. This modification could induce long-term changes in the process of apoptosis in the testis. However, early postnatal handling increases maternal behavior and could reverse the effects caused by increased secretion of COR. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of early postnatal stimulation of male rats prenatal stressed by chronic immobilization during the last two weeks of pregnancy, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and their relationship with the activity of the HPA. Male Wistar rats 3 month olds, were separated in four groups: (a) prenatally stressed animals by immobilization (IMO), without postnatal stimulation; (b) prenatally stressed animals with postnatal stimulation; (c) control animals without prenatal stress, without postnatal stimulation and (d) control animals without prenatal stress, with postnatal stimulation. In different animals groups plasmatic levels of COR, Testosterone (T) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) were analyzed. Gonadosomatic index and testicular apoptosis was determined. In conclusion that prenatal stress by IMO increased levels of COR and inhibits the HHG axis obtaining low values of plasmatic LH and T, testicular weight, and induction of apoptosis in testes. On other hand, early postnatal stimulation results in an increase in maternal care to the offspring reversing the effects of prenatal stress on the HPG axis. This effect could be mediated by a mechanism independent of the HPA axis.

El estrés en ratas preñadas altera el patrón de secreción de corticosterona (COR) materna la cual, por vía transplacentaria, produce una alteración del eje Hipotálamo-Hipófiso-Adrenal (HHA) fetal. El estrés prenatal producido durante la etapa crítica de diferenciación hipotalámica, está relacionado con la disminución de la fertilidad en las crías macho, por un aumento en el nivel de COR basal. Esta modificación podría inducir cambios a largo plazo en el proceso de apoptosis testicular. Sin embargo, la estimulación postnatal temprana mejora el comportamiento materno, revirtiendo las alteraciones producidas por el aumento de COR en las crías adultas. El objetivo fue investigar el efecto de la estimulación postnatal temprana sobre el eje Hipotálamo-Hipófiso-Gonadal (HHG) en ratas macho estresadas prenatalmente (EP), por inmovilización crónica durante las dos últimas semanas de la preñez. Se utilizaron crías de 3 meses de edad, que fueron divididas en 4 grupos: (a) individuos EP y sin estimulación postnatal; (b) individuos EP con estimulación postnatal; (c) individuos controles no estresados prenatalmente (CP) y sin estimulación postnatal; y (d) individuos CP con estimulación postnatal. En todos los grupos se midió COR, Testosterona (T) y Hormona Luteinizante (LH). Se determinaron la apoptosis y la Caspasa 3 testicular y el índice gonadosomático. Se concluye que el estrés prenatal por inmovilización aumenta los niveles de COR del eje HHA e inhibe el eje HHG obteniendo valores bajos de LH y T plasmáticas. Se observa disminución del tamaño testicular y aumento de la apoptosis de las células testiculares. Por otro lado, la estimulación postnatal temprana se traduce en un aumento del cuidado materno hacia la cría, lo que revierte los efectos producidos por el estrés prenatal sobre el eje HHG. Este efecto podría estar mediado por algún mecanismo independiente del eje HHA.

Introduction: the presence of palpable thyroid nodules in the general population is one of the most common clinical signs of thyroid disease in daily practice. Objectives: 1) To assess the prevalence of pathologies, clinical and cytological findings of single palpable thyroid nodules (SPTN) in Argentina. 2) Analyze the regional differences in Argentina. Methods: Prospective study of 739 patients with STPN were evaluated at centres in Buenos Aires, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza, and La Pampa between 1/1/00 and 12/31/01. Clinical examination, thyroid ultrasound scan (US), TSH, TPOAb and fine needle aspirations (FNA) were performed. Statistics: Pearson Correlation, X2 & Fisher Tests. Results: Age (X ± SD) 46 ± 14ys: 93.1 % were women. Previous history of neck radiation & familial thyroid disease were found in 1.6 and 29.9 % respectively. Clinical findings: dysphagia: 7.9 %; dysphonia: 3.5%; nodule growth: 19.2 %; hard consistence: 24.7 %; fixation to adjacent structure: 1.5 % and lymphadenopathies (ADP): 3 %. Biochemical findings: TSH was normal in 81.2 % & TPOAb+ in 30.3 %. US features: solid: 53.1 %; hypoechoic: 63.8 %; microcalcifications: 10.3 %; incomplete halo: 15 %; more than 1 nodule: 30.5 %; thyroid heterogeneity: 60.2 % and ADP: 3.8 %. Cytology: Only 1 FNA was needed in 86.8%. Unsatisfactory (excluding cysts): 3.2 %; benign: 77.2%; suspicious: 12.6 % and cancer: 7 % (42 papillary, 2 medullary and 3 non specified). A significant correlation (p<0.02) was established between malignant nodules and rapid growth, hard, fixed, solid nodule, incomplete halo and ADP, though these parameters were more frequent (in absolute number) in benign nodules. Surgery was mainly indicated based on FNA results. Histological diagnosis of 96 patients who underwent surgery showed 51 carcinomas, of which only 2 were cytologically benign and 31 adenomas. Conclusion: Palpable single nodules were more frequent in middle aged euthyroid women. One third had familial thyroid pathology, similar to the presence of TPOAb. On US, nodules were predominantly solid, hypoechoic, single with heterogeneous thyroid gland. FNA was predominantly benign. Rapid growth, hard, fixed, solid nodule, incomplete halo and ADP were associated with malignancy, but benignity was more common. In most of the patients surgery was recommended based on cytological findings. Our results are similar to those reported in other geographic areas.

