Resumo A leishmaniose visceral é uma doença tropical negligenciada. Foram avaliadas a distribuição espacial dos casos de leishmaniose visceral no estado de Alagoas. Todos os casos de LV, registrados pela secretaria de saúde, foram analisados e georreferenciados. Entre 2008 e 2017, 97,1% dos municípios apresentaram classificação esporádica de transmissão. Com a evolução temporal, a incidência de casos de leishmaniose visceral se concentrou na maioria dos municípios da microrregião de Santana do Ipanema-AL. A análise espaço-tempo, se considerada, pode promover o aprimoramento das ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral.

Abstract Visceral leishmaniosis is a neglected tropical disease. We evaluated the spatial distribution of cases of visceral leishmaniosis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. All cases of VL, registered by the health department, were analyzed and georeferenced. Results: Between 2008 and 2017, 97.1% of the municipalities presented sporadic classification of transmission. With temporal evolution, the incidence of cases of visceral leishmaniosis was concentrated in most municipalities in the microregion of Santana do Ipanema-AL. Space-time analysis, if considered, may promote the improvement of surveillance and control actions of visceral leishmaniosis.

ABSTRACT Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is a serious problem in potato crops in southern Brazil due to favorable climatic conditions for the development of the pathogen and the lack of resistant cultivars available in the market. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of eight cultivars (Asterix, Catucha, BRS Clara, BRS F63 - Camila, Cristal, BRS F183 - Potira, Markies, and BRS Pérola) and five advanced clones (F05-11-03, F21-07-09, Odone 80-02, F50-08-01, and F63-10-07) to late bight under field conditions. The Agata and the clone CIP392.617-54 were used as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. The experiments were conducted in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, in the autumn season of 2018 and 2019. Sixty days after planting, the plants were inoculated with the pathogen; and, after one week, the genotypes were evaluated for disease severity and the area under the disease progress curve. ‘Catucha’ was classified as resistant to moderately resistant to P. infestans; ‘Cristal,’ F50-08-01 and ‘BRS Perola’, moderately susceptible to resistant; and ‘BRS F63’ - Camila, F63-10-07, F05-11-03, Asterix, F21-07-09, BRS F183 - Potira, and Odone 80-02, moderately susceptible to susceptible. BRS Clara and Markies showed the greatest variations in both experiments, showing to be susceptible in the autumn of 2018 experiment and moderately resistant in the autumn of 2019 experiment.

RESUMO A requeima (Phytophthora infestans) constitui-se em um sério problema à cultura da batata na região sul do Brasil em função das condições climáticas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do patógeno e pela carência de cultivares resistentes disponíveis no mercado. Dessa forma, foi objetivo deste estudo, avaliar a reação de oito cultivares (Asterix, Catucha, BRS Clara, BRS F63 - Camila, Cristal, BRS F183 - Potira, Markies e BRS Pérola) e cinco clones avançados (F05-11-03, F21-07-09, Odone 80-02, F50-08-01 e F63-10-07) de batata à requeima em condições de campo. A cultivar Agata e o clone CIP392.617-54 foram utilizados como testemunhas, suscetível e resistente, respectivamente. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no município de Pelotas, RS, nos cultivos de outono de 2018 e 2019. Sessenta dias após o plantio, as plantas foram inoculadas com o patógeno e, decorrido uma semana, os genótipos foram avaliados quanto à severidade da doença e a área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença. ‘Catucha’ comportou-se como resistente a moderadamente resistente; ‘Cristal’, F50-08-01 e ‘BRS Pérola’, moderadamente suscetível a resistente; e ‘BRS F63’ - Camila, ‘F63-10-07’, ‘F05-11-03’, ‘Asterix’, ‘F21-07-09’, ‘BRS F183’ - Potira Odone 80-02, moderadamente suscetível a suscetível. As cultivares BRS Clara e Markies apresentaram as maiores variações em ambos experimentos, comportando-se como suscetível no outono de 2018 e moderadamente resistente no outono de 2019.

