Resumen Introducción. La heterogeneidad de los sistemas agropecuarios dificulta evaluar su sustentabilidad, pues no existen herramientas que puedan aplicarse a la generalidad de los casos, con indicadores de fácil comprensión por los actores del medio. Una herramienta de uso posible es el análisis energético. Objetivos. Contextualizar la heterogeneidad de los modelos de producción primaria de leche, con base en flujogramas de energía. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajó con datos retrospectivos de nueve establecimientos comerciales de producción de leche en la Región Pampeana Argentina, durante el período comprendido entre julio de 2014 a junio de 2015. Estos se diferenciaron según variables como carga animal y nivel de suplementación alimentaria. Se utilizó la metodología de estudio de casos, con análisis energéticos para cada caso, configurándose para cada uno flujogramas y cuantificándose ingresos, egresos y eficiencia de uso de la energía. Resultados. Se determinó la existencia de tres tipos de sistemas: mixto lechero-agrícola con invernada (proceso de engorde), mixto lechero-agrícola y lechero puro con invernada. Los sistemas mixtos son importantes por el caudal energético que aportan la agricultura, para compensar la significativa pérdida de energía de los subsistemas de leche y carne; sin embargo, los sistemas ganaderos puros resultaron más eficientes en el uso de la energía, debido al menor consumo energético y a la producción forrajera. Conclusiones. El análisis energético resultó útil para caracterizar la heterogeneidad entre sistemas a partir de la construcción de flujogramas. También permitió evaluar aspectos sociales y ambientales, que en análisis tradicionales quedan excluidos; pero que, dado el volumen del flujo energético que proveen, motivan la necesidad de incluirlos en la contabilidad por su importancia para el proceso lechero y por el estrecho vínculo entre naturaleza y sociedad, asociado al complejo hombre-ecosistema.

Abstract Introduction. The heterogeneity of agricultural systems makes it difficult to assess their sustainability, since there are no tools that can be applied to most cases, with indicators that are easily understood by the stakeholders in the field. One possible tool for use is energy analysis. Objectives. To contextualize the heterogeneity of primary milk production models, based on energy flowcharts. Materials and methods. A retrospective data from nine commercial milk production establishments in the Argentine Pampas Region, during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 were worked with. These were differentiated according to variables such as animal stocking rate and level of feed supplementation. The case study methodology was used, with energy analysis for each case, configuring flowcharts for each one, and quantifying inputs, outputs, and energy use efficiency. Results. The existence of three systems was determined: mixed dairy-agricultural with fattening, mixed dairy-agricultural, and pure dairy with fattening. The mixed systems are important, due to the energy flow provided by agriculture to compensate for the significant energy loss of the milk and meat subsystems; however, the purely livestock systems turned out to be more efficient in energy use, due to lower energy consumption and forage production. Conclusions. The energy analysis was useful to characterize the heterogeneity between systems through the construction of flow charts. It also allowed evaluating social and environmental aspects, which in traditional analyzes are excluded; but which, given the volume of energy flow they provide, motivate the need to include them in accounting due to their importance for the dairy process and due to the close link between nature and society, associated with the man-ecosystem complex.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad agropecuaria es usuaria y productora de energía, puede evaluarse mediante el análisis energético, que también relaciona conceptos de física, bioquímica y biología. Objetivos. Evaluar desde un enfoque energético expandido, distintos modelos comerciales de producción primaria de leche. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajó con datos retrospectivos de nueve establecimientos lecheros de la Región Pampeana Argentina, entre julio de 2014 a junio de 2015. Se calcularon cuatro indicadores: egreso energético (EE), ingreso energético (IE), eficiencia energética (EE/IE) y anergía (A). Resultados. Los mayores EE se basaron en productividad primaria neta, en condiciones de alta suplementación. El IE promedió fue 239,9 GJ/ha/año, rango en que se alinearon los sistemas con carga animal media. El agua (67 %) fue la principal aportante. La eficiencia (EE/IE) presentó marcada variabilidad, basada en los IE; aunque la biomasa vegetal fue la mayor causa de fluctuación de los EE, ya que los aportes de leche y carne no difirieron entre sistemas. El stock (almacenamiento) energético remanente no se utilizó dentro del sistema, ni contribuyó con el mismo mediante su exportación, por lo que se definió como una fracción sin utilidad práctica (A). Conclusiones. El análisis energético fue una herramienta válida para evaluar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas, se aplicó en modelos de producción con diferentes estrategias de intensificación. Al incluir la biomasa vegetal, los mayores egresos energéticos (EE) se apreciaron en modelos de alta suplementación, pero en el subsistema lechero tomado de manera individual, se asoció carga animal con mayores EE (por incremento de productividad) y mayores ingresos energéticos (IE), debido al incremento en el agua consumida.