Introducción: La presencia de nódulos tiroideos palpables en la población general, es uno de los signos clínicos tiroideos más frecuentes en la práctica diaria. Objetivos: 1) establecer la prevalencia de las distintas patologías en bocio nodular único palpable y analizar sus características y su relación con los resultados citológicos. 2) analizar la existencia de diferencias regionales en Argentina. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 739 pacientes con bocio nodular único palpable evaluados entre el 1/1/2000 y el 31/12/2001 en Centros de Buenos Aires, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza y La Pampa. Se recabaron datos de examen clínico, ecografía tiroidea, TSH, ATPO y citología por punción con aguja fina. (PAAF). Fue utilizado para el análisis estadístico Correlación de Pearson, X2 y Test de Fisher. Resultados: la edad (X ± DS) fue 46,3 ± 14 años, 93,1 % eran de sexo femenino. El 1,6 % tenía historia de radiación en cuello y el 29,9 % antecedentes familiares de patología tiroidea. Hallazgos clínicos: disfagia en el 7,9 %, disfonía 3,5 %, crecimiento nodular en los últimos 6 meses 19,2 %, consistencia dura el 24,7 %, fijeza a estructuras adyacentes 1,5 % y adenopatías en el 3 %. Hallazgos bioquímicos: TSH normal en el 81,2 % y ATPO positivos en el 30,3 % de los casos. Características Ecográficas: nódulos sólidos: 53,1 %, hipoecoicos: 63,8 %, microcalcificaciones 10,3 %, halo incompleto: 15 %, multinodular: 30,5 %, tiroides heterogénea: 60,2 % y adenopatías: 3,8 %. Hallazgos citológicos: En el 86,8 % de los casos fue necesario solo una punción para llegar al diagnóstico. Insatisfactorio (excluyendo quiste): 3,2 %: benignos: 77,3 %; sospechosos: 12,6 % y cáncer: 7 % (42 papilar, 2 medular y 3 sin especificar). Una correlación significativa (p<0,02) fue observada entre citología maligna y crecimiento rápido, dureza, fijeza a estructuras vecinas, nódulo sólido, halo incompleto y adenopatías aunque estos parámetros son más frecuentes en números absolutos en nódulos benignos. La mayoría de las cirugías fueron indicadas en base al hallazgo citológico. El diagnóstico histológico de los 96 pacientes que fueron operados mostró 51 carcinomas, de los cuales solo dos tenían citología benigna y 31 adenomas. Conclusión: Los nódulos palpables únicos fueron más frecuentes en mujeres eutiroideas en la edad media de la vida. Un tercio tenía historia familiar de patología tiroidea, similar al porcentaje hallado de ATPO positivos. Por ecografía los nódulos fueron predominantemente sólidos, hipoecoicos, únicos con resto de la glándula tiroides heterogénea. La PAAF fue predominantemente benigna. El crecimiento rápido, la dureza, la fijeza a estructuras adyacentes, el halo incompleto y la presencia de adenopatías fueron relacionados con malignidad, pero la benignidad fue más frecuente. En la mayoría de los pacientes la cirugía fue recomendada por los hallazgos citológicos. Nuestros resultados son similares a los reportados en otras áreas geográficas.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in thyroglosal duct cyst (TGDC) is rare, ranging from 0.7 to 1.07% in different series. After the surgery of choice (Sistrunk procedure) the other alternative treatments such as thyroidectomy (Tx), radioiodine and L-T4 therapy are controversial. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate several and controversial aspects in the largest series of DTC in TGDC reported in the literature. Subjects and methods: retrospective multicentric study: n= 22, aged 10-69 yrs. (15 females and 7 men) who underwent the Sistrunk procedure for TGDC. Results: none of the TGDC was less than 1 cm (median 3.0 cm, Χ±SD= 3.7 ± 2.2cm). In half of them there was an increased cystic size in the last 6 months before surgery. Cyst FNA was suspicious in 2/5 and positive in one, whereas the histological diagnosis of the operated TGCD was papillary cancer in 21 and 1 follicular carcinoma. Thyroid ultrasound (US) (n=13) showed nodules in 30% of the cases. Tx was performed in 17/22 (total: 15, subtotal: 2). Thyroid DTC coexisted in 4/17 (23.5%), and was unilateral in all of them. Lymph node metastases were present in 2 adults and muscle involvement was found in the 10-year old girl. None of these 3 patients had overt thyroid lesions. 131-I therapy was performed in 10 patients. In 9 out of 11 subjects Tg remained undetectable during follow-up (1-14yrs.). Persistent high Tg was present in one case without thyroid DTC. Conclusions: 1) Ultrasonography and FNAB should be performed to every patient with thyroglossal duct cyst 2) In case of TGDC, total Tx and Sistrunk's procedure should be simultaneously combined 3) 131-I therapy and L-T4 suppressive treatment should be evaluated in every case 4) Follow-up as in the DTC.

El carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides en quiste tirogloso (CaQT) es una rara entidad. En diferentes series de pacientes operados por quistes tiroglosos su incidencia fue del 0.7 al 1.07%. Luego de la extirpación del quiste por el procedimiento de Sistrunk, no hay consenso sobre la indicación de tiroidectomía total, radioablación y/o terapéutica supresiva con levotiroxina. El objetivo del Departamento de tiroides de SAEM, fue evaluar: formas de presentación, evolución clínica, métodos diagnósticos de utilidad y tratamiento para consensuar futuras conductas. Material y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo en 22 pacientes entre 10 a 69 años, 15 mujeres y 7 varones. Resultados: El tamaño de los quistes osciló entre 1 y 8 cm (Mediana= 3.0 cm, Χ ± DS= 3.7 ± 2.2 cm). La mitad de los pacientes presentó crecimiento del quiste en los 6 meses previos a la cirugía. La punción resultó sospechosa en 2/5 quistes y positiva en uno. La ecografía tiroidea evidenció nódulos en 4/13 casos (30%). Se realizó tiroidectomía en 17/22 pacientes (total: 15 y subtotal: 2). La histología del CaQT demostró carcinoma papilar en 21 y carcinoma folicular en uno. Hubo coexistencia de cáncer intratiroideo en el 23.5% de los casos, ninguno multicéntrico. Dos pacientes presentaron metástasis ganglionares y otro tuvo compromiso muscular (ninguno de ellos coexistió con cáncer intratiroideo). Se radioablacionó a 13 pacientes. En 9/11 pacientes la tiroglobulina permaneció indetectable durante el seguimiento (1 a 14 años). Conclusiones: 1) Realizar ecografía de cuello y punción ecoguiada a todo paciente con quiste tirogloso. 2) En caso de CaQT combinar simultáneamente tiroidectomía total y procedimiento de Sistrunk. 3) Evaluar radioablación complementaria y tratamiento supresivo con levotiroxina en cada caso. 4) Efectuar el seguimiento tal como en los carcinomas ortotópicos.

The κ-carrageenan is an ionic polysaccharide extracted from marine red algae constituted by the copolymeric repetitive units of α-(1-3) D-galactose 4 - sulfate and β-(1-4) 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose. The knowledge of the molecular bases that determine the three-dimensional conformation of this polysaccharide is fundamental to understand the interactions leading to gel formation, as well as the regulation of its industrial properties. As with other biopolymers, even though its primary structure is well-known, the secondary structure is still a matter of debate. This work present and discuss the results of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of a decamer of the repeating disaccharide unit constituting the κ-carrageenan. The simulations were run using the GROMACS MD package, with the solute immersed in molecular solvent, either DMSO or water, and using Na+ atoms as counterions. The dynamics of the central glycosidic angles are presented, as well as the pattern of possible intramolecular and solvent mediated H-bonds and some characteristics interatomic distances. These results are in good agreement with the available experimental data, as well as those of previous molecular mechanics and dynamics.