ABSTRACT Root biomass plays a vital role in nutrient cycling for the maintenance and functioning of different ecosystems. In this context, this study aimed to determine the stocks of elements in root biomass under different covers in the Cerrado of Tocantins, Brazil. The research was conducted in different vegetal coverings: agriculture, pasture, Eucalyptus sp., and native Cerrado forest. Root biomass was collected in six trenches, 70 x 70 cm, and a depth of 50 cm through sieving. Macro and microelement stocks were determined in root biomass. Macros and microelements showed higher average values for the native forest. With the change in vegetation cover, N, P, and S were higher in agriculture, with stocks of 1.82 Mg ha-1, 1.83 Mg ha-1, and 9.6 Mg ha-1. In a planted forest of Eucalyptus sp., macroelements K, Ca, and Mg were higher, with stock values of 16.06 Mg ha-1, 25.91 Mg ha-1, and 5.02 Mg ha-1, and microelements, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn with values of 0.05 Mg ha-1, 0.04 Mg ha-1, 5 Mg ha-1, 0.7 Mg ha-1, and 0.08 Mg ha-1 in root biomass, respectively. Thus, the planted forest of Eucalyptus sp. promoted greater stocks and cycling of elements, with greater stability of the organic material.

RESUMO As biomassas radiculares desempenham um papel importante na ciclagem de nutrientes, para manutenção e funcionamento dos diferentes ecossistemas. Diante desse contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os estoques de elementos em biomassa radiculares sob diferentes coberturas no Cerrado em Tocantins, Brasil. A pesquisa foi conduzida em diferentes coberturas vegetais: agricultura, pastagem, Eucalyptus sp. e floresta nativa de cerrado. As biomassas radiculares foram coletadas em seis trincheiras com dimensões 70 x 70 cm, e profundidade de 50 cm através do peneiramento. Os estoques dos macros e microelementos foram determinados em biomassas radiculares. Os macros e microelementos apresentaram valores médios maiores para floresta nativa. Com a mudança de cobertura vegetal N, P, S, foram maiores em agricultura, com estoques de 1,82 Mg ha-1, 1,83 Mg ha-1 e 9,6 Mg ha-1. Em floresta plantada de Eucalyptus sp., os macroelementos K, Ca e Mg foram maiores tendo valores de estoques respectivamente de 16,06 Mg ha-1, 25,91 Mg ha-1 e 5,02 Mg ha-1 e microelementos B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn com valores de 0,05 Mg ha-1, 0,04 Mg ha-1, 5 Mg ha-1, 0,7 Mg ha-1 e 0,08 Mg ha-1 em biomassas radiculares. Deste modo a floresta plantada de Eucalyptus sp. promoveu maiores estoques e ciclagem de elementos, com maior estabilidade do material orgânico.

Considering the relevance of natural products to the development of new drugs, this study focuses on the species Sida rhombifolia (L.), Malvaceae, widely used as a traditional remedy in several countries. The species is used to treat several diseases such as fevers, skin diseases, stomach pain, diarrhea, gum infection, conjunctivitis, urinary infections and inflammation. Many researchers around the word have investigated its pharmacological potential, and many uses have been confirmed. In spite of that, the phytochemical composition of its extracts is still poorly investigated. This research aims to make advances on the understanding of the constituents of S. rhombifolia identifying its alkaloidal compounds using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By analyzing its alkaloidal fraction, it was possible to identify: 11-cryptolepine carboxylic acid (1), cryptolepine (2), quindoline (3), 11 methoxyquidoline (4), quindolinone (5), cryptolepinone (6), and 11-quindoline methyl ester (7). The alkaloids 1 and 7 are being reported for the first time from Sida genus. Based on the antimicrobial potential of cryptolepinone-type alkaloids, we prepared by semi-synthesis two cryptolepinone derivatives: 10-methylcryptolepinone (8) and the unreported compound 10-ethylcryptolepinone (9). Both derivatives were tested against fungal and bacterial strains and 10-methylcryptolepinone (8) showed strong activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.

