The ubiquity of microplastics ecosystems has gained global attention. In this context, Latin America, which is responsible for 8% of the world’s consumption of plastic material and has a small recycling rate (4.5%), does not have enough data on microplastics contamination in its environmental matrices. This systematic review analyzed 196 studies from 16 territorials in Latin America and provided information about the current state of knowledge regarding the abundance, distribution, and associated impact of microplastics in different matrices. This review also describes the analytical procedures of sampling, extraction, identification, and characterization methodologies adopted by the literature review. The analysis shows that most of the studies that investigate microplastics abundance were carried out in the marine environment (59%), and there is an insufficient investigation on microplastics abundance in freshwater bodies (16%). Among all the studies, the highest microplastics concentration was observed in regions with high population density and/or in locations without proper sanitation and solid waste management. Additionally, the difference among microplastics abundance in the studies might be associated with the different analytical procedures employed to investigate microplastics. Lastly, knowledge gaps are identified, and recommendations are proposed to guide future studies on microplastics contamination.

Objectives: To describe the onset pattern, frequency, and severity of the signs and symptoms of the prodrome of the first hypomanic/manic episode and first depressive episode of bipolar disorder (BD) and to investigate the influence of a history of childhood maltreatment on the expression of prodromal symptoms. Methods: Using a semi-structured interview, the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), information regarding prodromal symptoms was assessed from patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BD. History of childhood maltreatment was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results: Forty-three individuals with stable BD were included. On average, the prodrome of mania lasted 35.8±68.7 months and was predominantly subacute or insidious, with rare acute presentations. The prodrome of depression lasted 16.6±23.3 months and was also predominantly subacute or insidious, with few acute presentations. The prodromal symptoms most frequently reported prior to the first hypomanic or manic episode were mood lability, depressive mood, and impatience. A history of childhood abuse and neglect was reported by 81.4% of participants. Presence of childhood maltreatment was positively associated with prodromal symptoms, including social withdrawal, decreased functioning, and anhedonia. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of a long-lasting, symptomatic prodrome prior to first hypomanic/manic and depressive episode in BD and suggests that a history of childhood maltreatment influences the manifestations of this prodrome.

Objective: To characterize the early stages of bipolar disorder (BD), defined as the clinical prodrome/subsyndromal stage and first-episode phase, and strategies for their respective treatment. Methods: A selective literature search of the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and ISI databases from inception until March 2014 was performed. Included in this review were articles that a) characterized prodromal and first-episode stages of BD or b) detailed efficacy and safety/tolerability of interventions in patients considered prodromal for BD or those with only one episode of mania/hypomania. Results: As research has only recently focused on characterization of the early phase of BD, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of any treatment option in the early phase of BD. Case management; individual, group, and family therapy; supportive therapy; and group psychoeducation programs have been proposed. Most evidence-based treatment guidelines for BD do not address treatment specifically in the context of the early stages of illness. Evidence for pharmacotherapy is usually presented in relation to illness polarity (i.e., manic/mixed or depressed) or treatment phase. Conclusions: Although early recognition and treatment are critical to preventing unfavorable outcomes, there is currently little evidence for interventions in these stages of BD.

Neste trabalho foram aperfeiçoadas as etapas para determinação de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos em sedimentos. Durante as etapas de extração e concentração foram avaliados fatores determinantes como tempo, solvente extrator e sistema de resfriamento. Quanto ao cleanup, foram estudados diferentes volumes e misturas de solventes de eluição. Os resultados obtidos foram considerados aceitáveis (70-120%). A linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação foram estudados construindo-se curvas analíticas (R > 0,99) com valores que demonstraram grande sensibilidade do método. A precisão e exatidão foram avaliadas com ensaios envolvendo material de referência certificado e adição e recuperação de analitos em sulfato de sódio. Nos testes de adição e recuperação os desvios ficaram abaixo de 20%, com recuperação dos alifáticos e aromáticos de 59-105% e 55-113%, respectivamente. Para os sedimentos de referência, os desvios obtidos foram inferiores aos valores certificados, com recuperações satisfatórias. O presente trabalho proporcionou a melhoria de um método já consolidado, possibilitando obter resultados com elevada confiabilidade analítica.