Abstract Introduction. Agricultural activity is a user and producer of energy, which can be evaluated through energy analysis, which also relates concepts of physics, biochemistry, and biology. Objectives. To evaluate from an expanded energy approach, different commercial models of primary milk production. Materials and methods. The study was based on retrospective data from nine dairy farms in the Pampa's Argentina Region, between July 2014 and June 2015. Four indicators were calculated: energy output (EE), energy input (IE), energy efficiency (EE/IE), and anergy (A). Results. The highest EE were based on net primary productivity, under high supplementation conditions. The average IE was 239.9 GJ/ha/year, a range in which the systems with medium stocking rates were aligned. Water (67 %) was the main contributor. The efficiency (EE/IE) showed marked variability, based on the IE; although the vegetal biomass was the main cause of EE fluctuation, since the contributions of milk and meat did not differ between systems. The remaining energy stock (storage) was not used within the system, nor did it contribute to the system through its export, so it was defined as a fraction without practical use (A). Conclusions. The energy analysis was a valid tool to evaluate the sustainability of the systems, it was applied in production models with different intensification strategies. When including vegetal biomass, the highest energy outputs (EE) were seen in models with high supplementation, but in the dairy subsystem taken individually, animal stocking rate was associated with higher EE (due to increased productivity) and higher IE, due to the increase of water consumption.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between asthma control, family income and family costs of asthma in a population of children-adolescents; to detail the family costs of asthma in this age range; and to compare asthma costs for the families of children-adolescents and adults. Methods The authors invited asthmatic subjects who attended a scheduled spirometry test at the Jundiaí School of Medicine (FMJ). The FMJ performs all spirometry tests requested by staff physicians who serve at the public healthcare system in the municipality. Volunteers responded to the ACQ, the Asthma Family Costs Questionnaire and underwent a spirometry test. Results The authors included 342 children-adolescents. Families of children-adolescents taking maintenance therapy and families of those reporting uncontrolled asthma symptoms were more likely to report any expenditure with asthma during the preceding month. In this age range, the smallest expenditures were on diagnostic tests and medical consultations, while home expenditures to avoid asthma triggers were the highest ones. As compared to adults’ families, the children and adolescents families reported a greater proportion of income committed with asthma. Expenditures with transportation to healthcare facilities for asthma care were greater in the families of children-adolescents as compared to the values reported by the adults’ families; in contrast, loss of income due to asthma was smaller in the families of children-adolescents. Conclusions Children-adolescents’ asthma affects the household economy. The authors believe researchers should assess this outcome when designing studies about asthma. Finally, the study's data support the necessity of public policies in low-resource communities to minimize the economic impact of children and adolescents’ asthma.

RESUMO O tratamento de lesões cavitadas de cárie em dentes decíduos anteriores é uma demanda frequente na clínica de odontopediatria, visto que o controle da doença na primeira infância ainda se apresenta como um desafio interfatorial nos cuidados em saúde infantil. Enquanto a evidência científica nos princípios minimamente invasivos de abordagem em Odontologia apresenta-se em nível crescente, as alternativas para tratamento restaurador em dentes decíduos anteriores ainda esbarram na baixa disponibilidade de relatos que associem a mínima intervenção às necessidades estéticas inerentes ao tratamento. Assim, este artigo apresenta uma série de casos em que as restaurações diretas em resina composta, sem a remoção de tecido cariado utilizando matrizes de polivinila foram alternativas de tratamento para lesões de cárie moderadas e severas em dentes decíduos anteriores. Observou-se que o uso desse artefato auxiliou a reabilitação dos elementos dentários comprometidos com rapidez e resultado satisfatório, sugerindo que essa é uma abordagem adequada para aplicação em Odontopediatria, já que oferece resistência, durabilidade, além de proporcionar estética e funcionalidade, apresenta menor custo e agilidade na medida que dispensa a fase laboratorial.