Resumo O óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) possui diversas atividades biológicas, entre elas a ação repelente a insetos. Alguns estudos mostraram que os ésteres do ácido cinâmico podem ser aplicados como pesticidas naturais, inseticidas e fungicidas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção de ésteres a partir do óleo essencial de citronela com ácido cinâmico via esterificação enzimática. Além disso, foi investigada a toxicidade do óleo essencial antes e após a esterificação contra Artemia salina e a ação larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti. Os ésteres foram produzidos utilizando ácido cinâmico como agente acilante e óleo essencial de citronela (3: 1) em heptano e 15% em peso da enzima NS 88011 como biocatalisadores, a 70 ° C e 150 rpm. As taxas de conversão de cinamatos de citronelil e geranil foram 58,7 e 69,0% para NS 88011, respectivamente. Para a toxicidade sobre Artemia salina foram obtidos CL50 de 5,29 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial e 4,36 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com NS 88011. Na atividade inseticida contra larvas de Aedes aegypti, obteve-se CL50 de 111,84 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial de citronela e 86,30 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com a enzima NS 88011, indicando alta toxicidade dos ésteres. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras avaliadas apresentam potencial de aplicação como bioinseticida.

Abstract The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) has several biological activities, among them the insect repellent action. Some studies showed that cinnamic acid esters can be applied as natural pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the production of esters from citronella essential oil with cinnamic acid via enzymatic esterification. Besides, the essential oil toxicity before and after esterification against Artemia salina and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti was investigated. Esters were produced using cinnamic acid as the acylating agent and citronella essential oil (3:1) in heptane and 15 wt% NS 88011 enzyme as biocatalysts, at 70 °C and 150 rpm. Conversion rates of citronellyl and geranyl cinnamates were 58.7 and 69.0% for NS 88011, respectively. For the toxicity to Artemia salina LC50 results of 5.29 μg mL-1 were obtained for the essential oil and 4.36 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with NS 88011. In the insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, was obtained LC50 of 111.84 μg mL-1 for the essential oil of citronella and 86.30 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with the enzyme NS 88011, indicating high toxicity of the esters. The results demonstrated that the evaluated samples present potential of application as bioinsecticide.

ABSTRACT Increasing population and demand for animal-derived products has raised the need for improved efficiency in managing and controlling animal production. Given this context, the project aimed to develop a device that aids decision-making in animal production. A hardware system was designed for instant measurement of thermal well-being levels, light intensity, and air gas concentration. This hardware integrated DHT11 sensors, an LDR photoresistor, and an MQ-135 sensor. To validate the system, a 30-day experimental study was conducted in an industrial pig farming setting. The collected data was sent to the Thingspeak server using the HTTP protocol. Data management, filtering, and organization were optimized using developed treatment algorithms. The system presented information on air humidity, temperature, ammonia concentration, CO2 levels, luminosity, and enthalpy through interactive images on a dashboard. In the case of a risk situation, the system automatically notified users with an "ALERT" message, facilitating prompt and efficient management response, and minimizing losses. The sensor calibration process yielded a high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.98). Thus, the developed IoT device represents a viable solution, providing precise environmental conditions to support producers and enhance their efficiency and sustainability.

Abstract Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of several species of the genus Schistosoma. Transmission occurs by parasitic larvae that stay in freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria. Thus, the search for new products that are biodegradable has increased the interest in products of plant origin. The aim of this article is to review the isolated substances from natural products that showed molluscicidal activity against the species Biomphalaria glabrata in order to reevaluate the most promising prototypes and update the progress of research to obtain a new molluscicide. We perform searches using scientific databases, such as Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google schoolar, PUBMED, Web of Science and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS). From 2000 to 2022, using the keywords “isolated substances”, “molluscicidal activity” and “Biomphalaria glabrata”. In the present study, it was possible to observe 19 promising molluscicidal molecules with a lethal concentration below 20 µg/mL. Of these promising isolates, only 5 isolates had the CL90 calculated and within the value recommended by WHO: Benzoic acid, 2',4',6'-Trihydroxydihydrochalcone, Divaricatic acid, Piplartine and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lapachol). We conclude that beyond a few results in the area, the researches don’t follow the methodological pattern (exposure time and measure units, toxicity test), in this way, as they don’t follow a pattern on the result’s exposure (LC), not following, in sum, the recommended by WHO.

