Abstract Fridericia caudigera and Cuspidaria convoluta (Bignoniaceae) species, which grow in the northwest of Argentina, have shown antibacterial effect against strains isolated from skin infections, and each one displayed synergism with commercial antibiotics. The aims of this work were to evaluate the antibacterial activity and toxicity of the combination of these two plant species, and to design a stable gel for topical use including the blend of extracts. The combination of extracts was evaluated for synergistic effects (chequerboard assay), genotoxicity (Ames test) and cytotoxicity (Artemia salina test). A gel was subsequently formulated with the combination of extracts using carboxymethylcellulose as a polymer. The following physico- chemical characteristics of the gel formulation: pH, viscosity, spreadability and total phenol content, as well as resistance to severe temperature changes, biological activity (diffusion in agar), in vitro permeation (Franz cells) and primary dermal irritation (Draize test) were analyzed. The combination of extracts showed a synergistic effect on pathogenic bacteria and was not toxic in the in vitro tests. The gel was stable and retained the antimicrobial activity of the original extracts. The formulation proposed in this work could constitute an alternative for primary skin infections since it proved to be safe for topical administration.

ABSTRACT: Lingual pathologies and conditions constitute a considerable proportion of the total lesions of the oral mucosa.The epidemiological studies that describe its frequency in the pediatric population are limited and variable. The objective of this study was to establish the frequency of pathologies and lingual conditions in children attended at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Chile. An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out where pediatric patients between 4 and 13 years of both sexes were examined. Of a total of 179 patients, 53 % had at least one pathology or lingual condition. The age range of 11 to 13 years presented a higher OR of presenting lesions and/or lingual conditions when compared with the other age ranges (p value <0.05). The most frequent pathology or lingual condition was coated tongue (39 %), fast due to the fissured tongue (15 %), the hypertrophy of the lingual papillae (5 %) and the geographic tongue (3 %). The most frequent location was the lingual base with 59 % of the total frequency registered. Based on the little evidence that exists and the high frequency found in this research, the importance of knowledge of pathologies and lingual conditions in children should be highlighted. Through this study, foundations are laid for future investigations that help dentists recognize, diagnose, and treat these conditions when necessary.

RESUMEN: Las patologías y condiciones linguales constituyen una proporción considerable del total de lesiones de la mucosa oral. Los estudios epidemiológicos que describen su frecuencia en la población pediátrica son escasos y variables. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la frecuencia de patologías y condiciones de lengua en niños atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal donde se examinaron pacientes pediátricos de 4 a 13 años de ambos sexos. De un total de 179 pacientes, un 53 % presentó al menos una patología o condición lingual. El rango etario de 11 a 13 años presentó un mayor OR de presentar lesiones y/o condiciones linguales al ser comparado con los otros rangos etarios (valor p<0,05). La patología o condición lingual más frecuente fue la lengua saburral (39 %), seguida por la lengua fisurada (15 %), la hipertrofia de papilas linguales (5 %) y la lengua geográfica (3 %). La ubicación más frecuente fue la base lingual con un 59 % del total de ubicaciones registradas. En base a la escasa evidencia que existe y a la alta frecuencia encontrada en esta investigación, se debe destacar la importancia del conocimiento de las patologías y condiciones linguales en niños. A través de este estudio, se sientan bases para futuras investigaciones que ayuden a odontólogos a reconocer, diagnosticar y tratar estas condiciones cuando sea necesario.

Abstract Free-floating thrombus of the internal carotid artery is infrequent (< 1% of strokes), although its diagnosis is straightforward, its treatment represents a challenge. Based mostly on case reports, standard treatment consists of therapeutic anticoagulation, while waiting for carotid endarterectomy. Both unfractioned heparin and Vitamin K antagonists have been reported as efficaceous; nevertheless, due to its rarity, clinical trials with novel oral anticoagulants are lacking. We report a patient with cardioembolic stroke and a free-floating carotid thrombus successfully treated with apixaban.