ABSTRACT The treatment of cavity carious lesions in anterior deciduous teeth is a frequent demand in the pediatric dentistry clinic, since the control of the disease in early childhood still presents itself as an inter-factor challenge in child health care. While the scientific evidence on the minimally invasive principles of approach in Dentistry is presented at an increasing level, the alternatives for restorative treatment in anterior deciduous teeth still face the low availability of reports that associate minimal intervention with the aesthetic needs inherent to the treatment. Thus, this article presents a series of cases in which direct restorations in composite resin, without removing carious tissue using polyvinyl matrices, were treatment alternatives for moderate and severe caries lesions in anterior deciduous teeth. It was observed, therefore, that the use of this artifact helped the rehabilitation of compromised dental elements with speed and satisfactory 50 result, suggesting that this is an appropriate approach for application in Pediatric Dentistry, 51 since it offers resistance, durability, besides providing aesthetics and functionality, it presents lower cost and agility as it eliminates the laboratory phase.

RESUMO Introdução: O escalpelamento é caracterizado pelo trauma em região do couro cabeludo, que pode ser classificado como parcial ou total. O trauma por escalpelamento é extremamente mutilante e estigmatizante, principalmente quando expõe o osso sem periósteo, que pode levar a quadro de osteomielite crônica e erosão de tábua externa. Quando há lesões extensas de couro cabeludo acima de 200cm² e com lesão de periósteo é necessária grande quantidade de tecido com retalho microcirúrgico, que não está disponível em todos os centros. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar caso de paciente de 69 anos, feminina, que sofreu trauma por avulsão total de couro cabeludo de grande extensão de 550cm² com exposição de calota craniana sem periósteo e inviabilização total do escalpe após mordida de cachorro. Devido à inviabilização total do escalpe avulsionado, optou-se pelo transplante de retalho livre de músculo grande dorsal com anastomose microvascular do pedículo toracodorsal com os vasos temporais superficiais. O retalho evoluiu com boa perfusão e na área cruenta foi realizado enxertia parcial. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de prontuário da paciente em questão. O presente trabalho segue os padrões de declaração de Helsinque e aprovação do comitê de ética e pesquisa. Conclusão: O retalho livre de músculo grande dorsal mostrou-se eficaz neste caso de reconstrução de lesão extensa do couro cabeludo (550cm²) com lesão parcial de periósteo devido ao escalpelamento. O retalho recuperou a forma do crânio e a função de proteção da calota craniana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Scalping is characterized by trauma in the scalp region, which can be classified as partial or total. Scalping trauma is extremely mutilating and stigmatizing, especially when exposing the bone without periosteum, leading to chronic osteomyelitis and external table erosion. When there are extensive scalp lesions above 200cm², and with periosteum, the lesion is required a large amount of tissue with microsurgical flap, which is not available in all centers. This work aims to report a case of a 69-year-old female patient who suffered trauma due to total avulsion of a big scalp of 550cm² with exposure of a skull cap without periosteum and total unviability of the scalp after a dog bite. Due to the total unviability of the avulsed scalp, we opted to transplant a large dorsal muscle free flap with microvascular anastomosis of the thoracodorsal pedicle with the superficial temporal vessels. The flap evolved with good perfusion, and partial grafting was performed in the bloody area. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the medical records of the patient in question. This paper follows the Declaration of Helsinki’s standards and the approval of the Ethics and Research Committee. Conclusion: The free flap of the large dorsal muscle proved effective in this case of reconstruction of the scalp’s extensive lesion (550cm²) with partial periosteum lesion due to scalping. The flap recovered the shape of the skull and the protective function of the skull cap.