The main steps involved in the determination of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments were evaluated in this work. In the extraction, factors such as the cooling system, time and solvent were evaluated. During the extraction and concentration, steps aspects such as time, extraction solvent and cooling system were evaluated. In the cleanup different solvents and elution mixtures were studied. The results were considered satisfactory (70-120%). Linearity and limits of detection and quantification were studied by means of calibration curves (R > 0.90) and the results demonstrated high sensitivity of the method. Precision and accuracy were studied by recovery tests using a certified reference material and sodium sulfate. In recovery tests, the standard deviations were below 20%, with percent recoveries for aliphatic and aromatics ranging from 59 to 105% and 55 to 113%, respectively. For the reference sediment, the standard deviations were lower than the certified values, with satisfactory recovery values. The present work provided a way of improving an already established method with high analytical reliability.

As ligas com memória de forma (LMF) são materiais ativos que têm atraído atenção devido às suas superiores propriedades de amortecimento quando comparadas aos materiais estruturais convencionais. Esses materiais apresentam uma alta capacidade de amortecimento, tanto durante a transformação de fase quanto na fase martensítica, em baixas temperaturas. Neste trabalho a LMF NiTi, alumínio comercial, aço inoxidável e latão foram submetidos à análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) em modo de viga simplesmente engastada. Pequenas amostras na forma de lâminas foram fabricadas para a realização dos testes. A LMF NiTi estudada apresentou um pico de capacidade de amortecimento durante a transformação de fase, levando o amortecimento a valores muito superiores àqueles apresentados pelos materiais convencionais. Além disso, foi observado que a liga NiTi apresenta um aumento do módulo de armazenamento durante a transição da fase de baixa temperatura para a fase de alta temperatura, o que abre uma extensa diversidade de opções para aplicações tecnológicas para essas ligas, enquanto um decréscimo quase linear da rigidez foi verificado para os materiais convencionais estudados.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are active materials that have been attracting attention due to their superior damping properties when compared to the usual structural materials. Those materials present a high damping capacity, during the phase transformation as well in martensitic phase, on low temperatures. In this work a NiTi SMA, commercial aluminum, stainless steel and brass were submitted to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in single cantilever mode. Small samples in beam form were manufactured for the accomplishment of the tests. NiTi SMA studied presented a peak of damping capacity during the phase transformation, taking the damping superior values to that presented by the conventional materials. Furthermore, it was observed that the NiTi alloy presents an increase of the storage modulus during the phase transition from low temperature phase to high temperature phase, what provides a great diversity of options for technological applications for those alloys, while an almost linear decrease of stiffness was verified for the studied conventional materials.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação foliar de molibdênio (Mo) e da adubação de cobertura com nitrogênio (N) nos componentes de produção, produtividade e teor de nitrato nas folhas do feijão Carioca Precoce. O trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu (UNESP/Botucatu-SP), em Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa. Realizou-se a semeadura do feijão em 06/03/2003 com o fornecimento de 230 kg ha-1 do formulado NPK (4-30-10) no plantio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de cinco doses de N (25; 50; 75; 100 e 125 kg ha-1), aplicadas aos 20 dias após a emergência (DAE), associados com e sem a aplicação foliar de 80 g ha-1 de Mo aos 25 DAE. Avaliou-se a concentração de nitrato e amônio nas folhas, além dos componentes de produção e da produtividade de grãos de feijão. A ausência de suplementação de Mo via adubação foliar promoveu o acúmulo de nitrato na folha a medida que aumenta a quantidade de N fornecida, evidenciando a baixa eficiência na assimilação de N na falta desse micronutriente. A massa de cem grãos responde positivamente ao suplemento de Mo via adubação foliar, reduzindo a necessidade de N para se obter os melhores resultados. A adubação molíbdica aumentou a produtividade do feijoeiro independentemente da dose de N aplicada em cobertura no feijoeiro.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of leaf spray of molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N) rates in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar Carioca Precoce, evaluating the yield components, yield and leaves nitrate levels. The research was carried out in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The sowing of the beans (06/03/2003) was made with the supply of 230 kg ha-1 of NPK (4-30-10) granulated fertilizer at planting. The experiment was a complete randomized block, with four replications and a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, involving five N rates (25; 50; 75 and 125 kg ha-1), applied 20 days after emergency (DAE), with or without 80 g ha-1 of Mo, applied on leaves at 25 DAE. The Mo absence by leaf spray promoted the nitrate accumulation in the leaves in treatments with higher rates of N. The weight of 100 grains increased with the Mo by leaf spray, reducing the need for N to get the best results. The molybdenum fertilization increased bean yield regardless of N rate applied to the beans.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of sewage sludge in supplying N to sunflower plants in order to substitute mineral N. Sewage sludge is an organic residue and, therefore, can contribute with several nutrients like P, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in addition to N supply. Besides improving the chemical and physical characteristics of soils, utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture can increase the lifespan of sanitary landfills. The present experiment was carried out at São Manuel Farm, which belongs to the School of Agronomical Sciences [Faculdade de Ciências Agronomicas-UNESP, Botucatu] and is located at the city of São Manuel. An experimental design in randomized blocks was adopted including 6 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were as follows: TO - mineral fertilization according to bulletin 100 but without N; Tl - chemical fertilization according to IAC technical bulletin 100; T2 - 50% of N from sewage sludge plus 50% N from chemical fertilization; T3 - 100% of N from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% of N from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% of N from sewage sludge. Urea was used as source of N; simple superphosphate, as source of P; potassium chloride, as source of K; and boric acid, as source of B. Each parcel consisted of 100 m². For sunflower, the utilization of sewage sludge as a source of N led to significant increases in oil and dry-weight production