Resumo A esquistossomose é uma doença tropical negligenciada causada por vermes parasitas de várias espécies do gênero Schistosoma. A transmissão ocorre por larvas parasitas que ficam em caramujos de água doce do gênero Biomphalaria. Assim, a busca por novos produtos biodegradáveis tem aumentado o interesse por produtos de origem vegetal. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as substâncias isoladas de produtos naturais que apresentaram atividade moluscicida contra a espécie Biomphalaria glabrata a fim de reavaliar os protótipos mais promissores e atualizar o progresso das pesquisas para a obtenção de um novo moluscicida. Realizamos buscas em bases de dados científicas, como Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google acadêmico, PUBMED, Web of Science e Literatura Latina-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da saúde (LILACS). De 2000 a 2022, utilizando as palavras-chave “substâncias isoladas”, “atividade moluscicida” e “Biomphalaria glabrata”. No presente estudo, foi possível observar 19 moléculas moluscicidas promissoras com concentração letal abaixo de 20 µg/mL. Destes isolados promissores, apenas 5 isolados tiveram o CL90 calculado e dentro do valor recomendado pela OMS: ácido benzóico, 2',4',6'-triidroxidihidrocalcona, ácido divaricático, piplartina e 2-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona (Lapachol). Concluímos que além de poucos resultados na área, as pesquisas não seguem o padrão metodológico (tempo de exposição e unidades de medida, teste de toxicidade), assim como não seguem um padrão na exposição do resultado (CL), não seguindo, em suma, o recomendado pela OMS.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the colonization dynamics of subgingival microbiota established over six months around newly installed dental implants in periodontally healthy individuals, compared with their corresponding teeth. Methodology Seventeen healthy individuals assigned to receive single dental implants participated in the study. Subgingival biofilm was sampled from all implant sites and contralateral/ antagonist teeth on days 7, 30, 90, and 180 after implant installation. Microbiological analysis was performed using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for detection of classical oral taxa and non-oral microorganisms. Significant differences were estimated by Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, while associations between implants/teeth and target species levels were assessed by linear regression analysis (LRA). Significance level was set at 5%. Results Levels of some species were significantly higher in teeth compared to implants, respectively, at day 7 ( V.parvula , 6 × 10 5 vs 3 × 105 ; Milleri streptococci , 2 × 10 6 vs 6 × 10 5 ; Capnocytophaga spp., 2 × 10 6 vs 9 × 10 5 ; E.corrodens , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; N. mucosa , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; S.noxia , 2 × 10 6 vs 3 × 10 5 ; T.socranskii , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; H.alvei , 4 × 10 5 vs 2 × 10 5 ; and Neisseria spp., 6 × 10 5 vs 4 × 10 4 ), day 30 ( V.parvula , 5 × 10 5 vs 10 5 ; Capnocytophaga spp., 1.3 × 10 6 vs 6.8 × 10 4 ; F.periodonticum , 2 × 10 6 vs 10 6 ; S.noxia , 6 × 10 5 vs 2 × 10 5 ; H.alvei , 8 × 10 5 vs 9 × 10 4 ; and Neisseria spp., 2 × 10 5 vs 10 6 ), day 120 ( V.parvula , 8 × 10 5 vs 3 × 10 5 ; S.noxia , 2 × 10 6 vs 0; and T.socranskii , 3 × 10 5 vs 8 × 10 4 ), and day 180 ( S.enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, 8 × 10 6 vs 2 × 10 6 ) (p<0.05). Implants showed significant increases over time in the levels of F.nucleatum , Gemella spp., H.pylori , P.micra , S.aureus , S.liquefaciens , and T.forsythia (p<0.05). LRA found that dental implants were negatively correlated with high levels of S. noxia and V. parvula (β=-0.5 to -0.3; p<0.05). Conclusions Early submucosal microbiota is diverse and only a few species differ between teeth and implants in the same individual. Only 7 days after implant installation, a rich microbiota can be found in the peri-implant site. After six months of evaluation, teeth and implants show similar prevalence and levels of the target species, including known and new periodontopathic species.

Abstract Larvae of Leucothyreus spp. have been reported causing damage to several crops in Brazil. From May 2012 to April 2013, adults and immatures of Leucothyreus alvarengai Frey (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae) samples were obtained from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) (Poaceae) fields in the municipalities of Naviraí and Nova Andradina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Adults were collected with the aid of light traps, whereas immatures were sampled by opening two trench sizes (30 x 30 x 30 cm and 80 x 50 x 40 cm) in the soil, beside the plants. The collected larvae were reared in laboratory conditions, fed by sugarcane seedlings. The biological cycle of L. alvarengai was completed in 230 days, displaying three larval instars with mean size of the cephalic capsule of 1.68, 2.46, and 3.00 mm for the first, second, and third instar, respectively. Adults were collected in greater numbers in December 2012, and first-instar larvae were observed as of January 2013. Conversely, pupae were observed in the field from July 2012 to January 2013. This is the first record of larvae and adults of L. alvarengai in sugarcane fields in Mato Grosso do Sul state, contributing with the knowledge about its biology and temporal distribution in the field.