RESUMO Introdução: A presença de defeitos extensos em couro cabeludo apresenta-se como um grande desafio reconstrutor para o cirurgião plástico. Estes defeitos têm vasta etiologia como: traumática, queimaduras térmicas ou elétricas, ressecções tumorais benignas e malignas ou congênitas, sequelas de tratamentos radioterápicos e infecções. Destacando-se lesões como o escalpelamento e queimaduras (térmicas ou elétricas), geram repercussões significativas como a perda de tecido grave, osteomielite crônica ou sequelas menores como uma alopecia cicatricial. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de reconstrução de couro cabeludo em fase tardia com expansor tecidual e posterior retalho de avanço, devido à alopecia cicatricial, em paciente feminina de 11 anos vítima de escaldamento por água quente em região frontotemporal direita. Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de prontuário da paciente em questão. O presente trabalho segue os padrões do comitê de ética de Helsinque. Conclusão: A técnica de expansão tecidual de couro cabeludo por estágios e posterior confecção de retalho de avanço de escalpo demonstrou ser eficaz de restaurar a estrutura pilosa e linha da implantação capilar da paciente com mínima distorção local, restituindo a forma e a estética do couro cabeludo da paciente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The presence of extensive scalp defects is a major reconstructive challenge for the plastic surgeon. These defects have a vast etiology, such as traumatic, thermal or electrical burns, benign and malignant or congenital tumor resections, radiotherapy treatments sequelae, and infections. Noting that injuries such as scalping and burns (thermal or electrical), generate significant repercussions such as severe tissue loss, chronic osteomyelitis or minor sequelae such as scar alopecia. This study aims to report a case of late scalp reconstruction with a tissue expander and posterior advancement flap, due to cicatricial alopecia, in an 11-year-old female, victim of scalding by hot water in the right frontotemporal region. Methods: It was performed a retrospective analysis of the patient’s medical record. The present work follows the standards of the Helsinki ethics committee. Conclusion: The scalp tissue expansion technique by stages and subsequent scalp advancement flap performing proved to be effective in restoring the patient’s hair structure and hairline with minimal local distortion, restoring the scalp’s shape and aesthetics of the patient.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : Using a Computer system for electronic orders of studies and procedures (computerlzed physician order entry, CPOE) brings numerous benef i ts related to quality of care. However, there are diff i culties in achieving full adherence. The objective of this study was to identify barriers, facilitators and needs in the use of CPOE by physicians, applying the socio-technical model as a framework. METHODS : Semi-structured interviews were conducted with physicians at "Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires". The sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience, including 5 physicians for each of the 6 services that carried out the most orders of studies and procedures. RESULTS : The barriers identif i ed were problems to search for the right terms, the lack of validity of electronic orders in certain health Insurance coverages and the perception of physicians about the need for some patients to take the order written on paper. The use of system features, which streamline tasks, was identified as a facilitator. Regarding the needs, the physicians suggested to add information to the system. DISCUSSION : These findings account for the variety of factors that affect the implementation of this type of IT tools in the digital era, as well as the importance of post-implementation assessment and continuous exploration to meet user needs.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : El uso de un sistema informático para realizar pedidos electrónicos de estudios y prácticas (CPOE, por sus siglas en inglés) trae beneficios relacionados con la calidad asistencial. Sin embargo, existen dificultades para lograr su total adherencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las barreras, los facilitadores y las necesidades en el uso del CPOE por parte de médicos, aplicando como marco el modelo sociotécnico. MÉTODOS : Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a médicos en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia e incluyó a 5 médicos por cada uno de los 6 servicios con más pedidos efectuados de estudios y prácticas. RESULTADOS : Como barreras de uso, se observaron problemas en la búsqueda de conceptos, la carencia de validez del pedido electrónico en determinadas coberturas de salud y la percepción de los médicos sobre la necesidad de algunos pacientes de llevarse el pedido en papel. Como facilitador, se identificó el uso de funcionalidades del sistema, las cuales agilizan las tareas. En cuanto a las necesidades, los médicos sugirieron agregar información complementaria en el sistema. DISCUSIÓN : Los hallazgos revelan la variedad de factores que afectan la implementación de este tipo de herramientas informáticas en la era digital, así como la importancia de la evaluación tras la implementación y la exploración continua para satisfacer las necesidades de los usuarios.