Resumen Los trombos libres flotantes de la arteria carótida interna son infrecuentes (menos del 1% de los ictus), y representan un desafío terapéutico. El tratamiento actual, basado en series de casos, consiste en anticoagulación terapéutica en espera de endarterectomía. Tanto la heparina no fraccionada, como los antagonistas de vitamina K, han sido reportados como eficaces. Sin embargo, dada la escasez de casos, no se dispone de ensayos clínicos con nuevos anticoagulantes orales. Reportamos el caso de un paciente con ictus cardioembólico y un trombo libre flotante de la carótida, tratado exitosamente con apixaban.

A case of an 82-year-old female patient admitted to the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima University General Hospital in Cienfuegos because of respiratory symptoms and general malaise is presented. Although she was already under treatment, prescribed in her health area, the symptoms had worsened. When a chest radiograph was performed, the probability of a pulmonary neoplasm was suspected. After several tests, it was concluded that the patient had a diaphragmatic hernia. This is a rare condition that, in adults, is diagnosed incidentally due to the lack of early symptoms. Therein lies the interest of this case; its presentation aims at describing and analyzing the clinical findings, as well as commenting them, after briefly reviewing the subject.

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 82 años que ingresó en el Hospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos, por síntomas respiratorios y toma del estado general. Aunque ya estaba bajo tratamiento, indicado en su área de salud, los síntomas habían empeorado. Al realizarle una radiografía de tórax, se sospechó la probabilidad de una neoplasia de pulmón. Luego de realizarle estudios, se concluyó que la paciente era portadora de una hernia diafragmática. Esta es una rara entidad, que en adultos es diagnosticada en forma incidental, al carecer de sintomatología temprana, hecho en que radica el interés de este caso, cuya presentación tiene como objetivo exponer y analizar los hallazgos clínicos, así como comentarlos, después de hacer una breve revisión del tema.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a posição das alças das lentes intraoculares implantadas intencionalmente no sulco ciliar, em olhos submetidos à cirurgia de catarata com complicação de ruptura de cápsula posterior, e correlacionar os achados com alterações clínicas observadas no exame oftalmológico, utilizando a biomicroscopia ultrassônica. MÉTODOS: Onze olhos (11 pacientes) que apresentaram ruptura de cápsula posterior durante a cirurgia de catarata com implantação intencional das alças no sulco ciliar foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico e biomicroscopia ultrassônica. Biomicroscopia ultrassônica avaliou os seguintes parâmetros: posicionamento da porção distal das alças, inclinação e descentração da lente intraocular. O exame oftalmológico foi focalizado para avaliar a presença de "flare" e células na câmara anterior, depósitos na lente e defeitos de transiluminação de íris. A pressão intraocular foi medida, a pigmentação do trabeculado foi determinada, e a avaliação fundoscópica foi necessária para afastar a presença de ruptura retiniana periférica e edema de mácula. RESULTADOS: Tempo pós-operatório médio para os exames: 103,09 ± 32,93 dias. Assimetria da posição foi observada em 3 olhos (27,2%), que tinham alça no sulco ciliar e a segunda alça localizada na pars plana em 2 olhos, associada à inclinação e descentração da lente intraocular; ou no corpo ciliar (1 olho). O exame oftalmológico observou: 5 (45,5%) olhos com defeitos de transiluminação de íris, 2 (18,1%) olhos com descentração da lente intraocular; 1 olho (9%) apresentou hipertensão intraocular. Em todos os casos observou-se hiperpigmentação do trabeculado à gonioscopia. Nenhum caso de rotura periférica de retina e/ou edema de mácula foi relatado. CONCLUSÕES: A biomicroscopia ultrassônica foi capaz de localizar as alças das lentes intraoculares implantadas intencionalmente no sulco ciliar durante cirurgia complicada de catarata, e pôde demonstrar a relação da descentração da lente intraocular com a implantação assimétrica das alças.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the position of haptics of intraocular lens intentionally implanted in the ciliary sulcus in eyes undergoing cataract surgery complication associated with intraoperative posterior capsule rupture, as well as to correlate the findings with clinical changes observed in ophthalmic examination, utilizing ultrasound biomicroscopy. METHODS: Eleven eyes (11 patients) who had posterior capsule rupture during cataract surgery with intentional implantation of the haptics in the ciliary sulcus, underwent complete ophthalmic examination and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ultrasound biomicroscopy evaluated the parameters: positioning of the distal portion of the haptics, tilt and decentration of the intraocular lens. Ophthalmic examination was aimed to evaluate the presence of flare and cells in the anterior chamber, deposits on the lens and iris transillumination defects. Intraocular pressure was measured, pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork was determined, and a fundoscopic evaluation was needed to rule out peripheral retinal rupture and macular edema. RESULTS: Mean postoperative time for the examinations: 103.09 ± 32.93 days. Asymmetry of the haptics positioning was observed in 3 eyes (27.2%) that had one haptic in the ciliary sulcus, the second haptic was placed in the pars plana in 2 eyes, associated to intraocular lens tilt and decentration; or in the ciliary body (1 eye). Ophthalmic examination observed: 5 (45.5%) eyes with iris transillumination defects, 2 (18.1%) with intraocular lens decentration; 1 eye (9%) presented ocular hypertension. In all cases trabecular hyperpigmentation was observed at gonioscopy. No cases of peripheral retinal rupture and/or macular edema were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy was able to locate the intraocular lens haptics intentionally implanted in the ciliary sulcus during complicated cataract surgery, and could demonstrate the relation of intraocular lens decentration to assymetric haptic implantation.