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiencia do lodo de esgoto em fornecer N para a cultura do girassol, em substituição ao N mineral. O lodo de esgoto por ser um residuo orgânico atêm do fornecimento do N, poderá contribuir com outros nutrientes para as culturas, pois é rico de N, P, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn A sua utilização na agricultura, alem de poder melhorar as características químicas e físicas dos solos, trará urna sobrevida aos aterras sanitarios. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronómicas da UNESP Campus de Botucatu, localizada no municipio de São Manuel. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizado constituido por 6 tratamentos e 5 repeticoes. Os tratamentos foram: TO - adubação mineral de acordó com o boletim 100, mas sem N; TI - adubação química de acordó com o boletim técnico 100 do IAC; T2 - foi utilizado 50% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto e o restante foi proveniente da adubação química; T3 - foi utilizado 100 % do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - foi utilizado 150% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 - foi utilizado 200% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Foram utilizados como fonte de N a uréia, de P o superfosfato simples, de K o cloreto de potassio e de B o ácido bórico. Cada parcela foi constituida por 100 m². Para o girassol, a utilização de lodo de esgoto como fonte de N trouxe incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos de óleo e de materia seca

O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Unesp Botucatu - SP, em um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em plantio direto sobre resteva de milho. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As densidades de plantas (60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 plantas m²) constituíram as parcelas e as doses de N em cobertura (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80kg ha-1) constituíram as sub-parcelas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos de aveia branca cultivada em diferentes densidades de plantas e doses de N. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F), e as médias submetidas à regressão polinomial. Verificou-se interação significativa para as variáveis avaliadas. O rendimento de grãos foi influenciado positivamente pelas densidades e doses de N. O número final de panículas foi influenciado pelas médias de densidades de plantas e doses de N e o número de grãos por panícula foi influenciado negativamente pelas densidades e positivamente pelas doses de N. A massa de mil grãos foi maior nas maiores densidades de plantas e nas doses intermediárias de N. Com redução na densidade inicial de plantas, o rendimento de grãos esperado foi alcançado com aumento na dose de N em cobertura. Com densidade normal de plantas e doses recomendadas de N em cobertura, o rendimento de grãos obtido foi maior que o esperado.

This work had the aim to evaluate white oat grain yield as influenced by different plant densities and nitrogen levels. The experiment was carried out in the Lageado experimental farm at UNESP in the county of Botucatu in São Paulo state, Brazil. White oat was sown directly over corn residues in a Rhodic kanhapludalf soil. The experimental design was a split plot with four randomized blocks. Plant densities were allocated in plots and nitrogen levels in subplots. The results showed significant interaction between plant densities and nitrogen levels. Grain yield was positively influenced by plant densities and nitrogen level. The final number of panicle was negatively influenced by plant densities and was positively influenced by nitrogen levels. The weight of one thousand grains was greater at higher plant densities and at moderate nitrogen levels. With reduction in the initial density of plants, the expected yield grain was obtained with increase in the level of nitrogen in cover. In the normal density of plants and recommended levels of N in covering, the obtained yield of grains was larger than the expected.