ABSTRACT There is evidence that indicates that elicitors reduce damage caused by nematodes. Elicitors are compounds that stimulate plant defense promoting secondary metabolism. The aims of this study were to evaluate the soil and previous root crop nematofauna in tomato 'Elpida', and determine the effect on yield and root damage by Nacobbus aberrrans. Soil drench applications were conducted 24 hours pre-transplanting with 1 mL of: salicilic acid 0.50 x 10-4 M and 1.00 x 10-4 M, ethylen 0.35 x 10-3 M and 0.70 x 10-3 M, jasmonic acid 1.00 x 10-4 M and 1.00 x 10-5 M, including untreated plants as control. In the soil, saprophytic, omnivorous and predatory nematodes, as well as Helicotylenchus spp. and N. aberrans, were identified. The previous crop was ungrafted 'Elpida' plants and also grafted on Maxifort, 9184, Multifort and Beaufort. Eggs and N. aberrans J2 were identified in all roots, with significantly lower amounts in Maxifort and 9184. Phytohormones increased the production of fruits with weight higher than 150 g and total yield compared to the control, producing lower galls, galling and reproductive indexes. Salicylic acid 1.00 x 10-4 M produced lower damage to the roots and a higher total yield and truss yield, followed by ethylene 0.70 x 10-3 M and jasmonic acid 1.00 x 10-5 M treatments. Further research is required to provide deeper knowledge of the practical implications of using elicitors and enhance the understanding of their action for N. aberrans control.

RESUMEN Existen antecedentes de la reducción de daños por nemátodos con el uso de elicitores, compuestos que estimulan defensas en las plantas, promoviendo el metabolismo secundario. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos evaluar la nematofauna presente en el suelo y raíces del cultivo antecesor, y medir el efecto sobre el rendimiento y daño en raíces por Nacobbus aberrans en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum)'Elpida', tratado por drench 24 horas previas al trasplante con 1 mL de ácido salicílico 0,50 x 10-4 M y 1,00 x 10-4 M, etileno 0,35 x 10-3 M y 0,70 x 10-3 M, ácido jasmónico 1,00 x 10-4 M y 1,00 x 10-5 M, dejando testigos sin tratar. En el suelo se identificaron nemátodos saprofitos, omnívoros y predatores, Helicotylenchus spp. y N. aberrans. El cultivo antecesor fue tomate 'Elpida' sin injertar e injertado sobre Maxifort, 9184, Multifort y Beaufort, identificándose huevos y N. aberrans J2 en todas las raíces, en cantidad significativamente menor en Maxifort y 9184. Las fitohormonas incrementaron la producción de frutos con peso mayor a 150 g y el rendimiento total respecto al testigo, produciendo menor número de agallas, índice de agallamiento y reproducción. Ácido salicílico 1,00 x 10-4 M produjo menor daño en raíces y mayor producción total y por racimos, seguido por etileno 0,70 x 10-3 M y ácido jasmónico 1,00 x 10-5 M. Es importante continuar investigando aspectos prácticos del uso de elicitores y profundizar en la comprensión de su acción para el control de N. aberrans.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) plays an important role in inflammatory processes and Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae) has been described as presenting anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure to directly recognize LOX inhibitor compounds in A. brachypoda crude extract, facilitating the isolation, characterization of bioactive compounds, evaluation of natural compounds using an in vitro 15-LOX assay and prediction of the most probable binding modes of their main constituent through molecular docking simulations. The chemical analysis was performed by ethanol crude extract microfractionation using HPLC-DAD (diode array detector) associated to a fraction collector. The bioactive chromatogram displayed a peak with 50.9% LOX inhibition at 13.6 min retention time. The extract was purified and conandroside was isolated, presenting a LOX inhibitory activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.8 ± 1.1 µM, close to standard quercetin (IC50 7.6 ± 0.3 µM). Additionally, conandroside was not cytotoxic to normal cells (GM07492A). The LOX-conandroside complex displayed a slightly higher docking score (92.7) than quercetin (71.5). These results together suggest that conandroside could be explored as lipoxygenase inhibitor.