It is important, the dentist should be prepared in early detection of any lesion of the oral cavity, specially, if there is a premalignant lesion. The dentist is the health professional that first has contact with the mouth of the patient. Therefore preserving the health of dental organs and all tissues of the mouth. The case we report, is a 72 year old male who presented at the dermatological institute of Jalisco, “Dr. Jose Barba Rubio, with an ulcerated exophytic lesion of approximately five years of development, surgical excision is performed, the histopathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, well differentiated originated in the oral cavity, the latter invading soft tissue and skin. The patient was referred to the Instituto Jalisciense de Cancerología, to continue treatment.

Es de gran importancia que el odontólogo esté entrenado en la detección temprana de cualquier lesión de la cavidad bucal, más aun cuando se trata de una lesión pre-maligna o maligna. El odontólogo es el primer profesional de la salud que entra en contacto con la cavidad bucal del paciente y por lo tanto el encargado de preservar la salud de la misma, no solo de los órganos dentarios si no de todos los tejidos que componen el aparato estomatognático. En el presente caso se muestra un paciente masculino de 72 años de edad que acude al Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco “Dr. José Barba Rubio” con una lesión exofítica ulcerada de aproximadamente cinco años de evolución localizada en piel de mejilla, se realiza excisión quirúrgica, el estudio histopatológico diagnostica carcinoma de células escamosas bien diferenciado originado en cavidad bucal que posteriormente invade tejido blando y piel. Se remite al Instituto Jalisciense de Cancerología para continuar el tratamiento.

Background: Community acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of infections found during the medical practice. Objective: To assess the fulfilment of the good clinical practices guidelines for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia. Methods: Prospective, descriptive study of series of cases developed in the Hospital ?Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima? between January, 1st and June 30th, 2006. 500 patients were studied which main diagnosis was pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia. The assessment tool includes four questions. A single-varied analysis was performed, with a confidence interval of 95%. The final result of this measurement was the fulfilment of the guidelines as excellent, fine, acceptable and not well, as well as the outcome in living and dead patients. Results: Patients older than 65 years of age are the most affected by  this disease and fatality is also higher in this age group; 40, 6% of admitted patients are classified as type III. Not performing thoracic radiography and inappropriate treatment led to a higher lethality risk. 53, 2 % of the clinical histories reflects a bad fulfillment of the guide, likewise the biggest lethality  was found  in that group (36,8 percent). Conclusions: The patients with pneumonias non serious are those that more are admitted in the center, with a non negligible lethality, although the highest  was found in the classes IV and V of pnemonia, that were considered the most serious pneumonias. The global adherence to the guide can be related with the final outcome of the patient.