Hemodynamic care during postoperative management of myocardial revascularization should include vasorelaxing drugs to insure adequate graft and coronary flow, and stimulation of stroke volume to maintain vascular perfusion pressure. We tested the cardiac (inotropic and lusitropic) and vascular (relaxant) effects of diltiazem (0.1 nM to 0.1 mM), dobutamine (10 µM to 10 mM) and amrinone (10 µM to 1 mM) on isolated rat atria and thoracic aorta, and also on isolated human saphenous vein (HSV) and human mammary artery (HMA). Dobutamine produced a maximal positive inotropic effect (+dF/dt max = 29 ± 7%) at its ED50 for aortic relaxation (88 ± 7 µM). Conversely, at their ED50 for aortic relaxation diltiazem depressed myocardial contractility and amrinone did not exhibit myocardial effects. In HSV and HMA contracted with 80 mM potassium, diltiazem and dobutamine (but not amrinone) had a vasorelaxant activity similar to that in rat aorta. Norepinephrine-contracted human vessels were significantly more sensitive than potassium-contracted vessels to the relaxant effect of amrinone (ED50 HMA = 15 ± 5 µM, ED50 HSV = 72 ± 31 µM, P < 0.05). We conclude that at concentrations still devoid of myocardial effects dobutamine and amrinone are effective dilators in graft segment vessels and rat aorta contracted by membrane depolarization. If the difference between aortic and myocardial tissue still holds in human tissues, at the appropriate concentrations these drugs should be expected to improve cardiac performance while still contributing to the maintenance of graft patency.

Foi realizada uma pesquisa em 1970, para se conhecer os efeitos de três herbicidas aplicados em pré-plantio incorporado (EPTC a 3,60 kg/ha, nitralin e trifluralin a 0,76 kg/ha) e de um em pré-emergência (fluorodifen a 3,00 kg/ha) na cultura de feijão comparados com uma testemunha sem herbicida. As duas gramíneas presentes no ensaio, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. e Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. foram eficientemente controladas por todos os herbicidas, com indices de controle superiores a 87,00%, em contagem de plantas daninhas realizada 29 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Dentre as dicotiledóneas presentes, Amaranthus viridis L. também foi eficientemente controlado por todos os herbicidas, com indices de controle superiores a 92,00%. Ageratum conyzoides L. foi eficientemente controlado por fluorodifen (91,60%) e regularmente por EPTC (78,99%) e por nitralin (79,83%). Trifluralin não foi eficiente contra A. conyzoides L. Nenhum dos herbicidas testados controlou Ipomoea sp e Chenopodium ambrosioides L., também presentes no experimento. EPTC e nitralin apresentaram as menores porcentagens de infestação geral de plantas daninhas, tendo, aos 51 dias da aplicação dos produtos, quando suas parcelas foram capinadas mecanicamente, 8,00 e 17,00% de infestação, respectivamente. Trifluralin e fluorodifen precisaram de limpeza aos 42 dias da aplicação, e a testemunha já aos 29 dias, pois apresentavam parcelas com 25,00%, ou mais, de infestação, naquelas épocas. Os herbicidas experimentados não foram prejudiciais à germinação e ao desenvolvimento vegetativo dos feijoeiros, assim como à sua produção de grãos.

The weed control with herbicides in beans crop was studied during 1970 year, in Campinas-SP, on a sandy-loam soil. The treatments employed were EPTC at 3.60 kg/ha, nitralin and trifluralin at 0.76 kg/ha, all applied in preplant i •porated; fluorodifen in preemergence at 3.00 kg/ha and a hoed check. Among the weeds presents in the experiment, Amaranthus viridis. L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. were very well controled by the herbicides in general. Good control was obtained by fluorodifen against Ageratum conyzoides L.. None efficiency was observed to Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Ipomoea sp. by the chemicals. The herbic ides did not cause inju ry to the beans.