Abstract Two years ago, we held an exciting event entitled the São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Vaccines (SPSASV). Sixty-eight Ph.D. students, postdoctoral fellows and independent researchers from 37 different countries met at the Mendes Plaza Hotel located in the city of Santos, SP - Brazil to discuss the challenges and the new frontiers of vaccinology. The SPSASV provided a critical and comprehensive view of vaccine research from basics to the current state-of-the-art techniques performed worldwide. For 10 days, we discussed all the aspects of vaccine development in 36 lectures, 53 oral presentations and 2 poster sessions. At the end of the course, participants were further encouraged to present a model of a grant proposal related to vaccine development against individual pathogens. Among the targeted pathogens were viruses (Chikungunya, HIV, RSV, and Influenza), bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pyogenes), parasites (Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax), and the worm Strongyloides stercoralis. This report highlights some of the knowledge shared at the SPSASV.

Abstract: Social behaviors are crucial to improve the acceptance of a robot in human-shared environments. One of the most important social cues is undoubtedly the social space. This human mechanism acts like a repulsive field to guarantee comfortable interactions. Its modeling has been widely studied in social robotics, but its experimental inference has been weakly mentioned. Thereby, this paper proposes a novel algorithm to infer the dimensions of an elliptical social zone from a points-cloud around the robot. The approach consists of identifying how the humans avoid a robot during navigation in shared scenarios, and later use this experience to represent humans obstacles like elliptical potential fields with the previously identified dimensions. Thus, the algorithm starts with a first-learning stage where the robot navigates without avoiding humans, i.e. the humans are in charge of avoiding the robots while developing their tasks. During this period, the robot generates a points-cloud with 2D laser measures from its own framework to define the human-presence zones around itself but prioritizing its closest surroundings. Later, the inferred social zone is incorporated to a null-space-based (NSB) control for a non-holonomic mobile robot, which consists of both trajectory tracking and pedestrian collision avoidance. Finally, the performance of the learning algorithm and the motion control is verified through experimentation.

Resumen: Los comportamientos sociales son esenciales para mejorar la aceptación social de un robot en ambientes compartidos con humanos. Uno de las cualidades más importantes es sin duda el espacio social. Este mecanismo humano actúa como un campo repulsivo para garantizar interacciones confortables. Su modelado ha sido ampliamente estudiado en robótica social, sin embargo su inferencia experimental ha sido apenas mencionada. De esta manera, este trabajo propone un novedoso algoritmo para inferir las dimensiones de una zona social elíptica a partir de una nube de puntos alrededor del robot. El enfoque consiste en identificar cómo los humanos evitan al robot durante una evasión en un ambiente compartido, y posteriormente usar esta experiencia para representar obstáculos humanos como campos elípticos potenciales con las dimensiones previamente identificadas. Para ésto, el algoritmo empieza con una primera etapa de aprendizaje donde el robot navega sin evadir a los humanos, i.e. los humanos estan a cargo de evadir al robot durante el desenvolvimiento de sus tareas. Durante este periodo, el robot genera una nube de puntos de mediciones laser 2D desde su marco de referencia para definir las zonas de no-inferencia humana alrededor de sí mismo, pero priorizando sus cercanías. Posteriormente, la zona social que ha sido inferida se incorpora a un control de movimiento basado en espacios nulos (NSB) para un robot móvil no holonómico, el cual se diseña para seguir trayectorias y evitar colisiones con peatones. Finalmente, el rendimiento del algoritmo de aprendizaje y el control de movimiento es verificado experimentalmente.