Fundamento: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad es la causa más común de infecciones encontradas en la práctica médica. Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento de la guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de serie de casos realizado en el Hospital ?Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima? desde el 1 de enero al 30 de junio del 2006, sobre 500  pacientes con diagnóstico principal al ingreso y egreso  de neumonía o bronconeumonía. Se aplicó el instrumento de evaluación vigente en el centro. Se realizó un análisis univariado, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se midió el cumplimiento de las guías en excelente, bien, regular y mal, así como el desenlace en vivos y fallecidos. Resultados: Los mayores de 65 años son los que más ingresan por esta causa y en ellos es más alta la letalidad; el 40, 6 % de los pacientes que ingresan se estratifican en la clase III. La no realización de la radiografía de tórax y el tratamiento inadecuado constituyeron mayor riesgo de muerte. El 53, 2 % de los expedientes clínicos reflejan mal cumplimiento de la guía, así mismo la mayor letalidad se encontró en ese grupo. Conclusiones: Las neumonías no graves son las que más ingresan en el centro, con una letalidad no despreciable, aunque la más elevada se encontró en las clases IV y V, consideradas las neumonías más graves. La adherencia global a la guía se puede relacionar con el desenlace final del enfermo.

Foi avaliado, em laboratório, o efeito de sete dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick). Os experimentos foram conduzidos a 23 ±1ºC de temperatura, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotoperíodo de 16:8h (L:E). As larvas foram criadas em macieira, videira e madresilva (Lonicera japonica). Para os dois primeiros alimentos foram utilizados três tipos de dietas: folhas de primavera, folhas de verão e frutos. O número de ínstares larvais variou entre cinco e sete. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira apresentaram, de modo geral, menor número de ínstares, quando comparadas com aquelas criadas em folhas de videira e madresilva. A duração do desenvolvimento larval diferiu entre dietas. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira-primavera apresentaram a menor duração e as criadas em frutos a maior duração. A sobrevivência de larvas foi menor em frutos que em folhas, principalmente em maçã (17,8%). As pupas fêmeas criadas em madresilva foram mais pesadas que as criadas nas demais dietas. O ciclo de ovo a emergência de adultos variou entre 41 dias em folhas de macieira-primavera e 60 dias em maçã. As fêmeas criadas em madresilva e folhas de macieira-primavera foram as mais fecundas, sendo que aquelas provenientes de maçã não ovipositaram. Madresilva e folhas de primavera foram os alimentos mais adequados; em contraposição, as maçãs foram a dieta menos adequada, o que sugere que dificilmente as larvas possam completar o ciclo sobre esse alimento.

The effect of seven natural diets on the development and reproduction of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out at the temperature of 23 ± 1ºC, with 70 ± 10% of RH and a photoperiod of 16:8h (L:D). The larvae were reared on apple, grapevine and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). On the first two foods three types of diet were used: spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits. The number of instars varied from five to seven. The larvae reared on apple leaves had, in general, fewer instars than those reared on grapevine and honeysuckle leaves. The duration of larval development differed between diets. The larvae reared on spring apple leaves showed the shortest duration, and those on fruit the longest. The larvae survival was lower on fruit than on leaves, and on apples it was particularly low (17.8%). The female pupae reared on honeysuckle were heavier than those reared on the other diets. The cycle from the egg to the emergence of adults varied between 41 days on spring apple leaves and 60 days on apples. The females reared on honeysuckle and spring apple leaves were the most fecund, whereas the females on apples did not oviposit. Honeysuckle and spring leaves were the most suitable foods. Apples, on the other hand, were the least suitable diet, which leads one to think that larvae could hardly complete their whole cycle on this fruit.