ABSTRACT There are liabilities for society because of the increase in the amount of waste. This work will choose a biodigester to treat organic waste at Universidade Federal Fluminense. For this, the VFT approach was used to structure the problem and the multicriteria decision support method THOR 2 was used to choose the option that has the most excellent preference considering three scenarios. The experts say that six criteria can be used to choose a biodigester, namely Capacity, Input of organic matter, Input of water, Average expected production of biogas and average output of biofertilizer. The research showed that biodigester 7 had the best performance as a result. The relevance of the study refers to the contribution to the reduction of organic solid waste in the environment. This research applies THOR 2 method in a new context.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane requires planning aimed at maintaining production levels, technological quality, and longevity of the sugarcane field, as it is a semi-perennial crop. To this end, the adoption of soil management systems associated with the maintenance of remaining straw are some of the strategies aimed at protecting the soil structure and its properties vital to the sustainability of agricultural systems. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of soil management systems and remaining straw with and without ratoon chiseling on the optimum water range (OWR) and load-bearing capacity (LBC) of the soil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of no-tillage and conventional tillage, the subplots consisted of three levels of remaining straw (0, 50, and 100%), and the sub-subplots consisted of the use or not of chiseling. Samples with preserved structures were collected at depths of 0.05 and 0.15 m for the analysis of the physical indicators OWR and LBC. Maintaining 100% straw associated with the use of chiseling resulted in an increase in OWR in both soil management systems and depths. Maintaining straw at 50 and 100% also led to lower LBC values in the evaluated soil management systems and depths, suggesting an improvement in soil physical quality. The use of chiseling of ratoons in conventional tillage promoted higher LBC values, indicating possible additional soil compaction in these areas.

Abstract The presence of fungi in healthcare settings, including hemodialysis units, represents a significant risk for immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of fungi in the air and water of a hemodialysis unit located in a tertiary public hospital in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Over a period of three consecutive months, monthly air samples were collected and analyzed using the spontaneous sedimentation technique on Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Simultaneously, water samples (100 mL) were collected from four specific water distribution points and subjected plating on SDA. Fungi were phenotypically identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. In total, 498 colony-forming units (CFUs) of fungi were isolated, with 86 CFUs originating from the air and 412 CFUs from the water. Regarding the water samples, a higher concentration of fungal CFUs was observed in the potable water from the supply network (229 CFUs). Unexpectedly, 23 CFUs were identified in the reverse osmosis samples and 11 CFUs in the storage tank, which are post-treatment points where the presence of microorganisms is not desired. The fungus Cladosporium spp. was the most prevalent in both air and water samples, followed by Penicillium spp. in the air and Rhodotorula spp. in the water. These findings underscore the need to implement effective control and monitoring measures for fungi in the hemodialysis unit to ensure patient safety.

Resumo A presença de fungos em ambientes de saúde, incluindo unidades de hemodiálise, representa um risco significativo para pacientes imunocomprometidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de fungos presentes no ar e na água de uma unidade de hemodiálise localizada em um hospital público terciário na cidade de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. Ao longo de três meses consecutivos, amostras mensais de ar foram coletadas e analisadas por meio da técnica de sedimentação espontânea em placas de Petri contendo Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose (ASD). Paralelamente, amostras de água (100 mL) foram coletadas em quatro pontos específicos de distribuição de água e submetidas ao plaqueamento por esgotamento em meio ASD. Os fungos foram identificados fenotipicamente por meio de associação de suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas. No total, foram isoladas 498 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de fungos, sendo 86 UFC provenientes do ar e 412 UFC da água. Em relação à água, observou-se uma maior concentração de UFC de fungos na água potável proveniente da rede de abastecimento (229 UFC). Inesperadamente, foram identificados 23 UFC nas amostras da osmose reversa e 11 UFC no reservatório de armazenamento, pontos de pós-tratamento nos quais a presença de microrganismos não é desejada. O fungo Cladosporium spp. foi o mais prevalente tanto no ar quanto na água, seguido por Penicillium spp. no ar e Rhodotorula spp. na água. Esses achados enfatizam a necessidade de implementar medidas eficazes de controle e monitoramento de fungos na unidade de hemodiálise, visando garantir a segurança dos pacientes.