Resumo A enxertia é utilizada de maneira eficaz para o cultivo de espécies frutíferas comerciais, uma vez que é necessário garantir as caraterísticas genéticas de espécies produtivas com o emprego de clones selecionados. Apesar de a enxertia ser técnica comum e amplamente difundida, e os hormônios terem papel chave na formação de tecidos, a relação de fitormônios como o ácido abscísico com mecanismos de incompatibilidade ainda não está bem elucidada. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe correlação entre as variações do ácido abscísico com a compatibilidade de atemoeira (Annona x atemoya Mabb.) cultivar ‘Thompson’, enxertada em biribazeiro [Annona mucosa (Bail.) H. Rainer], e plantas de araticum-mirim [Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer variedade mirim] e araticum-de-terra-fria [Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer variedade terra-fria]. O cultivo das plantas foi realizado no Departamento de Botânica do Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IB), Unesp, município de Botucatu-SP. O material vegetal de plantas enxertadas (caule acima da região enxertada, caule contendo a região enxertada e caule abaixo da região enxertada) e não enxertadas (caule situado a 20 cm acima do solo) foi coletado aos 500 dias após a enxertia (D.A.E.) para a extração e quantificação do ácido abscísico. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam que as anonáceas (pé-francos) apresentam variações na concentração de ácido abscísico entre as espécies de porta-enxertos nativas, e quando enxertadas; além do mais, as combinações mais utilizadas atualmente, araticum-de-terra-fria e araticum-mirim, apresentam as mesmas concentrações de ácido abscísico na região enxertada que da atemoia enxertada nela mesma. Conclui-se que as variações observadas nas concentrações de ácido abscísico na região enxertada não provocaram incompatibilidade nas combinações de atemoeira enxertada em diferentes espécies nativas.

Abstract Grafting is an effective technique used in the cultivation of commercial fruit species given the necessity to guarantee the genetic characteristics of productive species using selected clones. Although grafting is a common and widespread technique and phytohormones play a key role in the formation of tissues, the relationship between phytohormones, such as abscisic acid, and mechanisms of incompatibility is not yet well elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to establish whether a correlation exists between variations in abscisic acid and the compatibility of the atemoya (Annona x atemoya Mabb.) cultivar ‘Thompson’ grafted onto biribá [Annona mucosa (Bail.) H. Rainer], araticum-mirim [Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer ‘var. mirim’] and araticum-de-terra-fria [Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer ‘var. terra-fria’]. Plant cultivation was carried out at the Botany Department of Instituto de Biociências (IB), Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The plant material of grafted plants (stem above the grafted area, stem containing the grafted region, and stem below the grafted region) and ungrafted plants (stem 20 cm above ground) was collected 500 days after grafting (DAG) for the extraction and quantification of abscisic acid. The results of this study show that ungrafted Annona plants exhibit variations in the concentration of abscisic acid among the native rootstock species. When grafted, the most commonly used grafting combinations, araticum-de-terra-fria and araticum-mirim, present the same concentrations of abscisic acid in the graft region as self-grafted atemoya. It was concluded that the observed variations in the concentrations of abscisic acid in the graft region did not cause incompatibility in the combinations of atemoya grafted onto different native species.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método simples, de baixo custo e eficaz para avaliação da permeabilidade de filmes plásticos utilizados como materiais de embalagem para alimentos. Para isto, foram projetadas e construídas câmaras de permeação que permitem a troca gasosa através de um filme plástico, com área conhecida, e a medição da permeabilidade específica ao CO2 de cada filme. Para tanto, foram avaliados filmes de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e de policloreto de vinila (PVC). Os resultados demonstram correspondência com os testes realizados em equipamentos comerciais de análise da permeabilidade, em concordância com os valores apresentados por literatura específica. O método apresentado demonstrou eficiência nas análises de filmes poliméricos, podendo ser utilizado como uma ferramenta na determinação da permeabilidade de filmes a diferentes gases, como O2, CO2 e etileno. Além disto, o equipamento é de simples operação e os parâmetros, como umidade relativa, temperatura e fluxo, são facilmente ajustáveis.

Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a simple, low-cost and efficient method to evaluate the permeability of plastic food packaging films. Thus permeation chambers were projected and built, which allowed for the exchange of gases through a plastic film with a known area, in order to measure the specific CO2 permeability of each film. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films were evaluated. The results showed good correlation with the tests carried out using commercial permeability analysis equipments, in agreement with the values found in the specific literature. The method was shown to be efficient in the analysis of polymeric films, and could be used as a tool for determining the permeability of films to different gases, such as O2, CO2 and ethylene. Moreover, the equipment is easy to use and the parameters, such as relative humidity, temperature and flow, can be easily adjusted.