O efeito de seis dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) foi avaliado em laboratório, a 23 ± 1ºC de temperatura, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 16h. As larvas foram criadas sobre três tipos de dietas (folhas de primavera, folhas de verão e frutos) de duas plantas hospedeiras (macieira e videira). O desenvolvimento larval, número de ínstares, sobrevivência, peso de pupas, fecundidade e fertilidade variaram em função das dietas. Em folhas de macieira de primavera foram observados a menor duração do desenvolvimento larval, o maior peso de pupas e a maior fecundidade e fertilidade dos adultos. Em frutos, a duração do desenvolvimento larval foi maior do que em folhas. A menor sobrevivência das lagartas foi registrada sobre frutos de macieira. Nos tratamentos com maior número de ínstares as lagartas geralmente apresentaram um incremento na duração do período de desenvolvimento. A duração do desenvolvimento larval (4 em 6 tratamentos) e de pupa (5 em 6 tratamentos) foram dependentes do sexo. Em todas as dietas as fêmeas depositaram maior número de ovos no primeiro dia de oviposição. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a hipótese de que as larvas de A. sphaleropa alimentam-se inicialmente sobre folhas tanto na maçã como na videira, passando depois para os frutos, onde provocam danos severos.

The effect of six natural diets on the development and reproduction of Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) was measured under laboratory conditions, at 23 ±1ºC temperature, 70 ± 10% RH, and photoperiod of 16L:8D. Larvae were reared on three types of diet (spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits) from two different host plants (apple tree and grapevine). Larval development, number of instars, survival, weight of pupae, fecundity, and fertility varied as a function of diets. The shortest time span of larval development, the greatest pupal weight, and the greatest adult fecundity and fertility was observed on insects feeding on spring apple leaves. The duration of larval development was longer on fruits than on leaves. The lowest larval survival occurred on apple fruits. Larvae with a higher number of instars generally had an increase in the time span of larval development. Larval development time span (4 out of 6 treatments) as well as pupal development time span (5 out of 6 treatments) was sex dependant. On all diets the females deposited the highest number of eggs on the first day of oviposition. The results obtained reinforce the hypothesis that the larvae of A. sphaleropa first feed on both apple and grapevine leaves, and then move to the fruits, where they cause serious damage.

The comparative susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to the parasites Caligus flexispina (Copepoda) and Ceratothoa gaudichaudii (Isopoda) was studied. The land-based salmon culture was carried out in 8 m3 tanks with independent and continuous sea water supply with two different densities and two replications at Bahía Metri (41°43'00" Lat. S., 72°36'30" Long. W). The copepod was found in 3 out of 4 tanks with rainbow trout with a prevalence from l4% to 83%, whereas a prevalence of 25% was found only in one tank with coho salmon. The isopod was present only in 2 of the 4 tanks with reared coho salmon with 28% and 29% of prevalence respectively. This indicates that C. gaudichaudii is an important parasite to the coho salmon and is unimportant to the trout. On the contrary, the coho salmon is more resistant to the copepod parasite. This is the first record of C. flexispina in cultured salmonids from Chile.

Se evaluó la susceptibilidad comparativa de la trucha Oncorhynchus mykiss y el salmón coho Oncorhynchus kisutch a los ectoparásitos Caligus flexispina (Copepoda) y Ceratothoa gaudichaudii (Isopoda) engordados en estanques. Los salmónidos fueron cultivados en piscinas de 8 m3 con un suministro independiente y continuo de agua de mar a 2 densidades con 2 réplicas, en la localidad de Bahía Metri a 30 km de Puerto Montt. El copépodo se registró en 3 de los 4 estanques de truchas con prevalencias (P) de 14-83%, y en uno de los 4 estanques con salmón coho (P= 25%). El isópodo sólo se encontró en 2 de los estanques de salmón coho (P= 28-29%). Los resultados sugieren que la trucha puede ser un huésped poco susceptible al isópodo pero relevante para el copépodo. El salmón coho, en tanto, podría ser más resistente al copépodo que al isópodo parásito. Este es el primer registro de C. flexispina en cultivos de O. mykiss y O. kisutch en Chile.