El κ-carragenano es un polisacárido iónico extraído de algas marinas rojas constituido por unidades repetitivas copolimericas de α-(1-3) D-galactosa 4-sulfato y β-(1-4) 3,6-anhydro-D-galactosa. El conocimiento de las bases moleculares que determinan la conformación tridimensional de este polisacárido, es fundamental tanto para comprender las interacciones que llevan a la formación de geles como para regular sus propiedades industriales. Como sucede con tantos biopolímeros, si bien su estructura primaria es conocida, su estructura secundaria no está aún bien determinada, dependiendo la misma de las condiciones físico-químicas de la solución. En este trabajo proponemos estudiar el efecto de las moléculas de solvente sobre la conformación molecular. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio mediante dinámica molecular (MD) de un decámero de las unidades disacarídicas que forman el κ-carragenano, con el soluto sumergido en dos solventes moleculares explícitos de propiedades muy distintas: DMSO y agua. Las simulaciones fueron realizadas utilizando el paquete computacional GROMACS MD, utilizando en ambos cálculos átomos de Na+ como contraiones. Se han calculado las trayectorias de los ángulos diedros glicosídicos, los enlaces hidrógenos y las distancias interatómicas más relevantes a la conformación polimérica, mostrándose un buen acuerdo con los resultados experimentales disponibles, así como una coherencia global con cálculos previos de mecánica y dinámica molecular en agua o vacío.

The chronic stress induces functional adaptations in the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) and in the sympathetic-medullary-adrenal axis (SAM). Both axis are considered vital regulators of the homeostasis in vertebrates (Seyle, 1936; Ostrandrer et al, 2006. On the other hand, the placenta provides highly specialized functions during gestation that are critical for the normal development of the embryo/fetus (Soares et al., 1991). We hypothesized that the chronic immobilization (IMO) stress in pregnancy rats produces alterations in prolactin concentrations in placental tissue and also changes in the response of SAM axis. Chronic stress by IMO was applied on days 12, 17 and 21 of pregnancy rats. Relative concentrations and localization of placental lactogen-II (PL-II) and the PRL- like protein A (PLP-A) in chorioalantoic placenta were estimated by Immunoblotting and Immunocytochemical analysis. The levels of catecholamines metabolite, acid 3-metoxi 4-hidroximandélico (VMA), were analyzed in stressed rats urines on 6,12,17,21 days of pregnancy, by HPLC, in order to determine the response of SAM axis. During the days of the pregnancy studied, chronic stress did not induce any changes neither in the localization nor in placental concentrations of PL-II and PLP-A. The VMA values in stressed mothers urines increased on the day 6 respecting the control ones at the same time of pregnancy. VMA values in stressed rats at 21 days of pregnancy are smaller than the respective controls. We conclude that the chronic stressed mothers activated the SAM axis at the beginning of pregnancy and then they diminished the metabolites catecholamines that were interpreted as a stress adaptation coincident with normal concentrations of both placentary prolactines at this stage of the pregnancy

El estrés crónico induce adaptaciones funcionales en los ejes hipotálamo-pituitario-adrenal (UPA) y en el simpático médulo adrenal (SAM). Ambos ejes son considerados reguladores vitales de la homeostasis en los vertebrados (Seyle, 1936; Ostrandrereí al., 2006). Por otro lado, el desarrollo y crecimiento fetal de los mamíferos dependen en gran medida del buen funcionamiento de la placenta (Soares, 1991). Nosotros hipotetizamos que el estrés crónico por inmovilización (IMO) aplicado a las ratas gestantes produce alteraciones en las concentraciones de las prolactinas en el tejido placentario y cambios en la respuesta del eje SAM. Se le aplicó estrés crónico por IMO a las hembras en los días 12, 17 y 21 de la preñez y se analizó por inmunocitoquímica e inmunoblotting la localización y concentraciones del lactógeno placentario dos (PL-II) y la proteína A ligada a la prolactina (PLP-A) en la placenta. Se analizaron por HPLC, en las orinas de ratas preñadas (6,12,17,21 días), los niveles del metabolito de las catecolaminas, (ácido 3-metoxi 4-hidroximandélico) (VMA), a fin de determinar la respuesta del eje SAM al tratamiento. El estrés crónico no indujo cambios tanto en la localización como en las concentraciones de PL-II y PLP-A en las placentas en los días de la preñez estudiados. Los valores de VMA en las orinas de las madres estresadas se incrementaron en el día 6 con respecto al control del mismo tiempo de preñez. Mientras que a los 21 días los valores de VMA de las ratas estresadas son menores que los controles respectivos. Concluimos que en las madres estresadas crónicamente, no se alteraron las concentraciones de ambas prolactinas placentarias. En cambio se activó el eje SAM al comienzo de la preñez ante el primer estímulo estresante y luego una reducción de la respuesta del eje ante el estrés crónico, a medida que avanza la preñez