RESUMO A utilização frequente de água salina para irrigação de culturas, sob condições climáticas da região semiárida, pode afetar diretamente os processos fisiológicos das plantas. Entretanto, o manejo nutricional das plantas cultivadas pode influenciar nas respostas ao ambiente salino. Com base nisso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resposta da cultura do girassol a diferente condutividade elétrica da água em solo sem e com fertilizante mineral e orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa): 1,1; 2,1; 3,1; 4,1 e 5,1 dS m-1 e três formas de adubação aplicados ao solo (M = adubação mineral com base em NPK, B = biofertilizante caprino e CT = solo sem adubação). A salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 2,1 dS m-1 afetou negativamente a altura das plantas, a área foliar, o diâmetro do caule e o número de folhas e aumentou a temperatura da folha. O uso da adubação mineral com NPK e orgânica com biofertilizante caprino favoreceram positivamente o crescimento em altura de plantas e o número de folhas em relação à testemunha. A adubação mineral e a orgânica atenuaram o efeito negativo da água salina na condutância estomática, transpiração e a concentração interna de CO2 e proporcionou maior taxa de assimilação de CO2.

ABSTRACT The frequent use of saline water for crop irrigation, under climatic conditions of semiarid region, can directly affect the physiological processes of plants. However, nutritional management of cultivated plants can influence responses to saline environments. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of sunflower crops to different electrical conductivities of irrigation water in soil, with and without mineral and organic fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, and 5.1 dS m-1 and three forms of fertilization applied to the soil (M= mineral fertilizer based on NPK, B = goat biofertilizer, and CT = soil without fertilization). The salinity of irrigation water from 2.1 dS m-1 negatively affected plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, and leaf number of sunflower plants and increased leaf temperature. The use of mineral fertilization with NPK and organic goat biofertilizer positively favored growth in the height of plants and number of leaves in relation to the control. Mineral and organic fertilization attenuated the negative effect of saline water on stomatal conductance, transpiration, and the internal concentration of CO2 and provided the highest rate of CO2 assimilation.

The cariogenic processes are mainly caused by the bacterium Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and consist of the demineralization of the tooth that occurs when the acid production overcomes the natural repair or if a problem occurs in the last one. In this work, we performed the synthesis of twenty-one 1,4-naphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles (8a-8k and 9a-9j), antibacterial evaluation against the S. mutans in vitro and the acute toxicity of the better ones in vivo. We observed strong inhibition results in the disc diffusion test ranging, the halos of inhibitions, from 18.66 (± 0.57) to 29 (± 2.64) mm, and good values in the minimum inhibitory concentration (5 to 50 μg), for the compounds 9e, 9h, 9i and 9j: Furthermore, they do not have a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations tested. Besides that, in the in vivo test, they show some slight alteration in the histopathological analyses and the biochemistry. Thus, we found four potential candidates to become instruments for the treatment of cavities.

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene or norbornadiene (NBD) is a bicyclic hydrocarbon molecule used in many fields of chemistry since its first synthesis in 1950. NBD is the precursor of Aldrin, an agrochemical that was commonly used as an insecticide until the end of the XX century. Norbornadiene is capable of interconverting into its isomer, quadricyclane (QC), by the incidence of ultraviolet light. After that, the QC can release heat to return to the initial stage of NBD. To increase the energy efficiency and to enable the reaction to occur at the solar light, chemists have synthesized a wide variety of NBD derivatives. Papers in more than seventy years have studied and reported the physical and chemical properties of those compounds and their applications as rocket fuel, solar energy cell, homogeneous catalysis, and agrochemicals published between 1950 and 2021. Even computational chemistry has been used to investigate the NBD derivatives synthetic routes, elucidation, and application. In addition, this review describes other applications of norbornadiene.